State ex rel. Hicks v. Clermont Cty. Bd. of Commrs.

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
ex rel. Hicks v. Clermont Cty. Bd. of Commrs., Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-4237.]

NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.

SLIP OPINION NO. 2022-OHIO-4237
THE STATE EX REL. HICKS, APPELLEE, v. CLERMONT COUNTY BOARD OF
COMMISSIONERS, APPELLANT.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as State ex rel. Hicks v. Clermont Cty. Bd. of Commrs., Slip
Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-4237.]
Open Meetings Act—R.C. 121.22—R.C. 121.22 requires public bodies in Ohio to
conduct all deliberations on official business in meetings that are open to
the public—No construction of the Open Meetings Act changes the default
rule that a plaintiff alleging violations of the act bears the burden of proving
the violations—Court of appeals’ judgment affirming trial court’s award of
summary judgment and attorney fees to plaintiff reversed, and cause
remanded to the trial court.
(No. 2021-0611—Submitted April 26, 2022—Decided December 1, 2022.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Clermont County,
No. CA2020-06-032, 2021-Ohio-998.
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FISCHER, J.
{¶ 1} Ohio’s Open Meetings Act, R.C. 121.22 (“the OMA”), requires
public bodies in Ohio to conduct all deliberations on official business in meetings
that are open to the public. And the OMA states that it “shall be liberally construed”
to meet that end. Id. However, no construction of the OMA, even a liberal one,
changes the default rule that a plaintiff alleging violations of the OMA bears the
burden of proving the violations.
I. Facts and procedural history
{¶ 2} Appellee, Christopher Hicks, filed a complaint in the Clermont
County Court of Common Pleas alleging that appellant, Clermont County Board of
Commissioners, violated the OMA on multiple occasions in 2017. Hicks alleged
that the board had repeatedly entered executive session after passing motions that
included a “laundry list” of reasons for entering executive session rather than
identifying the specific issues it intended to discuss in executive session.
{¶ 3} The parties engaged in discovery, and each moved for summary
judgment. The evidence presented by Hicks demonstrated that the board convened
nine executive sessions in 2017 on motions to consider “the appointment,
employment, dismissal, discipline, promotion, demotion, or compensation of one
or more public employees” under R.C. 121.22(G)(1). Neither side presented
evidence showing what was actually discussed during those executive sessions,
other than evidence that the board discussed an employee, D.R., on March 1, 2017,
and notes taken by one of the board commissioners on June 7, 2017, that included
a list of hotels. During depositions, the commissioners could not remember who or
what was discussed during any of the executive sessions.
{¶ 4} In ruling on the motions for summary judgment, the trial court
determined that under the Twelfth District Court of Appeals’ decision in State ex
rel. Hardin v. Clermont Cty. Bd. of Elections, 2012-Ohio-2569, 972 N.E.2d 115
(12th Dist.), the board failed to carry its burden to produce evidence showing that

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it entered the executive sessions for a valid statutory reason and did not discuss
improper topics during the sessions. Because the board presented no evidence of
what it had discussed in the executive sessions, the trial court granted Hicks’s
motion for summary judgment on his claim regarding nine of the executive sessions
and awarded him nearly $80,000 in attorney fees under R.C. 121.22(I)(2)(a).
{¶ 5} Applying the burden-shifting framework that it established in Hardin,
the Twelfth District affirmed the trial court’s judgment. 2021-Ohio-998, 171
N.E.3d 358, ¶ 25-40, 46. In Hardin, the Twelfth District created a burden-shifting
framework for claims alleging violations of the OMA. The court required the
plaintiff bringing an action under the OMA to initially carry the burden of
production “by showing that a meeting of the majority of the members of a public
body occurred and that the general public was excluded.” Hardin at ¶ 25. If the
plaintiff made that showing, the burden then shifted to the public body “to produce
or go forward with evidence that the challenged meeting fell under one of the
exceptions of R.C. 121.22(G).” Id. Finally, if the public body met its burden, the
burden shifted back to the plaintiff to “come forward with evidence that the
exception claimed by the public body is not applicable or valid.” Id.
{¶ 6} Relying on the Hardin framework, the Twelfth District determined
that Hicks had met his initial burden of production by submitting evidence that the
nine executive sessions were meetings from which the public was excluded. See
2021-Ohio-998 at ¶ 14, 27-28. The appellate court then shifted the burden to the
board and considered whether the board had produced evidence that the subjects
discussed in the meetings fell within the statutory exceptions stated in its motions
to enter executive session. Id. at ¶ 27, 40. Because the board commissioners could
not recall what was discussed during the executive sessions, the court determined
that the board did not meet its burden. Id. Further, the court said it would require
the board to present evidence that it had discussed all the topics listed in its motions.
See id. at ¶ 38, 41. The court held that R.C. 121.22(G)(1) and caselaw prohibited

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the board from listing multiple purposes for entering executive session in an effort
to ensure that it was “covered for all employment-related discussions.” 2021-Ohio-
998 at ¶ 38, 41. Therefore, the court concluded that the board had violated R.C.
121.22(G)(1), and it affirmed the trial court’s summary-judgment award. 2021-
Ohio-998 at ¶ 46.
{¶ 7} The Twelfth District also determined that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in awarding attorney fees to Hicks. Id. at ¶ 50-66. The appellate court
noted that R.C. 121.22(I)(2)(a) authorizes a court to award reasonable attorney fees
to a party who establishes a violation of the OMA. And it noted that a court may
choose not to award attorney fees if it determines that a well-informed public body
would reasonably believe that it was not violating the OMA and that the conduct
that was the basis of the violation served public policy. 2021-Ohio-998 at ¶ 63; see
also R.C. 121.22(I)(2)(a). The Twelfth District held that it was not reasonable for
the board to believe that its conduct had complied with the OMA because, in the
appellate court’s view, R.C. 121.22(G)(1) required the board to “be specific when
describing the reasons for moving into executive session instead of perfunctorily
covering all possibilities.” 2021-Ohio-998 at ¶ 64.
{¶ 8} We accepted the board’s appeal, which raises three propositions of
law. See 163 Ohio St.3d 1504, 2021-Ohio-2401, 170 N.E.3d 894.
II. Analysis
A. First proposition of law: Burden of proof
{¶ 9} In its first proposition of law, the board argues that “[w]hen a public
body goes into executive session for a permitted reason under R.C. 121.22(G)(1),
the burden remains throughout on the Relator to prove a violation of the [OMA].”
Hicks argues that even if he ultimately bears the burden of persuasion on his claim,
this court should adopt a burden-shifting rule that shifts the burden of production
of evidence to the government, as the Twelfth District did in this case and in
Hardin, 2012-Ohio-2569, 972 N.E.2d 115.

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1. Common law and statutory language
{¶ 10} The “burden of proof” “ ‘encompasses two different aspects of
proof: the burden of going forward with evidence (or burden of production) and the
burden of persuasion.’ ” Welsh-Huggins v. Jefferson Cty. Prosecutor’s Office, 163
Ohio St.3d 337, 2020-Ohio-5371, 170 N.E.3d 768, ¶ 20, quoting Chari v. Vore, 91
Ohio St.3d 323, 744 N.E.2d 763 (2001); see also State v. Robinson, 47 Ohio St.2d
103, 107, 351 N.E.2d 88 (1976). “[T]he ‘burden of persuasion’ ‘refers to the risk
* * * borne by a party if the jury finds that the evidence is in equilibrium.’ ”
(Ellipsis added in Welsh-Huggins.) Welsh-Huggins at ¶ 22, quoting Robinson at
107. And the burden of persuasion remains on one party throughout the entire case.
See id. at ¶ 34. By contrast, the “burden of production” can shift between the
parties. See id. at ¶ 33-35. The burden of production in a civil case requires that
the plaintiff produce sufficient evidence to support his or her claims and that the
defendant produce sufficient evidence of any affirmative defenses. Id. at ¶ 21.
{¶ 11} Furthermore, in accordance with common-law principles, the
statutory provision authorizing citizens to sue public bodies for violations of the
OMA clearly places the burden of proof, or at least the burden of persuasion, on
the plaintiff. That provision states: “Upon proof of a violation or threatened
violation of this section in an action brought by any person, the court of common
pleas shall issue an injunction to compel the members of the public body to comply
with its provisions.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 121.22(I)(1). Therefore, to receive
relief, the plaintiff must prove a violation of the OMA. There is no requirement for
the public body to conversely prove that no violation occurred.
{¶ 12} Nor does the clause in R.C. 121.22(A) stating that the statute “shall
be liberally construed” change the clear language of the statute. The liberal-
construction clause states that the OMA shall be “liberally construed to require
public officials to take official action and to conduct all deliberations upon official
business only in open meetings.” Id. So the OMA clearly requires this court to

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construe its language liberally when determining what must be discussed in open
meetings and narrowly when determining what may be discussed in executive
session. But it says nothing about who bears the burden of proving a violation of
the OMA. Nor does the liberal-construction clause change the clear language of
the statute that allows a court to issue an injunction only “[u]pon proof of a violation
or threatened violation [of the OMA],” R.C. 121.22(I)(1).
2. Exceptions and affirmative defenses
{¶ 13} This court has stated that regarding statutory exceptions, “[u]nder
Ohio law, a person asserting an exception is required to prove the facts warranting
such an exception.” State ex rel. Natl. Broadcasting Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 38 Ohio
St.3d 79, 83, 526 N.E.2d 786 (1988); see also Schaffer v. Weast, 546 U.S. 49, 57-
58, 126 S.Ct. 528, 163 L.Ed.2d 387 (2005). Ohio’s OMA requires all of a public
body’s official action and deliberations on official business to occur in open
meetings “unless the subject matter is specifically excepted by law.” R.C.
121.22(A). R.C. 121.22(G) states: “[T]he members of a public body may hold an
executive session only after a majority of a quorum of the public body determines,
by a roll call vote, to hold an executive session and only at a regular or special
meeting for the sole purpose of the consideration of” any of the listed statutory
purposes. Therefore, Hicks argues, executive sessions are exceptions to the general
rule that meetings are to be open, requiring a court to shift the burden of production
regarding a violation of the OMA to the public body to prove that it entered
executive session for a proper purpose.
{¶ 14} However, the United States Supreme Court has said that it would
very rarely place the entire burden of persuasion on the defendant at the outset of a
proceeding. See Schaffer at 57. While under the burden-shifting framework set
forth in Hardin, 2012-Ohio-2569, 972 N.E.2d 115, the plaintiff technically would
first bear a burden of showing that a public body entered executive session, this is
next to no burden at all and would allow for a lawsuit any time a public body enters

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executive session, even when there is no evidence of a violation of the OMA.
Furthermore, entering executive session is not really an exception under the OMA,
because there is no violation of the OMA when the public body enters executive
session after first complying with the statutory requirement to properly pass a
motion. Put another way, to the extent that entering executive session is an
“exception” to the rule, the board proved that the exception applied through
evidence of its proper motion to enter executive session under the requirements of
R.C. 121.22(G)(1). The board’s claim that it discussed only permitted topics during
executive session is not an affirmative defense that the board bears the burden to
prove because there is no evidence that the board committed any violation.
3. The Public Records Act, R.C. 149.43
{¶ 15} Hicks argues that the burden of production should shift to the
government under the OMA just as this court said it does under Ohio’s Public
Records Act, R.C. 149.43, in Natl. Broadcasting Co., Inc. In that case, this court
held that once a plaintiff shows that the government withheld a public record, the
burden then shifts to the government to prove that the record is exempt from
disclosure. Id. at 82-83.
{¶ 16} However, claims alleging violations of the OMA are distinguishable
from claims alleging violations of the Public Records Act. In a lawsuit involving
the government’s failure to produce a public record, the government has the
requested record and can prove through in camera review or other evidence
contained within the record whether it falls under a disclosure exception. A
challenge under the OMA is different because the public body might have no record
or other evidence of what was discussed in the executive session outside the motion
to enter executive session and the meeting minutes.
{¶ 17} The burden-shifting rule established by the Twelfth District would
require public bodies to go beyond the requirements of R.C. 121.22 and actually
create a detailed record of its executive-session discussions. But the OMA requires

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only that a public body keep executive-session minutes that “reflect the general
subject matter of discussions in executive sessions authorized under division (G)
or (J) of [R.C. 121.22].” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 121.22(C). In other words, the
only thing that the public body is required to record in its executive-session minutes
is the statutorily permitted reason for the executive session. 1 The Twelfth District
created a requirement outside the statute that would require public bodies to keep
detailed notes of their executive sessions to prove that no violation occurred.
4. Evidentiary considerations
{¶ 18} Hicks argues that the burden of production must be placed on the
public body because the public body is the only party who might have evidence of
what occurred in any executive session. This argument is flawed for two reasons.
First, the plaintiff will have access to the same evidence as the public body through
discovery. And if a public body follows the requirements of R.C. 121.22, it may
not have any evidence of what occurred in executive session beyond what is
recorded in the meeting minutes. Second, the difficulty involved in proving a
violation of the OMA is a policy choice for the General Assembly. If the General
Assembly had been concerned about access to evidence in these types of cases, it
could have written R.C. 121.22 to place the burden of production on the public
body. But it chose not to.
{¶ 19} In accordance with the common law and the language of R.C.
121.22, Hicks bears the burden of proving the violation he alleged.

1. The dissenting opinion argues that the board’s minutes violated the OMA by not listing the topics
that were actually discussed during the executive sessions. However, the only claims before this
court relate to the board’s motions to enter executive session: Hicks claims that the motions
improperly recited a laundry list of reasons for entering executive session and that the board’s
discussions during the executive sessions went beyond the scope of its motions. Hicks’s lawsuit did
not allege that the executive-session minutes violated the OMA, and the lower courts never ruled
on such a claim. Because that claim is not before this court, we make no conclusion regarding
whether the minutes complied with the OMA.

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B. Second proposition of law: Presumption of regularity
{¶ 20} The board’s second proposition of law is closely related to its first
and states that “[w]hen a public body goes into executive session for a permitted
reason under R.C. 121.22(G)(1), it is presumed to have acted lawfully during that
executive session.”
{¶ 21} Under the “presumption of regularity,” in the absence of evidence to
the contrary, courts will presume that public officers have properly performed their
duties and acted lawfully. Toledo v. Levin, 117 Ohio St.3d 373, 2008-Ohio-1119,
884 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 28; State ex rel. Shafer v. Ohio Turnpike Comm., 159 Ohio St.
581, 590, 113 N.E.2d 14 (1953); Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Evatt, 143 Ohio St. 71,
84, 54 N.E.2d 132 (1944). The presumption of regularity is related to the burden
of proof, because if the former attaches, then the burden of production remains on
the plaintiff to overcome the presumption and prove that a violation occurred.
{¶ 22} The presumption of regularity attaches to public officers,
administrative officers, and public boards acting within their official capacities or
performing their official duties. Levin at ¶ 28; L.J. Smith, Inc. v. Harrison Cty. Bd.
of Revision, 140 Ohio St.3d 114, 2014-Ohio-2872, 16 N.E.3d 573, ¶ 27-28. Here,
the board was acting within its official capacity to discuss employee matters in
executive session. Therefore, the presumption of regularity attaches, and the
burden of production remains on Hicks to prove that a violation occurred. Under
the presumption of regularity, absent evidence to the contrary, courts should
presume that a public body in executive session discussed the topics stated in its
motion to enter executive session and did not discuss any matters not stated in the
motion. See Levin at ¶ 28. It is the plaintiff’s burden to prove otherwise.
{¶ 23} If we were to hold that the burden of production is on the public body
in these circumstances, we would create a presumption of irregularity. Consider a
case such as this one, in which there is no evidence of what the public body

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discussed in executive session. If the burden of production were on the public body,
then in the absence of any evidence, the court would have to presume that the public
body acted contrary to law and considered topics not stated in its motion to enter
executive session. That would amount to a presumption of irregularity, which is
contrary to Ohio law.
{¶ 24} Accordingly, the board’s first and second propositions of law
actually present the same issue. Due to the presumption of regularity in a public
body’s meetings, even if the burden of production were to shift to the public body,
that burden would be met by the public body’s presenting evidence that it moved
to enter executive session for reasons permitted under R.C. 121.22. And under the
presumption of regularity, absent any evidence to the contrary, a court must
presume that the public body discussed the topics included in its motion to enter
executive session and did not discuss any matters outside those included in the
motion. Ultimately, the outcome is the same either way. The plaintiff bears the
burden of proving the violations he alleges.
C. Application of law
{¶ 25} Hicks argues that regardless of who bears the burden of production,
he produced unrefuted evidence that the board’s discussions during executive
sessions violated the OMA on at least two occasions. We address the evidence
presented by Hicks as to each of the executive sessions separately.
1. June 7, 2017 executive session
{¶ 26} Through discovery, Hicks received notes taken by one of the board
commissioners during or soon after the June 7, 2017 executive session. Those notes
included a list of hotel names. Hicks submits that around that time, the board was
considering assessing a bed tax on local hotels. He argues that the list of hotels is
evidence that the board improperly discussed the bed tax during executive session.
During his deposition, the commissioner who took the notes testified that he did
not recall what was discussed during the executive session or why he had a list of

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hotels in his notes. He also testified that the list of hotels could have been notes
that he wrote down after the executive session.
{¶ 27} Hicks’s evidence regarding the June 7, 2017 executive session could
rebut the presumption of regularity, if the trial court were to believe that the
evidence shows that the board discussed improper topics during the executive
session. However, the trial court granted Hicks’s motion for summary judgment
under the mistaken belief that the burden of production was on the board to prove
that it had acted lawfully. Therefore, we reverse the Twelfth District’s judgment
affirming summary judgment on Hicks’s claim regarding the June 17, 2017
executive session, and we remand the matter to the trial court for it to determine
whether Hicks has met his burden of proving, on viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the board, that there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding
the claim. See Civ.R. 56(C).
2. March 1, 2017 executive session
{¶ 28} Hicks also presented evidence showing that during the March 1,
2017 executive session, the board discussed a county employee, D.R. None of the
commissioners could remember what was discussed regarding D.R. Furthermore,
none of the commissioners could recall discussing any other employee during that
executive session.
{¶ 29} Hicks argues that under R.C. 121.22(G), the board must discuss
every topic included in its motion to enter executive session. He argues that the
board would not have discussed the appointment, employment, dismissal,
discipline, promotion, demotion, and compensation regarding a single employee—
here, D.R. He argues that, at most, the board would have discussed only positive
or negative consequences regarding a single employee—for example, an
employee’s promotion and compensation, or an employee’s dismissal, discipline,
or demotion. Hicks argues that the board thus violated the OMA during the March
1, 2017 executive session by not discussing all the topics included in its motion.

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{¶ 30} Hicks’s argument fails for multiple reasons. First, Hicks has
presented no evidence showing that the board discussed only D.R. during the
executive session. The commissioners testified in their depositions that they could
not recall discussing any other employee during the executive session. But the
commissioners could not recall any employees that were discussed during any of
the executive sessions. The commissioners’ testimony is far from proof that the
board discussed only one employee during the March 1, 2017 executive session.
{¶ 31} Furthermore, even if there were evidence that the board discussed
only one employee during the March 1, 2017 executive session, there is no rule that
the board must discuss every topic that it includes in its motion to enter executive
session. Hicks argues that this court instituted such a rule in State ex rel. Long v.
Cardington Village Council, 92 Ohio St.3d 54, 748 N.E.2d 58 (2001). But the court
never closely analyzed the statutory language in that case.
{¶ 32} In Long, this court held that the written minutes for public meetings
of the Council of the Village of Cardington had violated the OMA because they
were not sufficiently specific and contained inaccuracies. Id. at 57-60. This court
first held that recorded audiotapes of the meetings were not official meeting
minutes for purposes of the OMA, because they were not approved by the council,
were often inaudible, and were quickly erased after the written minutes had been
approved. Id. at 57. We then held that the written minutes did not contain sufficient
explanation for entering executive session, because the minutes merely stated
general reasons such as “personnel and finances,” “personnel,” and “personnel
matters.” Id. at 59. We held that a motion to enter executive session and the
minutes must contain the statutory reason for entering executive session. Id.
(“Furthermore, the minutes reflect that respondents often failed to specify the
appropriate statutory purpose or purposes before conducting private, i.e., executive
sessions. * * * By using general terms like ‘personnel’ and ‘personnel and finances’

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instead of one or more of the specified statutory purposes, respondents violated
R.C. 121.22(G)(1)”).
{¶ 33} Then, even though this court had held that the audiotapes were not
official minutes under the OMA, this court stated that even if it were to accept the
council’s invitation to consider the tapes to “fill in the blanks” of the written
minutes, only one tape evinced a statutory reason for entering executive session and
that tape “merely reiterated the laundry list of possible matters from R.C.
121.22(G)(1) without specifying which of those purposes would be discussed in
executive session,” Long at 59. In Long, this court never analyzed the language of
R.C. 121.22(G), and we did not set forth a rule that public bodies may not include
in their motions to enter executive session all the topics they reasonably might
discuss. Rather, the language in Long that Hicks claims created such a rule is not
as broad as he suggests.
{¶ 34} Finally, R.C. 121.22 contains no such rule, and we decline to impose
such a rule. The statute never says that a public body must discuss every single
topic that it includes in its motion to enter executive session. It simply states that
“the members of a public body may hold an executive session only after a majority
of a quorum of the public body determines, by a roll call vote, to hold an executive
session and only at a regular or special meeting for the sole purpose of the
consideration of any of [the matters listed in R.C. 121.22(G)].” R.C. 121.22(G).
In other words, the board may not discuss any additional topics that are not
included in its motion to enter executive session. R.C. 121.22(G)(1) then says: “If
a public body holds an executive session pursuant to division (G)(1) of this section,
the motion and vote to hold that executive session shall state which one or more of
the approved purposes listed in division (G)(1) of this section are the purposes for
which the executive session is to be held.” So according to the statute, before
executive session begins, the public body must state the intended statutory purpose
or purposes of the executive session.

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{¶ 35} But R.C. 121.22 never says that a public body must discuss every
topic that it includes in its motion to enter executive session. The public body might
not know before it enters executive session exactly what will be discussed during
the session. For example, it may know that it will discuss whether to discipline an
employee, but it might not know how the employee should be disciplined or
whether the employee should be demoted, dismissed, or have his pay cut. So what
is the public body to do? It could simply move to consider disciplining the
employee. But if a member of the public body wanted to discuss dismissing the
employee instead, or cutting the employee’s pay, the public body could not do so
because those topics were not included in the motion to enter executive session.
And under the rule advocated by Hicks, the public body also could not safely
include the topics of dismissal, demotion, or compensation in its motion because if
none of the members suggested dismissal or demotion during the session, then the
board would be subject to a lawsuit.
{¶ 36} A public body must be able to introduce a motion that includes all
the topics it might reasonably discuss during an executive session. There is no rule
to the contrary in R.C. 121.22, and there is no reason for this court to impose a rule
that is not contained in the statute.
{¶ 37} Because Hicks presented no evidence showing that the board did not
discuss all the topics included in its motion to enter executive session, and because
there is no rule that the board must discuss every topic included in its motion, we
reverse the Twelfth District’s judgment affirming summary judgment on Hicks’s
claim regarding the March 1, 2017 executive session, and we remand the matter to
the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
3. Other executive sessions
{¶ 38} Hicks presented no evidence showing that the board discussed
improper topics during any of the other executive sessions. Therefore, we reverse
the Twelfth District’s judgment affirming summary judgment on Hicks’s claims

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regarding all the other executive sessions, and we remand the matter to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
D. Third proposition of law: Attorney fees
{¶ 39} The board argues in its third proposition of law that Hicks is not
entitled to an award of attorney fees for “technical” violations of the OMA under
R.C. 121.22(I)(2)(a), because, according to the board, it reasonably believed that it
was not violating the OMA and that its conduct served public policy. Because we
reverse the Twelfth District’s judgment affirming the trial court’s summary-
judgment awards to Hicks under the first two propositions of law, we also reverse
its judgment affirming the trial court’s award of attorney fees to Hicks that was
based on those summary-judgment awards, and we do not reach the merits of the
issue presented in the board’s third proposition of law.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 40} Plaintiffs alleging violations of Ohio’s OMA, R.C. 121.22, bear the
burden of proving the violations they have alleged. To hold otherwise would create
a presumption of irregularity that is contrary to Ohio law and the language of the
OMA. Therefore, we reverse the Twelfth District’s judgment affirming the trial
court’s award of summary judgment and attorney fees to Hicks. Further, we
remand the case to the trial court for it to determine whether Hicks has met his
burden of proving that he is entitled to summary judgment on his claim regarding
the June 17, 2017 executive session and to conduct further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
Judgment reversed
and cause remanded.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and DEWINE, DONNELLY, and STEWART, JJ., concur.
BRUNNER, J., dissents, with an opinion joined by SUTTON, J.
BETTY S. SUTTON, J., of the Ninth District Court of Appeals, sitting for
KENNEDY, J.

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_________________
BRUNNER, J., dissenting.
{¶ 41} Ohio’s Open Meetings Act, R.C. 121.22, provides that a public body
may hold an executive session only for specific purposes and only after conducting
a public roll-call vote. R.C. 121.22(G). It also requires a public body to publish
minutes of each meeting. R.C. 121.22(C). “The minutes need only reflect the
general subject matter of discussions in executive sessions authorized under [R.C.
121.22(G)].” Id.
{¶ 42} The official minutes for each of the meetings at issue in this case
reflect the roll-call vote that was taken to enter executive session, as required by
R.C. 121.22(G), but they do not separately reflect the “general subject matter” of
the discussions that took place in each executive session, as required by R.C.
121.22(C). The majority opinion nonetheless equates the former requirement with
the latter. According to the majority, in order to meet the “general subject matter”
documentation requirement of R.C. 121.22(C), “the only thing that the public body
is required to record in its executive-session minutes is the statutorily permitted
reason for the executive session.” (Emphasis added.) Majority opinion, ¶ 17.
{¶ 43} The majority’s reasoning ignores the text of R.C. 121.22. The roll-
call vote under R.C. 121.22(G) must take place during a public portion of the
meeting before the executive session, and the vote is reflected as such in the
minutes. On the other hand, the description of the “general subject matter of
discussions in executive session[]” required by R.C. 121.22(C) is a record of what
was actually discussed during the executive session, and that should be recorded
separately in the minutes. See White v. Clinton Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 76 Ohio St.3d
416, 423, 667 N.E.2d 1223 (1996), quoting R.C. 121.22(C) (interpreting R.C.
121.22(C) as requiring a public body to keep minutes of what was discussed in an
executive session, “which may be properly limited to ‘the general subject matter of
discussions,’ ” and holding that the minutes of other portions of public meetings

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must be more detailed). The topics identified in the “general subject matter”
description may or may not be identical to the purposes identified at the time of the
roll-call vote. But when the public body votes to enter executive session based on
a laundry list of potential topics of discussion, as appellant, Clermont County Board
of Commissioners, did here, the purpose served by the “general subject matter”
requirement of R.C. 121.22(C) is clear: the public must have access to information
about the discussions that would otherwise be obscured. That is, the public must
be provided an understanding, at least at a general level, of what the public body
actually discussed in executive session as opposed to what it thought it might
discuss. The General Assembly has placed this requirement on public bodies. The
majority now effectively removes it from the statute, undermining the purpose of
the Open Meetings Act, which is to provide the public with a right of access to
information considered in public meetings by public bodies conducting official
business.
{¶ 44} The majority attempts to avoid this conclusion by stating in a
footnote that it expresses no opinion on “whether the minutes complied with” the
general-subject-matter-documentation requirement, because appellee, Christopher
Hicks, did not specifically allege such a violation in his complaint and the appellate
court did not rule on it. Majority opinion at ¶ 17, fn. 1. This ignores Hicks’s claim
that the board acted unlawfully during executive sessions. Moreover, the appellate
court expressly stated that the “general subject matter” provision of R.C. 121.22(C)
was an “option” that the board failed to “exercise” to substantiate the topics it
discussed in the executive sessions at issue. 2021-Ohio 998, 171 N.E.3d 358, ¶ 42.
Importantly, the “general subject matter” documentation requirement is not a mere
“option”; it is a requirement that was created by the General Assembly. The
violation of the requirement is plain from the face of the meeting minutes. It is
essential that this court interpret and apply the law to the evidence that appears in
the record.

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{¶ 45} The majority opinion’s footnote also does not address the real
problem, which is that the reasoning for the majority’s decision in this case falls
apart once the “general subject matter” documentation requirement is given its
intended effect. In discussing the board’s first proposition of law, the majority
concludes that a public body cannot be expected to point to a record of what took
place during an executive session, because R.C. 121.22 does not require a public
body to “create a detailed record of its executive-session discussions,” majority
opinion at ¶ 17, which means that the public body “might have no record or other
evidence of what was discussed in the executive session outside the motion to enter
executive session and the meeting minutes,” id. at ¶ 16. That is directly contrary to
R.C. 121.22(C). R.C. 121.22(C) requires a public body to record a “general subject
matter” statement to which the public body can point. The majority’s reasoning in
determining the board’s first proposition of law is therefore not a correct statement
of the law, and its attempt to explain its reasoning does not change that.
{¶ 46} Regarding the board’s second proposition of law, the majority
addresses how the presumption of regularity concerning a public body’s
performance of its duties applies to Hicks’s claim that the board failed to act
lawfully during executive sessions. In doing so, the majority impermissibly
connects a presumption that a public body acted lawfully during executive session
to a matter that occurs before the public body enters executive session—namely,
the public body’s statement of topics included in its motion to enter executive
session. That is obviously not a fair application of the presumption. The
presumption that a public body acted lawfully during an executive session must in
part be based on the public body’s statement of the “general subject matter”
discussed during the executive session. When a public body has failed to
sufficiently include this required statement in its meeting minutes, employing any
presumption that the public body acted lawfully during executive session

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diminishes the transparency envisioned by Ohio’s Open Meetings Act.
Disappointingly, that is exactly what the majority permits here.
{¶ 47} In this case, the board failed to comply with the “general subject
matter” documentation requirement of R.C. 121.22(C). I would therefore affirm
the judgment of the Twelfth District Court of Appeals. Because the majority does
not take this approach, I respectfully dissent.
SUTTON, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
_________________
Barron, Peck, Bennie & Schlemmer Co., L.P.A., and Matt Miller-Novak;
and Kinsley Law Office and Jennifer M. Kinsley, for appellee.
Isaac, Wiles & Burkholder, L.L.C., Mark Landes, Aaron M. Glasgow, and
Dale D. Cook, for appellant.
Faruki, P.L.L., Erin E. Rhinehart, and Christopher C. Hollon, urging
affirmance for amicus curiae Ohio Coalition for Open Government.
Dave Yost, Attorney General, Benjamin M. Flowers, Solicitor General, and
Zachery P. Keller, Deputy Solicitor General, urging reversal for amicus curiae Ohio
Attorney General Dave Yost.
Frost Brown Todd, L.L.C., Philip K. Hartmann, Yazan S. Ashrawi, and
Charles B. Galvin; and Garry E. Hunter, General Counsel, Ohio Municipal League,
urging reversal for amici curiae Ohio Municipal league, Ohio Township
Association, Coalition of Large Ohio Urban Townships, County Commissioners
Association of Ohio, Ohio School Boards Association, Ohio Association of School
Business Officials, and Buckeye Association of School Administrators.
_________________

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