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PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 21-4121
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff − Appellee,
v.
TERRICK ROBINSON,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at
Clarksburg. Thomas S. Kleeh, Chief District Judge. (1:18−cr−00050−TSK−MJA−1)
Argued: September 16, 2022 Decided: December 9, 2022
Before WILKINSON, WYNN, and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Diaz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkinson
joined, and in which Judge Wynn joined in part. Judge Wynn wrote an opinion dissenting
in part.
ARGUED: Matthew Scott Delligatti, KETTERING DELLIGATTI LAW OFFICES,
PLLC, Fairmont, West Virginia, for Appellant. Brandon Scott Flower, OFFICE OF THE
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Clarksburg, West Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Randolph J. Bernard, Acting United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellee.
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DIAZ, Circuit Judge:
A jury convicted Terrick Robinson of various offenses relating to his leadership of
a drug-trafficking ring, including a charge of distribution of fentanyl resulting in death. On
appeal, Robinson advances three main arguments. First, he contends he was denied his
right to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment and 18 U.S.C. § 3161. Second, he argues
the government failed to prove that fentanyl was the but-for cause of the victim’s death and
that the district court erred in denying his proposed instruction on but-for causation.
Finally, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his other convictions.
Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
I.
A.
In 2018, Robinson led a group of drug traffickers that distributed methamphetamine,
cocaine, marijuana, and fentanyl in West Virginia. The group—known as the “Georgia
Boys”—also included Joel Jimenez and Seddrick Banks, who helped sell the drugs, and
William Chappell, who drove the group’s car and carried a gun to “make sure no one hurt”
Robinson. J.A. 1218.
Lieutenant Brian Purkey, working for a drug task force in West Virginia, began
investigating the Georgia Boys in the spring of 2018. In August 2018, a Drug Enforcement
Administration officer—Special Agent Brian Roscoe—identified the West Virginia hotel
room out of which the Georgia Boys were selling drugs, and he informed Purkey. Purkey
set up surveillance units, recording Robinson and Banks staying in the room.
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Before Purkey could obtain a search warrant for the room, he learned that the
Georgia Boys were the subject of a Georgia investigation surrounding a dismembered body
found in a dump. Purkey and the Georgia officials agreed to collaborate.
The dismembered body was identified as Courtney Dubois. A forensic toxicologist
found methamphetamine and fentanyl in Dubois’s liver sample. Dubois’s chest fluids
tested positive for those drugs as well, along with acetyl fentanyl. The medical examiner
ruled the cause of death as “the combined toxic effects of fentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, and
methamphetamine.” J.A. 1664. He later affirmed there was “a sufficient level [of fentanyl]
to be an independent cause of death for [] Dubois, independent of the methamphetamine.”
J.A. 1671. A forensic anthropologist testified that someone dismembered Dubois’s body
postmortem.
Chappell testified about Dubois’s death. According to Chappell, Robinson brought
Dubois to the Georgia Boys’ hotel room in Jane Lew, West Virginia. Dubois smoked
methamphetamine and marijuana with the group, then snorted a line of fentanyl Robinson
laid out for her. About five to ten minutes later, Dubois began “nodding off,” “rocking
back and forth,” and breathing like a “[d]eep snoring.” J.A. 1235–36. After failing to
rouse her, Chappell fled to another hotel with Jimenez (along with the drugs and money)
and told Robinson to call for help.
Chappell returned the next morning to find Dubois in a similar state and left to find
Narcan, a drug that can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose. Upon returning, he found
that Robinson and Jimenez had put Dubois—who was foaming from the mouth and not
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breathing—in the bathtub. Robinson told Chappell and Jimenez to get a shovel, a gas can,
and matches, but they left without complying.
According to Jimenez, Robinson admitted that he and an unidentified person had
“chopped [] up” Dubois and “disposed of her body.” J.A. 1377. Surveillance footage of
the disposal site shows two men exiting a truck. That truck has the same features as one in
a picture on Banks’s cellphone. Banks’s phone also had pictures of Dubois’s body and of
a man in a Tyvek suit covered in blood. The GPS data on Robinson’s phone placed him
near the disposal site.
Meanwhile, the West Virginia officials continued their drug investigation. A
confidential informant purchased two packages of drugs from Robinson. The DEA tested
the drugs, concluding that the larger package was 95% pure methamphetamine and the
smaller one was 8% pure fentanyl.
Police arranged a second controlled buy, this time in Room 202 of the Red Roof Inn
in White Hall, West Virginia. A confidential informant paid $5,500 and Robinson handed
him a pound of methamphetamine. Robinson left the room.
Officers then executed a search warrant for the room. Inside were Chappell, Banks,
and a man that provided housing for the Georgia Boys’ operation. Officers recovered a
loaded firearm on Chappell, a handgun in the bathtub, methamphetamine, cocaine, three
cellphones, gallon-sized plastic bags, two digital scales, and the money from the controlled
purchase.
Police stopped and arrested Robinson and searched his car. They found room keys,
cash, and a cell phone on his person, and four guns with ammunition in the car.
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The next morning, a Red Roof Inn housekeeper found a bag containing white
powder in Room 202. He reported it to his manager, who called the police. The police
took custody of the bag, which was delivered to Purkey. Purkey gave the bag to Steve
Martin, a DEA task force officer, who in turn delivered it to Roscoe. Roscoe had the bag’s
contents tested. The powder was 52 grams of fentanyl of an undetermined purity level.
B.
A grand jury in the Northern District of West Virginia indicted Robinson, Chappell,
and Banks on October 3, 2018. It issued a superseding indictment on March 19, 2019. The
superseding indictment added Jimenez and charged Robinson with eight crimes:
Count One: Conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute controlled
substances, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A)(viii), 846;
Count Two: Distribution of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(viii);
Count Three: Aiding and abetting possession with the intent to distribute
methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(viii);
Count Four: Aiding and abetting possession with the intent to distribute
cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C);
Count Seven: Aiding and abetting possession with the intent to distribute
fentanyl; in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(vi);
Count Eight: Aiding and abetting the use of a firearm during and in relation
to a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 924(c)(1)(A);
Count Nine: Use and carry of a firearm during and in relation to a drug
trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and
Count Ten: Distribution of fentanyl resulting in serious bodily injury or
death, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C).
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While awaiting trial, Robinson moved to dismiss his indictment under the Speedy
Trial Act and the Sixth Amendment. The government responded that it had not proceeded
to trial because it wanted to conduct a joint trial with Robinson and Banks, who was in
Georgia’s custody until November 2019. The court denied the motions after a hearing in
December 2019.
After Banks was released from state custody, his counsel moved to continue the
federal proceedings. The district court granted the motion to continue and severed
Robinson’s and Banks’s trials. Although the court found that Robinson’s speedy-trial right
hadn’t yet been violated, it worried that waiting for Banks’s counsel to be prepared for trial
risked doing so.
C.
Robinson’s trial began on January 7, 2020. During opening statements, defense
counsel claimed the “15- or 16-month wait” to begin the trial was “because the Government
tried to cheat on the timeline.” J.A. 214. The government objected, and defense counsel
responded that the matter went to “a credibility issue of the officers.” J.A. 215. The court
sustained the objection, explaining that any delay was a “litigation strategy issue[],” “not
[a] law enforcement issue[],” and thus was not relevant to officer credibility. J.A. 216.
A similar issue arose during the defense’s cross-examination of Lieutenant Purkey.
The government objected to questions about Chappell’s arrest and indictment. Defense
counsel argued the line of questioning was “relevant to the investigation” because “it set[]
forth the timing of the events.” J.A. 361. When the court asked how the timing was
relevant, defense counsel reiterated the officer-credibility argument her co-counsel
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advanced during the opening statement. The court sustained the objection, again finding
that the timing of the legal proceedings was irrelevant.
After the government rested, Robinson moved to dismiss all eight counts of the
indictment against him. The district court denied the motion.
The court and counsel then discussed jury instructions. On Count Ten, counsel for
Robinson requested that the court add an instruction on “but-for cause.” J.A. 2066–68.
The court declined and instructed the jury:
The crime of distributing fentanyl resulting in death or serious bodily
injury . . . has three elements, which are: one, the defendant intentionally
transferred fentanyl to [Dubois]; two, at the time of the transfer, the defendant
knew that it was a controlled substance; and three, the fentanyl transferred
by the defendant was an independently sufficient cause of death of [Dubois].
The Government must prove the unlawfully transferred fentanyl was an
independently sufficient cause of death of [Dubois] and not merely part of a
combination of factors which resulted in death.
J.A. 2131. Robinson argued during closing statements that the government hadn’t proven
“it was just fentanyl that was the cause of death.” J.A. 2220.
The jury convicted Robinson on all counts. Robinson moved for acquittal or, in the
alternative, for a new trial. The district court denied the motion. United States v. Robinson,
459 F. Supp. 3d 701 (N.D. W. Va. 2020). It then sentenced Robinson to concurrent life
sentences for Counts One, Two, Three, and Ten; concurrent 20- and 40-year sentences for
Count Four and Count Seven, respectively; and consecutive five-year sentences for Count
Eight and Count Nine.
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II.
On appeal, Robinson reprises his challenges to his convictions: first, that his speedy-
trial rights were violated; second, that the government failed to prove but-for causation for
Count Ten (and that the court erred by failing to instruct the jury as to the same); and third,
that insufficient evidence supported his convictions. We consider each contention in turn.
A.
Robinson argues that the delay in commencing his trial violated both the Speedy
Trial Act and the Sixth Amendment, and that the district court erred in preventing his
counsel from arguing that the government impermissibly delayed his trial. We disagree.
1.
The Speedy Trial Act provides:
In any case in which a plea of not guilty is entered, the trial of a defendant
charged in an . . . indictment with the commission of an offense shall
commence within seventy days from the filing date (and making public) of
the . . . indictment, or from the date the defendant has appeared before a
judicial officer of the court in which such charge is pending, whichever date
last occurs.
18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). But the Act excludes certain periods from this 70-day limit,
including a “reasonable period of delay when the defendant is joined for trial with a
codefendant as to whom the time for trial has not run and no motion for severance has been
granted.” Id. § 3161(h)(6). We review de novo a district court’s legal interpretation of the
Act. United States v. Shealey, 641 F.3d 627, 631 (4th Cir. 2011).
Robinson argues that the delay between the superseding indictment and Banks’s
initial appearance was unreasonable. “All defendants who are joined for trial generally fall
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within the speedy trial computation of the latest codefendant.” Henderson v. United States,
476 U.S. 321, 323 n.2 (1986). While the superseding indictment was filed on March 19,
2019, Banks—Robinson’s codefendant—didn’t appear until November 2019. So we must
determine whether, under § 3161(h)(6), the roughly eight-month gap between the filing of
the superseding indictment and Banks’s initial appearance was “reasonable.” See United
States v. Crockett, 813 F.2d 1310, 1317 (4th Cir. 1987).
On that issue, we look to the defendant’s attempts (or lack thereof) to move for
severance, prejudice to the defendant, and the length of the delay. See United States v.
Clyburn, 1995 WL 578047, at *2 (4th Cir. Oct. 2, 1995) (per curiam). Robinson never
moved for severance. Nor does he cite any particularized prejudice arising from the
delay—the “anxiety and concern” and witnesses’ “loss of memory” he identifies are
common to all defendants whose trials are delayed. Appellant’s Br. at 12–13. Finally, an
eight-month delay is within the realm of those we and our sister courts have held to be
reasonable. See, e.g., Clyburn, 1995 WL 578047, at *2 (147 days); United States v.
Margheim, 770 F.3d 1312, 1319 (10th Cir. 2014) (10 months); United States v. Vasquez,
918 F.2d 329, 334 (2d Cir. 1990) (22 months).
We conclude that the eight-month period between the filing of the indictment and
the appearance of Robinson’s codefendant was a “reasonable period of delay” that the
district court properly excluded under the Act. So we affirm the district court on this point.
2.
Nor did any delay violate Robinson’s Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. The
Sixth Amendment provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
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right to a speedy and public trial.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. Reviewing the district court’s
decision de novo, United States v. Hall, 551 F.3d 257, 266 (4th Cir. 2009), we consider the
four factors the Supreme Court articulated in Barker v. Wingo: (1) the “length of the delay”;
(2) “the reason for the delay”; (3) “the defendant’s assertion of his right”; and (4) the
“prejudice to the defendant.” 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972).
The government concedes that the 490-day period between Robinson’s arrest and
trial is a “presumptively prejudicial” delay. Appellee’s Br. at 22 (citing Doggett v. United
States, 505 U.S. 647, 652 n.1 (1992)). But the other Barker factors favor the government.
On the second factor, “[t]he reasons for a trial delay should be characterized as either
valid, improper, or neutral.” Hall, 551 F.3d at 272. “[W]aiting for another sovereign to
finish prosecuting a defendant is without question a valid reason for delay.” United States
v. Grimmond, 137 F.3d 823, 828 (4th Cir. 1998). And “[v]alid reasons for delaying a trial
are weighed in favor of the [g]overnment.” Id. Because the government was awaiting
Georgia’s prosecution of Banks, the reason for delay weighs in its favor. It’s immaterial
whether, as Robinson argues, the government “had the ability to secure Banks’s appearance
and set a trial date.” Appellant’s Br. at 10. “The need to allow [a defendant] to be
prosecuted by the State without interference by the federal government” is an “obvious
reason” to delay federal proceedings. United States v. Thomas, 55 F.3d 144, 150 (4th Cir.
1995).
The third factor—the defendant’s assertion of his right to a speedy trial—likewise
weighs in the government’s favor. Robinson asserted his speedy-trial right on September
30, 2019, over a year after his arrest. And Robinson’s trial started 100 days after that.
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Given that Robinson had counsel since his arrest and his trial started not long after he
asserted his speedy-trial right, this factor favors the government. See Grimmond, 137 F.3d
at 829 (holding that the defendant’s failure to assert his right to a speedy trial weighed in
the government’s favor where he asserted that right four months before the trial began).
The fourth factor, prejudice, also favors the government. When analyzing
prejudice, we consider three interests of defendants: “(i) to prevent oppressive pretrial
incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (iii) to limit the
possibility that the defense will be impaired.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. The third interest
is the “most serious . . . because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case
skews the fairness of the entire system.” Id.
The first interest supports Robinson’s position but the second and third don’t.
Robinson was in jail during the lead-up to his trial, but he identifies no “restraint on liberty,
disruption of employment, strain on financial resources, or exposure to public obloquy that
was greater than that faced by anyone openly subject to criminal investigation.” Hall, 551
F.3d at 272 (cleaned up). Indeed, the only interest Robinson discusses is the third. And
even then, the only prejudice Robinson identifies is “loss of memory for both Robinson
himself and witnesses.” Appellant’s Br. at 12–13. Yet Robinson fails to provide a single
example of something relevant to his case that he or another witness couldn’t remember.
Without such an example, Robinson merely alleges a generalized prejudice common to all
cases and all delays. See Hall, 551 F.3d at 273.
On balance, the four constitutional speedy-trial factors weigh in the government’s
favor. So we hold that the district court didn’t err in denying Robinson’s motion.
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3.
Robinson further contends that the district court denied him the opportunity to argue
that the government impermissibly delayed his trial. During the objection colloquy in
opening statements, Robinson’s attorney argued that he should be allowed to discuss the
delay of the trial because it went to “a credibility issue of the officers.” J.A. 215. Another
of Robinson’s attorneys reiterated the same argument during Lieutenant Purkey’s cross-
examination. Both times, the government objected that the timing of the proceedings was
irrelevant, and the court sustained the objections.
We review a district court’s decisions on questions of relevance for abuse of
discretion, Deans v. CSX Transp., Inc., 216 F.3d 398, 400 (4th Cir. 2000), and find no such
abuse here. The prosecution’s decisions about how and when to prosecute Robinson don’t
reflect upon Purkey’s (or any other law enforcement witness’s) credibility. So we agree
with the district court that this evidence wasn’t relevant to any question before the jury.
B.
1.
Next, Robinson argues that the district court should have acquitted him on Count
Ten, distribution of fentanyl resulting in serious bodily injury or death, because the
government didn’t prove the fentanyl Robinson gave to Dubois was the but-for cause of
her death. We find no reversible error.
We review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal. United States
v. Zelaya, 908 F.3d 920, 925 (4th Cir. 2018). We will uphold the jury’s verdict if, viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, “the verdict is supported by
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substantial evidence.” United States v. Burfoot, 899 F.3d 326, 334 (4th Cir. 2018).
“Substantial evidence is that which a reasonable finder of fact could accept as adequate
and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id. (cleaned up).
Count Ten of the superseding indictment charged that Robinson “distribute[d]
fentanyl, a Schedule II controlled substance, to [Dubois] . . . and death and serious bodily
injury resulted from use of the fentanyl.” J.A. 29. The charge invoked 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(C), which enhances the sentence for drug distribution “if death . . . results from
the use of such substance.” In Burrage v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the
inclusion of “results from” in the text of § 841(b)(1)(C) means that “at least where use of
the drug distributed by the defendant is not an independently sufficient cause of the
victim’s death or serious bodily injury, a defendant cannot be liable” under the provision
“unless such use is a but-for cause of the death or injury.” 571 U.S. 204, 218 (2014).
In other words, the government can prove that “death result[ed]” from a drug in one
of two ways. It can prove but-for causation: that “death would not have occurred in the
absence” of the drug. United States v. Alvarado, 816 F.3d 242, 248 (4th Cir. 2016). Or it
can prove that the drug was an independently sufficient cause of the victim’s death,
allowing courts to find causation in the “special circumstance” when “multiple,
independent causes concurrently cause death.” United States v. Campbell, 963 F.3d 309,
316 (4th Cir. 2020).
At trial, the prosecution pursued the “independently sufficient” theory of causation.
See J.A. 1988. Dr. Colin Hebert, the medical examiner, testified that the levels of fentanyl
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found in Dubois’s liver and chest fluid were “well above the upper limits of the fatal or
lethal range.” J.A. 1675. He repeatedly affirmed that the fentanyl in Dubois’s system was
sufficient to cause her death “independent of methamphetamine” or other drugs she had
taken. J.A. 1671; see also J.A. 1682 (“[T]he fentanyl level, on its own, is enough to cause
death”).
We pause here to discuss one procedural oddity. Three days before oral argument,
the government averred that it no longer believed the “independently sufficient” theory
applied to Robinson’s case. Citing Campbell, the government suggested that this theory is
available only when the evidence supports “at least two independent causes of death,” and
in Robinson’s case, it had “only argued one cause of death: fentanyl.” Dkt. 31 at 2–3
(emphasis added). The government concluded that it “should have been required to prove
but-for causation” on Count Ten. Id. at 3.
We commend the government for its candor. Still, “our judicial obligations compel
us to examine independently the errors confessed.” Young v. United States, 315 U.S. 257,
258–59 (1942). * And here, the overwhelming evidence that Dubois’s death resulted from
fentanyl supports liability under either theory of causation. Cf. United States v. Seals, 915
F.3d 1203, 1206 (8th Cir. 2019) (where the evidence showed that a drug “could have been
*
Our dissenting colleague takes issue with our decision to evaluate this issue for
ourselves rather than remanding to the district court. And we certainly agree that our court
must be “[m]indful of our role as arbiter and not advocate.” United States v. Holness, 706
F.3d 579, 591–92 (4th Cir. 2013). But where (as here) the government has misapprehended
the law and the facts are “sufficiently developed to readily permit” our review, we may
exercise our “inherent authority” to assess the government’s confession ourselves. Id. at
592.
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either a but-for cause or an independently sufficient cause . . . [t]his created a factual issue
for the jury to resolve rather than an absolute legal bar to conviction.”).
In a perfect world, the government would have presented a but-for theory at trial.
But “substantial rights are not affected when a picture-perfect proceeding would yield
exactly the same result as that which actually transpired.” United States v. Godwin, 272
F.3d 659, 673 (4th Cir. 2001). While the prosecution didn’t ask Dr. Hebert directly whether
Dubois would have lived but for the fentanyl, the evidence compels that conclusion. Dr.
Hebert testified that fentanyl is an opioid, and that when a person dies from an opioid
overdose, their “breathing slows,” they “pass out or fall asleep,” and their “heart slows
down.” J.A. 1665–66. Those symptoms mirror Chappell’s description of Dubois. Dr.
Hebert also noted that opioid overdoses can cause a person to foam from the mouth,
consistent with Chappell’s account and a postmortem photograph of Dubois’s body.
Finally, as Chappell testified, these symptoms took hold “not even five, ten minutes” after
Dubois snorted the line of fentanyl. J.A. 1235.
When a person overdoses on a stimulant like methamphetamine, by contrast, Dr.
Hebert testified that they most commonly experience “a heart attack, chest pains, fairly
sudden.” J.A. 1664–65. No witness reported Dubois experiencing any such symptoms,
and the autopsy didn’t reveal any damage to her heart.
Dubois’s symptoms were consistent with an opioid overdose, which manifested
shortly after she took the drugs. That, coupled with the lack of methamphetamine overdose
indicators, constituted substantial evidence supporting the jury’s verdict. “[B]ecause there
was no evidence in the record that [Dubois] could have died without the [fentanyl], the
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jury’s verdict was necessarily consistent with . . . but-for causation.” Alvarado, 816 F.3d
at 244.
That said, the evidence also supports Robinson’s conviction under the
“independently sufficient” theory of causation. It’s true that the autopsy report listed
Dubois’s cause of death as the “combined toxic effects of fentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, and
methamphetamine.” J.A. 1664. But Dr. Hebert also repeatedly stated that the amount of
fentanyl in Dubois’s system was enough to cause her death independent of any other drug
she had taken. The jury reasonably could have concluded that the fentanyl was an
independently sufficient cause of her death.
The government’s confession of error overthinks the issue. Because the prosecution
proved the fentanyl Dubois ingested was alone sufficient to kill her, it didn’t also need to
prove that either the methamphetamine or acetyl fentanyl was an additional independently
sufficient cause. Such a requirement would stray from the language of the statute and the
Supreme Court’s holding in Burrage, both of which focused on the drug distributed by the
defendant—not on any other drugs that the victim may have taken. 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(C) (enhancing sentence if death results “from the use of such substance”); 571
U.S. at 216.
True, this case may not present the same causal indeterminacy as the Court’s
example in Burrage, where the hypothetical victim is simultaneously stabbed and shot and
both wounds are independently fatal. 571 U.S. at 214–15. But we decline to create
uncertainty where none exists. Whether the methamphetamine Dubois took was also
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sufficiently lethal doesn’t affect Robinson’s culpability for supplying a fatal dose of
fentanyl.
In sum, substantial evidence establishes that Dubois ingested a dose of fentanyl
sufficient to cause death, even if taken on its own. And the evidence also supports that she
in fact died from the fentanyl. We conclude that the jury could have found that “the
[fentanyl] was not only a necessary, but-for cause of the death, but it was also
independently sufficient, by itself, to cause [Dubois’s] death, even without the influence of
any other factors.” USA v. Feldman, 936 F.3d 1288, 1313 (11th Cir. 2019). So while this
case may have been more appropriately tried under a but-for causation theory, we find no
reversible error on Count Ten.
2.
Robinson also contends that the district court erred by denying his request to instruct
the jury on “but-for” causation as to Count Ten. We review a court’s decision not to give
a particular instruction for abuse of discretion, reversing “only if the proffered instruction:
(1) was correct, (2) was not substantially covered by the charge that the district court
actually gave to the jury, and (3) involved some point so important that the failure to give
the instruction seriously impaired the defendant’s defense.” United States v. Hager, 721
F.3d 167, 184 (4th Cir. 2013). And even if these factors are met, we do not reverse “unless
the defendant can show that the record as a whole demonstrates prejudice.” Id. We find
no reversible error here.
The district court instructed the jury that the government had to “prove the
unlawfully transferred fentanyl was an independently sufficient cause of death of [Dubois]
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and not merely part of a combination of factors which resulted in death.” J.A. 2131. Even
assuming that it would have been correct to mention “but for” causation in the instruction,
the district court’s instruction effectively eliminated the danger identified in Burrage—
convicting when the drug was neither a but-for nor independently sufficient cause of death,
but merely a contributing factor to it. See 571 U.S. at 215–16.
More importantly, Robinson can identify no prejudice stemming from the allegedly
incomplete instruction. As discussed above, we’re convinced that the “independently
sufficient” theory was available to the government, and the evidence was sufficient to
convict under it. Adding an explanation of “but for” causation wouldn’t change this
outcome. Thus, even if the district court erred (and we question whether it did), the error
wasn’t prejudicial.
C.
Finally, Robinson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting several of
his other convictions. On four of the drug-possession and distribution charges (Counts One
through Four), he claims the testimony presented at trial came from “unreliable witnesses.”
Appellant’s Br. at 23. On the fentanyl-possession charge (Count Seven), he focuses on the
“irreparably broken” chain of custody for the bag containing the fentanyl found by the
housekeeper. Id. at 21. On the firearm-related charges (Counts Eight and Nine), he claims
that the evidence didn’t support the jury’s finding that he used or carried a firearm, or that
he knew Chappell did.
Again, we review the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal de novo,
upholding the jury’s verdict if it is supported by substantial evidence. Burfoot, 899 F.3d at
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334. We’re “not entitled to assess witness credibility” and must “assume that the jury
resolved any conflicting evidence in the prosecution’s favor.” United States v. Savage, 885
F.3d 212, 219 (4th Cir. 2018) (cleaned up).
As we explain, substantial evidence supports the convictions. We therefore affirm
the district court’s denial of Robinson’s motion for judgment of acquittal.
1.
Robinson challenges Counts One through Four because the testimony supporting
them “derived from unreliable witnesses who included persons suffering from drug
addictions” and because “the jury was not provided adequate information to make a
credibility determination.” Appellant’s Br. at 23–24. Neither contention persuades.
Credibility determinations “are within the sole province of the jury and are not
susceptible to judicial review.” United States v. Louthian, 756 F.3d 295, 303 (4th Cir.
2014) (cleaned up). So whether some of the government’s witnesses were drug users is
irrelevant. That’s no basis to overturn the jury’s verdict.
Here, the jury could assess the credibility of the government’s witnesses. They were
all available for cross-examination. And Robinson was free to argue that the government’s
witnesses were unreliable during closing arguments. Finally, the judge instructed the jurors
that they “should consider all of the facts and circumstances in evidence to determine which
of the witnesses [they chose] to believe or not believe.” J.A. 2096. We decline to second-
guess their determinations.
2.
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Robinson also asserts that there was insufficient evidence to convict him on Count
Seven, possession with intent to distribute fentanyl. He focuses on what he calls “the
irreparably broken” chain of custody for the bag in which authorities found the fentanyl.
Appellant’s Br. at 21. The government responds that it properly authenticated the evidence
through witness testimony. We agree.
“The chain-of-custody requirement is simply a variation of the principle that real
evidence must be authenticated prior to its admission into evidence.” United States v.
Jones, 356 F.3d 529, 535 (4th Cir. 2004) (cleaned up). The purpose of requiring the
government to establish the chain of custody, therefore, is to “establish that the item to be
introduced is what it purports to be so as to convince the court that it is improbable that the
original item had been exchanged with another or otherwise tampered with.” Id. (cleaned
up).
The government offered sufficient evidence that no one tampered with the bag or
the drugs in it. The hotel’s housekeeper found the bag and reported it to his manager. His
manager called the police, and the local police chief took the drugs. The local police chief
then gave the drugs to Purkey. Purkey gave the drugs to Martin, the DEA task force officer,
who in turn delivered them to Roscoe. From there, Roscoe followed the standard procedure
for having the drugs tested. Robinson cross-examined all these witnesses and argued that
the evidence was unreliable during closing arguments.
It was within the jury’s purview to credit the government’s version of events.
3.
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Robinson next argues that the district court should have acquitted him of Count
Eight, aiding and abetting the use of a firearm during a drug-trafficking crime. He claims
that “[t]he evidence presented at trial did not show that Robinson used a firearm during or
relating to a drug trafficking crime.” Appellant’s Br. at 19. He also says there’s insufficient
evidence showing he aided Chappell in doing so. These arguments are meritless.
To aid and abet an 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) offense, one must (1) “ha[ve] prior knowledge
of [a] gun’s involvement” in a drug trafficking crime, and (2) “knowingly and actively
participate[] in the drug trafficking crime.” Rosemond v. United States, 572 U.S. 65, 82
(2014) (cleaned up). The government showed, as Robinson concedes, that he “hired
Chappell to work with him and protect him.” Appellant’s Br. at 19. Robinson knew
Chappell carried a gun. And the purpose of carrying a gun was “[t]o make sure no one
hurt” Robinson while trafficking drugs. J.A. 1219. So sufficient evidence supports Count
Eight.
Finally, Robinson claims that the district court should have acquitted him of Count
Nine—use and carry of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime. This
argument too fails.
A person may not “use[] or carr[y] a firearm” “during and in relation to any . . . drug
trafficking crime.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). Yet Jimenez saw Robinson carrying a .380
handgun “[a] time or two,” and Robinson once gave the gun to Jimenez. J.A. 1347.
Officers recovered that gun in passenger’s side of Robinson’s car (along with three others
in the trunk). And Chappell saw Robinson with the gun in the front passenger’s seat.
Sufficient evidence supports Count Nine.
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III.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment.
AFFIRMED
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WYNN, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part:
Three days before oral argument in this case, the government abandoned its
argument on the question of whether the fentanyl that defendant Terrick Robinson gave
Courtney Dubois caused her death to sustain his conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 841. In full,
the government’s letter confessing error reads as follows:
I write concerning the pending matter in United States v. Terrick
Robinson, Case No. 21-4121. The purpose of this letter is to confess error
regarding the third and eighth errors alleged by the appellant in his brief. This
matter is scheduled for oral argument on Friday, September 16, 2022.
The Government filed its responsive brief on August 24, 2021. The
Government argued to affirm the appellant’s conviction for Count 10 of the
Superseding Indictment charging Distribution of Fentanyl Resulting in
Serious Bodily or Death. Specifically, the Government argued that the
district court did not err by denying the appellant’s Rule 29 motion for
judgment of acquittal when the appellant asserted that the Government did
not prove that fentanyl was the but-for cause of death of the victim, C.D.
Further, the Government argued that the district court did not err when it
refused to instruct the jury on but-for causation. As to both grounds, the
Government argued that pursuant to United States v. Burrage, 571 U.S. 204
(2014), its theory of the case was that fentanyl was an independent sufficient
cause of death of C.D. and the evidence presented to the jury supported only
this theory, and not but-for causation. The district court denied the
appellant’s Rule 29 motion and refused to instruct the jury on but-for
causation reasoning that the Government’s theory was that the fentanyl was
an independent sufficient cause of death, and the Government never asserted
the but-for causation theory.
In preparing for the upcoming oral argument, the Government
reviewed the Burrage opinion and has reconsidered its position that fentanyl
was an independent sufficient cause of death. The Government now concedes
that the district court erroneously denied the defendant’s Rule 29 motion for
judgment of acquittal on Count 10 and erroneously instructed the jury on the
independent sufficient cause of death. The Government and the district court
misunderstood the application of the independent sufficient cause of death
theory and did not appreciate that multiple independent causes of death are
necessary for the theory to apply.
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In Burrage, the United States Supreme Court explained that death
resulting from the distribution of controlled substances can be proven in one
of two ways. The court held, “at least where use of the drug distributed by
the defendant is not an independently sufficient cause of the victim’s death
or serious bodily injury, a defendant cannot be liable under the penalty
enhancement provision of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C) unless such use is a but-
for cause of the death or injury.” 571 U.S. at 218-219. While the Burrage
court focused primarily on the test for but-for causation, the court described
the independent sufficient cause theory:
[C]ourts have not always required strict but-for causality, even
where criminal liability is at issue. The most common (though
still rare) instance of this occurs when multiple sufficient
causes independently, but concurrently, produce a result. See
Nassar, supra, at ––––, 133 S.Ct., at 2525; see also LaFave 467
(describing these cases as “unusual” and “numerically in the
minority”). To illustrate, if “A stabs B, inflicting a fatal wound;
while at the same moment X, acting independently, shoots B
in the head ... also inflicting [a fatal] wound; and B dies from
the combined effects of the two wounds,” A will generally be
liable for homicide even though his conduct was not a but-for
cause of B’s death (since B would have died from X’s actions
in any event). Id., at 468 (italics omitted). We need not accept
or reject the special rule developed for these cases, since there
was no evidence here that Banka’s heroin use was an
independently sufficient cause of his death. No expert was
prepared to say that Banka would have died from the heroin
use alone.
Id. at 214-15 (Emphasis added). In United States v. Campbell, this court
discussed the Burrage decision and also explained the independent sufficient
cause of death theory:
Though Burrage held that but-for causation was generally
required to prove that death resulted, the Supreme Court
acknowledged that but-for causation might not be required in
the special circumstance where evidence establishes that
multiple sufficient causes independently, but concurrently,
caused death. 571 U.S. at 214, 134 S.Ct. 881. To illustrate, the
Court described a victim who was simultaneously stabbed and
shot by different assailants. Id. at 215, 134 S.Ct. 881. In that
situation, the conduct of neither the stabber nor the shooter was
the but-for cause of the victim’s death. Id. Even so, the stabber
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would generally be liable for homicide. Id. Although the
Supreme Court determined that this special circumstance did
not apply in Burrage’s case, it made clear that the special
circumstance would permit a jury to find causation when two
sufficient causes independently and concurrently caused death.
Id. at 214-15, 134 S.Ct. 881.
963 F.3d 309, 316 (4th Cir. 2020).
Based upon the Burrage and Campbell opinions, it is clear that the
evidence must support at least two independent causes of death for the
independent sufficient cause of death theory to apply. In appellant’s case, the
Government only argued one cause of death: fentanyl. While the evidence
showed C.D. had two other controlled substances in her system, acetyl
fentanyl and methamphetamine, no evidence was presented that either of
these substances alone could have caused C.D.’s death. Thus, the
independent sufficient cause of death theory should not have been available
to the Government. The Government should have been required to prove but-
for causation. The district court should have granted the appellant’s Rule 29
motion because the Government did not prove that fentanyl was the but-for
cause of death. Further, assuming the district court denied the Rule 29
motion, it should have instructed the jury using the but-for cause of death
theory with the evidence presented at trial. The district court did not instruct
the jury on but-for causation.
The Government asserts that the appropriate relief concerning Count
10 of the Superseding Indictment is to order the conviction be vacated and to
remand to the district court with an order to direct entry of judgment on the
lesser-included offense of Distribution of Fentanyl, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C). This court has the “power to direct entry of
judgment on a lesser included offense when vacating a greater offense for
insufficient evidence.” United States v. Hickman, 626 F.3d 756, 770 (4th Cir.
2010). Here, the jury necessarily found the elements for distribution of
fentanyl when reaching its verdict of guilty as to Count 10. The court should
“‘limit the use of judgment reformation to those circumstances when what is
sought is a conviction for a lesser offense whose commission can be
established from the facts that the jury actually found.’” United States v.
Blue, 808 F.3d 226, 237 (4th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).
The undersigned consulted with counsel for the appellant regarding
this issue. Counsel has authorized me to state that he does not object to the
Government’s change in position regarding the confession of error.
However, counsel has not had sufficient time to consider the appellant’s
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position regarding the appropriate relief or whether the confession of error
raises other issues that may affect his client’s rights.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. Please let me know if you
have any questions.
In withdrawing its challenge “regarding the third and eighth errors alleged by the
appellant in his brief,” the government fully recognized that on the remaining charges,
which this panel affirms unanimously, Robinson would remain in prison to serve three
concurrent life terms. But rather than accept the government’s decision on how to handle
the prosecution of this appeal, my good colleagues in the majority dismissed the
government’s withdrawal as a “procedural oddity,” Majority Op. at 14, and provided an
opinion on an issue that is no longer contested by the parties.
I write separately to emphasize that our role as judges is to remain as neutral arbiters
and resist taking on the role of prosecutor in criminal cases. Afterall, it is the U.S.
Department of Justice that prosecutes federal criminal cases. That department decides
which charges to bring and, importantly, which ones not to bring. It is well recognized that
the decision of whether to prosecute at all is “particularly ill-suited to judicial review.”
Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 607 (1985); see Chiles v. United States, 874 F. Supp.
1334, 1340 (S.D. Fla. 1994) (government “has exclusive authority and absolute discretion
to decide whether to prosecute a case”), aff’d, 69 F.3d 1094 (11th Cir. 1995). And if that
is not the case, then where do we as appellate judges draw the line between judge and
advocate? The majority characterizes the government’s abandonment of this issue as a
misapprehension and says we can address the issue because the facts are sufficiently
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developed. Majority Op. at 14 n.*. But as far as I can tell, this approach has no obvious
limiting principle on when courts can override the decision of the prosecutor on when and
how to prosecute.
To be sure, it seems somewhat inconsistent that when it is the defendant who fails
to press an argument, we are quick to deem the argument abandoned. See, e.g., United
States v. Rendelman, 641 F.3d 36, 42 n.7 (4th Cir. 2011) (defendant abandoned argument
by not pursing it on appeal); United States v. Martin, 523 F.3d 281, 287 n.2 (4th Cir. 2008)
(same). Surely, in this case, there is no reason to step into the role of counsel for the
government.
And even if we were so tempted, we should remind ourselves that we are but
appellate judges, not trial judges. So at the very least, we should restrain ourselves and
remand to the district court to consider the government’s confession in the first instance.
That’s what we have done in other cases. See, e.g., United States v. Jackson, 336 F. App’x
282, 284 (4th Cir. 2009) (per curiam). Doing so would respect the district court’s close
relationship with the case and reap the benefits that additional briefing could bring to the
issue on remand. *
*
As the majority observes, we have, at times, chosen to independently examine the
grounds for a confession of error by the government. Majority Op. at 15. But just because
we have done something in the past does not mean it was right to do it then, or that it is
right to reflexively do it forever without considering why we do so. A confession by the
government is nothing more than a higher degree of abandonment or withdrawal of an
argument. So, even if we chose to not accept the government’s confession, we should
nevertheless dismiss the matter as abandoned or withdrawn, consistent with how we
normally handle an argument that has been abandoned on appeal.
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In sum, with respect for my good colleagues in the majority, we should be
“[m]indful of our role as arbiter and not advocate,” and we should “make no habit of
venturing beyond the confines of the case on appeal to address arguments the parties have
deemed unworthy of orderly mention.” United States v. Holness, 706 F.3d 579, 591–92
(4th Cir. 2013). Such is the judicious approach.
Respectfully, I dissent from Part II.B of the majority opinion. I concur as to the
remainder of the opinion.
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