People v. Hickman

NOTICE
2022 IL App (5th) 200284-U
NOTICE
Decision filed 12/12/22. The
This order was filed under
text of this decision may be NO. 5-20-0284 Supreme Court Rule 23 and is
changed or corrected prior to
not precedent except in the
the filing of a Petition for
IN THE limited circumstances allowed
Rehearing or the disposition of
under Rule 23(e)(1).
the same.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Bond County.
)
v. ) No. 18-CF-150
)
JAMES ANDREW HICKMAN, ) Honorable
) Neil T. Schroeder,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE MOORE delivered the judgment of the court.
Presiding Justice Boie and Justice Welch concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: We affirm the defendant’s conviction and sentence for first degree murder because
the evidence adduced at his bench trial was sufficient to sustain his conviction
beyond a reasonable doubt, and because there was no reversible error in the State’s
closing argument during the bench trial.

¶2 The defendant, James Andrew Hickman, appeals his conviction and sentence, following a

bench trial in the circuit court of Bond County, for first degree murder. For the following reasons,

we affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 Because both of the issues raised by the defendant in this direct appeal arise from the

evidence and argument presented at his bench trial, we focus primarily on that procceding,

although we provide other background information as needed for appropriate context. We provide

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only those facts necessary to our disposition of the defendant’s two arguments on appeal. On

November 20, 2018, the defendant was charged, by information, with two counts of first degree

murder. On March 12, 2020, the defendant, by counsel, filed a waiver of jury trial and request for

bench trial. On March 26, 2020, a two-count first amended information was filed. The first

amended information alleged, in each count, that on or about November 16, 2018, the defendant

“without lawful justification, shook or struck E.A.R.H.,” whose date of birth was September 15,

2018. Count I alleged that the defendant committed this act “knowing that such act created a strong

probability of” E.A.R.H.’s death, and that the act did in fact cause his death. Count II alleged that

the defendant committed the act “knowing that such act created a strong probability of great bodily

harm to E.A.R.H.,” and that the act caused his death. We note that in his opening brief on appeal,

the defendant refers to E.A.R.H.—who was the son of the defendant—by his first name, Evander.

We will refer to him as Evander as well.

¶5 Also on March 26, 2020, the defendant and his counsel signed a waiver of the defendant’s

right to a trial by jury. The trial judge also signed the waiver, attesting that the defendant had

appeared in person, at which time he was apprised of his rights and persisted in his waiver of his

right to a trial by jury, which led the trial judge to conclude that the waiver was “voluntarily made

with full knowledge of the defendant’s rights.” The case proceeded to a bench trial that began on

July 27, 2020, and that encompassed both counts found in the first amended information.

¶6 The first witness to testify at the defendant’s bench trial was Morgan Campbell. She

testified that she was born in November 1998, and that at the time of the trial she was 21 years old.

She testified that she met the defendant when she was 17 years old, and began a romantic

relationship with him in July 2017. She testified that in February 2018, she and the defendant lived

together at a secluded trailer park, where they had “a disagreement about finances” that “escalated”

and resulted in the defendant using his fist and a hammer to “put holes in the wall” of the trailer.
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Morgan testified that thereafter, as the disagreement continued, the defendant grabbed her by her

shirt and said, inter alia, “fuck you, fuck that baby, I don’t want that baby.” She testified that she

was pregnant at the time, that she left the defendant for “[f]our or five days maybe,” and that when

she returned to the trailer it was in a state of “disarray,” with clothes and furniture scattered about

and the holes still in the walls. She testified that eventually she moved back in with the defendant,

and that there were no more “incidents” prior to the birth of their child, Evander. She later testified

that the defendant broke his hand during the February wall-punching incident.

¶7 Morgan testified that when Evander was born, the defendant was present at the hospital

and was the first person to hold Evander. She testified that Evander was healthy, with no medical

concerns about him at the hospital. She testified about how she took care of Evander during his

two months of life. She testified that when she left the hospital and returned to living with the

defendant, things were “okay.” She testified that other than the night at issue in this case, the

longest she left Evander alone with the defendant was two hours, and usually it was for shorter

periods of time. She testified that the defendant never hit her, and that she never saw the defendant

hit Evander.

¶8 Morgan testified, however, that there were times Evander “showed up with *** injuries.”

She testified that “at the end of October,” she went to have dinner with a friend, and that the

defendant texted her and told her she needed to return home because a lotion bottle had fallen on

Evander’s face after Evander’s bath and Evander had “a fat lip or a black eye, one of those two.”

She testified that when she got home and saw Evander, she observed that “[h]is lip was swollen,

like a little fat, and it was really—it was like puffy and red.” She added that Evander “had like a

little bit of a bruise right under his eye,” but testified that the inuries were not “terrible,” and began

to clear up by the next day. Morgan testified that she took photographs of the injuries to send to

her mother because she “was scared” because Evander was still crying when she got home and
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saw him. She authenticated the photographs. She acknowledged that Evander “might not have

been crying from the incident,” and that at that point in time, she had no reason not to believe the

defendant’s story about what happened.

¶9 Morgan testified that on Halloween of 2018, which was approximately one week after the

first incident, another incident occurred. She testified that when she returned after leaving Evander

with the defendant for approximately two hours, Evander “had bruising on his butt.” She testified

that at first she thought Evander had blue dye on his butt from his diaper, but after having a

conversation with her mom, and Googling it—and after the bruise turned from blue to green “a

couple days later”—she realized that it was a bruise. She authenticated a photograph she took of

the bruise. She testified that when she asked the defendant what happened to Evander, the

defendant “didn’t really give [her] an answer.” She showed the bruise to several people, including

at the hospital where her mother worked.

¶ 10 Morgan testified that at this point, she and the defendant lived in a duplex, and that the

defendant put a hole in a wall at the duplex too, following an argument between her and the

defendant. She testified that they decided to separate, and that she moved to another residence a

few days before the incident in question in this case. She testified that on that Thursday, before

she dropped Evander off with the defendant, Evander was “[h]appy, healthy, [and] fed,” and that

no one had struck Evander or caused any injuries to him. She testified that earlier that day, she

took pictures of Evander, because he was exactly two months old that day. She authenticated some

of the photograhs and agreed that Evander looked healthy and happy in them. She testified that as

she prepared Evander to take him to the defendant, Evander did not have any bruises, cuts, scrapes,

bumps, or other marks on his body. She also authenticated photographs of the outside and inside

of the duplex where she left Evander with the defendant. When shown photographs that contained

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what counsel for the State described as “red spots” on pillows and other belongings in the bedroom,

she testified that she did not see the spots when she was at the residence.

¶ 11 Morgan testified that she left Evander with the defendant at the duplex at approximately 5

p.m., and ultimately visited some friends. She authenticated text messages from the defendant that

she received on her cell phone during that time, including a message at approximately 6:02 p.m.

in which the defendant wrote, “don’t freak out but I was drying him off after his bath and he kicked

my stomach and pushed himself off my lap and I had to catch him. He’s got a red mark on his

stomach from me catching him.” The defendant texted her a photograph that showed the red mark.

Morgan testified that Evander did not have the mark on him when she left him with the defendant

approximately one hour prior to that. She testified that she did not think much of the incident at

that time, and agreed with the defendant, via a text message, that Evander was kicking more than

he previously did. She testified that there were additional text exchanges about their relationship,

with the defendant expressing that he wanted them to stay together as a couple. She testified that

at 11:55 p.m., the defendant texted, “your boy is okay, put him to bed with a full belly and a smile,

I hope you’re doing okay, I love you. Goodnight.” She testified that the defendant texted a

photograph of Evander. She testified that she did not respond, because she might have been asleep

at that time.

¶ 12 Morgan testified that the defendant called her at approximately 4:45 a.m.,1 which

awakened her. She testified that the defendant “was freaking out, saying that Evander was not

breathing, and I believe he said he was unconscious, he had done CPR, he told me that he had

called 911, and he was waiting for the first responders and paramedics to get there.” She added

that she did not “remember a whole lot of exactly what he said, but that was the gist of that

1
She thereafter testified that the call was at approximately 5:15 a.m., which was more consistent
with telephone records produced prior to, and at, trial.
5
conversation was him telling me that he wasn’t breathing, he was blue, there was blood coming

from his mouth—or his nose.” She agreed that the call was “a surprise,” because Evander had

never had any health issues. She spoke to the defendant again as she drove to the hospital, and the

defendant told her “over and over again” that the defendant woke up and Evander “wasn’t

breathing.” She testified that “[t]here wasn’t a whole of explanation, he didn’t know what was

going on.”

¶ 13 Morgan testified that when she was allowed to see Evander at the hospital, Evander “was

in bad shape, but he was—he was still responsive at that time. Like they had got him stabilized

and he had a breathing tube and stuff in, but he squeezed my hand, he looked at me, he let out a

little cry. He was in bad shape but he was not—he was not unresponsive at that point.” Evander

was thereafter transported to a different hospital by helicopter, and Morgan, the defendant, and

other family members drove together to that hospital. Morgan testified that as they did so, she

asked the defendant what happened, and the defendant stated that he did not know, and that he

woke up and found that Evander was not breathing. She testified that at some point, the defendant

mentioned that there had been “weed” in the house, and that he dumped it in a recycling bin

outside, then asked her to ask a friend to retrieve it. She testified that she was more worried about

Evander than the weed.

¶ 14 Morgan testified that once they arrived at St. Louis Children’s Hospital, a doctor told her

that Evander was “pretty bad.” She testified that she was thereafter told that Evander “suffered a

really bad brain injury,” and that when she asked if Evander was “going to make it,” she was told

“probably not.” She testified that Evander died at the hospital after she and the defendant made

the decision to remove his breathing tube, which they did after being told that he was going to “die

either way.” She testified that she traveled home with the defendant, because she wanted to be

with him, and that on the way, the defendant’s grandparents suggested that she and the defendant
6
leave their cell phones somewhere, and that they should not talk to the police. She testified that

she agreed to leave the cell phones, and that when the police later wanted to speak with her, she

declined to speak to them. She testified that the defendant was questioned separately at the same

time, and that he was not allowed to leave after his questioning.

¶ 15 Morgan testified that she thereafter recovered her cell phone, and thereafter spoke with the

defendant at the police station, with two officers present. She testified that the defendant told her

“at that time that what had actually happened was he woke up at three in the morning and Evander’s

hands were cold so he pulled the blanket up like around I’m guessing like his shoulders, and then

he fell back asleep and woke up again and the blanket was wrapped around Evander’s head.” She

testified that the defendant told her that when he then “removed the blanket, Evander was blue and

he shook him, I guess out of fear, and I believe he said smacked his back and stuff like that.” She

testified that the defendant had not told her these things previously. She testified that she

considered herself to be “on the defendant’s side” until the autopsy results came back, at which

point she decided she wanted to cooperate with the police. She did not discuss the case with the

defendant again after that point.

¶ 16 On cross-examination, Morgan agreed that the February 2018 argument was “a heated

argument,” and that she made inappropriate remarks during the argument too. She further agreed,

with regard to the first incident, that the way things were arranged in the duplex, it was possible

that the lotion bottle fell on Evander as the defendant contended that it did. Morgan agreed that

because both she and the defendant sold marijuana, she did not object to leaving their phones

elsewhere after Evander died, because evidence of their marijuana sales might be found on their

phones. She agreed that they sold “small amounts” of marijuana “for people’s personal use,” and

testified that she did not use marijuana. Following Morgan’s testimony, the photographs and screen

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shots of text messages that she authenticated were admitted into evidence, without objection from

the defendant.

¶ 17 Sabrina Daniken testified that she was friends with Morgan and the defendant, and that in

February 2018, she went to their trailer after receiving a phone call from Morgan. She testified that

the inside of the trailer was “destroyed,” with “holes in the walls, the furniture was tipped over,

the dining room table and chairs were all over the kitchen, the bedroom was just destroyed, like

the drawers were dumped out on the floors.” She testified that Morgan “was very upset” and left

with her. With regard to Evander in general, Sabrina testified that she saw him “at least two times

a week” during his short life, and that he was “healthy” and was a “[v]ery happy, playful baby.”

She testified that she saw a photograph of Evander’s eye injury, and saw personally the “marks”

on Evander’s butt. With regard to November of 2018, she testified that she saw Evander in the

days before he was left in the care of the defendant on Thursday, and that when she saw Evander,

she did not see any bruises, cuts, scrapes, or anything else “abnormal” about Evander’s skin. On

cross-examination, Sabrina agreed that Morgan told her that the defendant never hit or abused her,

and agreed that she never saw the defendant hit or abuse either Morgan or Evander.

¶ 18 Caleb Daniken testified that he was married to Sabrina Daniken, and was friends with

Morgan, but did not know the defendant. He testified that on Thursday, November 15, 2018,

Morgan spent the night with he and Sabrina, and that Evander was with Morgan until late that

afternoon. Caleb testified that prior to leaving, Evander “was happy, healthy, watching TV with

us, smiling,” and that Evander had no sign of accidents or trauma at that time.

¶ 19 Jaye Campbell testified that she was Morgan Campbell’s mother, and that she worked in

the dietary unit of the hospital in Greenville. She testified that in February 2018, Morgan came to

stay with her. Jaye testified that Morgan “was a wreck, very upset” and that she was

“hyperventilating *** missing a shoe, [and] her hair was all a mess.” Jaye testified that she and
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Morgan had a good relationship, and that Jaye was present when Evander was born. She described

Evander as “[h]appy.” With regard to injuries to Evander, she testified that approximately “the

week before Halloween 2018,” Evander “had marks on his eye” which the next day were “like a

bruise.” Jaye testified that on Halloween, when she changed Evander’s diaper, “he was perfectly

fine,” but later that day, Morgan videochatted with her and showed her Evander’s “bottom,” which

Jaye testified looked “bruised.” She testified that she texted one of her friends who worked at the

hospital, and that the next day, Morgan brought Evander to the hospital, where Jaye’s friend who

worked there, Deann Morgan, looked at the mark. The trial judge sustained an objection to counsel

for the State’s question as to what Deann Morgan said about the mark.

¶ 20 Jaye testified that she saw Evander on Tuesday, November 13, 2018, when she babysat

him most of the day, and at which time “[h]e was perfectly happy, healthy.” She testified that the

next time she saw Evander was “Friday in the hospital.” She testified that she asked Morgan what

“he” did to Evander. She testified that she asked the defendant what happened, and that the

defendant “just kept saying that he did everything that he could, he did everything that he could,

but was vague on what actually happened at the time.” She testified that “later on there was a

conversation” in which the defendant said that Evander was “gurgling,” that the defendant “picked

him up, he was blue,” and that the defendant reiterated that he “did everything [he] could.”

¶ 21 Jaye testified that after Evander was transferred to St. Louis Children’s Hospital, a

neurosurgeon there told her “that there was extensive swelling in the brain, he was going to go in

and try to relieve some of the swelling in the brain, and that he would speak to us afterwards.” She

testified that thereafter the neurosurgeon returned and “explained to us that there was severe trauma

to his brain, and he even stated that he [had] never seen anything like it in his entire career and that

he wasn’t going to make it pretty much.” Jaye testified that the defendant did not ask the doctor

any questions about Evander at that time. Following Jaye’s initial testimony, the trial judge and
9
the parties discussed scheduling matters, and agreed that some witnesses would be called out of

order to accommodate everyone’s schedules. Jaye was then recalled to the witness stand for one

further question.

¶ 22 Thereafter, Brynn Byrd testified that she was 21 years old and had known Morgan for

approximately 10 years. She testified that she lived with Morgan’s family for approximately one

year when she was 16, and that Morgan was her “best friend.” Brynn testified that she was present

at the hospital when Evander was born. She described Evander as “a normal baby.” She testified

that she saw photographs of the mark on Evander’s eye, and on his bottom, but did not see either

personally. She testified that Morgan stayed with her on Monday, November 12, 2018, and

Tuesday, November 13, 2018, and that she saw Evander during that period of time. She described

Evander as “[n]ormal, happy, healthy.” She testified that when she learned of Evander’s injuries

and that he was at St. Louis Children’s Hospital, she went there as soon as she could leave her

place of work. She testified that while she was at the hospital, the defendant stated during a

conversation with Brynn and Morgan that he had “got[ten] rid of the marijuana before the

ambulance arrived.” When asked what she thought of the defendant’s statement, Brynn testified,

“Just kind of why, like why was that important, I guess.” She testified that the defendant told her

that he was giving Evander a bath when Evander fell between the defendant’s legs. She testified

that the defendant said that he caught Evander. She testified that the defendant did not say that

Evander hit the floor, and did not act like Evander hit the floor. She subsequently testified that

when she saw the photograph of the mark on Evander’s bottom, she believed it looked like a bruise

from “three fingers” or “a handprint.”

¶ 23 Deann Morgan testified that she was a nurse at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in O’Fallon. She

testified that she had been a registered nurse for over 30 years. She testified that in the fall of 2018,

Jaye was a coworker of hers, and that she knew Morgan as well. Deann testified that she was
10
Morgan’s labor and delivery nurse when Evander was born on September 15, 2018. She testified

that Evander was “very, very healthy” when born, with “remarkable” scores on the Apgar testing

done when babies are born. She testified that she saw Evander again approximately six weeks after

his birth, when Jaye and Morgan brought Evander to the hospital because “there was some concern

of a spot on his bottom.” She testified that the visit was informal, not a medical checkup. Deann

testified that the mark “certainly appeared to be a bruise,” but that Jaye and Morgan explained that

they had done internet research and also believed the mark could be caused by blue dye from the

type of diaper Evander was wearing. On cross-examination, she testified that her opinion was that

the mark was “[p]ossibly” a bruise, rather than a dye mark, but agreed that she did not report any

suspected abuse to the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), and did not

tell Jaye and Morgan to report it to DCFS. She testified that she asked Jaye and Morgan if there

were any concerns that the mark was caused by abuse, and that at that time, they indicated that no,

they did not have any concerns. On redirect examination, Deann testified that in her opinion, the

mark was a bruise. She further testified that she believed that another nurse who was present made

a report about the bruise to DCFS, although she later found out that no report had been made,

despite the fact that a total of three nurses looked at the mark.

¶ 24 At the outset of the second day of the bench trial, by agreement of the parties and the trial

judge, the defense called its first out-of-order witness, Dr. Joseph M. Scheller of Baltimore,

Maryland. Dr. Scheller testified as to his education, training, experience, and publications, and was

qualified, without objection from the State, as an expert witness in pediatric neurology. Of

relevance to this appeal, Dr. Scheller testified that, after reviewing Evander’s medical records, he

noted the following significant pieces of information: (1) that at the time of Evander’s birth, he

was found to have a hematoma—or “a scalp blood clot”—and a blood clot was noted in Evander’s

autopsy, but no blood clot was noted at either hospital that treated Evander following his injuries,
11
which raised the question of whether it was appropriate to “assume” a clot was “connected with

his brain injury,” in light of Dr. Scheller’s testimony that “the number one cause for any blood clot

is a blow, some kind of blow that somebody receives, or a bruise”; (2) a tube placed in Evander’s

brain at the hospital to measure the pressure in his brain would have caused “a little bit of trauma”

when put into place, which led Dr. Scheller to “wonder is there really any evidence at all that in

the morning of November 16th when Evander came to initially [the first hospital he was treated

at], was there indeed any evidence of a skull or scalp injury, and I didn’t find any”; (3) early doctors

who treated Evander “did not mention any injury to his head,” although “[t]hey did mention some

other bruises but did not mention any scalp or skull injury”; (4) “the only mark that they noticed

was that he had a line on his abdomen *** a linear line, like, red mark, and that was the only

evidence of trauma that they noticed”; (5) later bruises that were noted were probably caused by

medical intervention and not present when Evander was first taken to the hospital; and (6) based

upon the foregoing, and his review of a CT scan of Evander’s body that was taken at St. Louis

Children’s Hospital, Dr. Scheller did not “believe there is evidence of abusive head trauma.” He

testified that shaken baby syndrome, the origins of which he described, was an attempt to explain

the presence of subdural hematomas when “there was no evidence of impact,” and testified that in

his opinion, in this case, “we can theorize that maybe Evander was shaken violently, but we don’t

have proof of it,” because the type of physical evidence present in some cases—such as chest

marks, broken ribs, or a neck injury—was not present in this one, and because there was no

confession from the defendant.

¶ 25 Dr. Scheller testified, in response to a hypothetical in which Evander was found

unresponsive by the defendant, that in such a situation, whatever “happened” to Evander must

have happened prior to then. Dr. Scheller testified that he noted in his report to the defense that

while it was “possible that Evander suffered an accidental or inflicted impact to his head without
12
evidence of scalp and skull injury,” nevertheless “if we’re claiming that something very, very

dramatic happened at 5 a.m. that could—around 5 a.m. that could have ultimately killed Evander,

you would like proof of that, and there is no proof of that on the CT scan.” Presenting images from

the CT scan to the court, Dr. Scheller testified, with regard to those images, that “if someone

contends that they have evidence that Evander had some kind of hematoma, blood clot, swelling

of the scalp, I would suggest I just don’t see that at all. It’s just not there.” He testified that the CT

scan images showed “a number of small subdural and subarachnoid blood clots. We are not seeing

any skull injury, and we’re not seeing any scalp injury.” He testified that “it’s 100 percent true that

when any doctor, radiologist, neurologist, child abuse specialist, sees an infant who has blood clots

on the surface of the brain, the number one cause for that is a traumatic event, and so you’re

wondering is there evidence of trauma, did Evander get beaten on the head or thrown to the ground,

and there is no evidence of that.” He added, “I can’t say it didn’t happen, but I can say there is no

evidence that Evander was struck on the head or thrown to the ground.” He thereafter reiterated

his earlier testimony that there also was no evidence that Evander was shaken.

¶ 26 Dr. Scheller testified that in his report, he suggested two possibilities “as to why might

somebody have bleeding on the surface of the brain without trauma,” which were

(1) complications related to “near miss” sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and (2) “one of the

less likely scenarios, but definitely a real scenario that we see in pediatrics and certainly see in

neurology,” which he characterized as when someone “has a problem with bleeding” such as

hemophilia, and thus can “get a dramatic blood clot from just a very, very, very minor injury.” He

testified that Evander had no documented prior history of such a condition, so “it is a theory, it’s

a hypothesis, that perhaps he was developing some kind of blood clotting abnormality and then

that all came to fore the night of the 15th or early morning on the 16th.” With regard to the autopsy

findings of retinal hemorrhages in both of Evander’s eyes, Dr. Scheller testified that this resulted
13
from the fact that Evander’s brain “was terribly swollen.” He testified that in his report, he

summarized his overall findings by stating that “[i]t is not clear from the medical evidence that

Evander was a victim of trauma,” and that “[e]ven if he was, there is no way to know if the trauma

was accidental or inflicted.” He further stated that there was no way to know when such trauma

occurred, and reiterated his earlier testimony that it could have happened between 12 and 24 hours

prior to the defendant finding Evander unresponsive and calling 911.

¶ 27 Dr. Scheller was asked about his involvement in prior cases involving “a Dr. Case out of

the St. Louis region.” He testified that he was familiar with her work, including with the “protocol”

she had developed that purported to be able to determine with certainty whether a head injury to

an infant was accidental or abusive. He testified that he did not believe there was any proper

protocol that could make such a distinction “[f]rom anything on an autopsy.”

¶ 28 On cross-examination, Dr. Scheller agreed that St. Louis Children’s Hospital was “a

premier hospital for treatment of children,” and testified that he did not take issue with the care

given to Evander there. He testified in detail about his past expert testimony as a defense witness

in other cases, as well as his publications related to the kinds of issues raised in this case, including

a peer review of one of his articles in which the reviewer was very critical of Dr. Scheller’s “paucity

of data” to support the article. He agreed that there were “an awful lot of times” when he formulated

an opinion that there was “a directly contradictory opinion” offered by someone else. He further

agreed that the aforementioned peer reviewer wrote that “despite the deficiency/inaccuracy of data

and the very unscientific nature of the presentation” in the article, Dr. Scheller made “grandiose

conclusions,” and that the reviewer wrote that “[i]rresponsible publication like this is as much the

fault of journals as it is the author.”

¶ 29 Dr. Scheller agreed that he had been barred from testifying in a case in New Mexico in

December 2019 because the judge therein found—as the judge’s opinion stated—“that Dr.
14
Scheller’s testimony is not generally accepted by the scientific community and is not supported by

the established scientific research on abusive head trauma.” Dr. Scheller testified that he consulted

with lawyers he had worked with before, and that they advised him that he did not need to change

his methodology in light of the New Mexico case. He therefore agreed that he had not changed his

methodology since the December 2019 ruling. He further agreed that in previous lead paint cases

in which he had testified as a defense witness “years ago,” he “never found that any child had lead

poisoning or damage to their brain because of lead paint.” He acknowledged that he did not agree

with the American Academy of Pediatrics with regard to some of their positions on the diagnosis

of abusive head trauma, and agreed that he was part of the minority of 5% of physicians who

disagreed with them in a survey on that particular point.

¶ 30 Dr. Scheller testified that he believed child abuse pediatricians in the present case had

“jump[ed] to conclusions” about what happened to Evander. He thereafter agreed that a review of

Evander’s hospital medical records showed that bruises had been noted “on his chest, his abdomen,

and his back” early in his stay at the emergency room, which contradicted Dr. Scheller’s earlier

testimony that no bruises were noted until Evander was seen by a child abuse pediatrician later in

the day. He thereafter agreed that “a short fall of a distance of a foot and a half to two feet” would

not “cause the traumatic brain injury that Evander had.” He agreed that shaking or striking a baby

can cause head trauma. He testified that there was a “possibility” that Evander died as a result of

blunt head injury, but that he was not certain. He agreed that he would question such a finding by

a doctor in this case. He testified that it was “okay” that Dr. Mark Shuman—who was “the other

defense doctor” in this case—made that finding, and that they disagreed, because Dr. Scheller

“didn’t say that I know for sure Evander did not suffer from blunt head injury. I just said that I’m

not convinced that he had a blunt head injury.” He testified that although he had Evander’s medical

history, he did not “read the official statements given to the social workers or to the police” in this
15
case. He testified that there was a “possibility” that Evander’s retinal hemorrhages resulted from

“inflicted head trauma.”

¶ 31 Following Dr. Scheller’s testimony, and a lunch break, recordings of the defendant calling

911 were played for the court, by stipulation and agreement of the parties as to their foundation

and as to their admissibility into evidence. After they were played, the State called Douglas

Nicoson as its next witness. Nicoson testified that he was working as an officer with the Greenville

Police Department on November 16, 2018. He testified that he responded to a dispatch for an

unresponsive child, and that at the residence he responded to, his in-car audio and video recording

system was working properly and accurately captured what transpired. A recording from that

system was admitted into evidence without objection and was played for the court. As it played,

the State continued with its questioning of Nicoson. He testified that the defendant—who Nicoson

identified in court—could be heard on the recording. He testified that the recording was a fair and

accurate depiction of the scene he encountered that morning.

¶ 32 After the recording played, Nicoson testified that the defendant was waiting outside the

residence when Nicoson arrived, and that when Nicoson entered it, he saw a child in a onesie on

the floor. He testified that the child was not breathing and had no pulse, and that he unbuttoned the

onesie to expose the child’s chest and began to administer CPR compressions. He testified that

before he began, he noticed “a small scratch to the baby’s abdomen.” He testified that thereafter

he asked the defendant some questions, such as when was the “[l]ast time that you saw the child

healthy, healthy and breathing,” and that the defendant responded “around 3:15 in the morning

whenever a female individual that was at the residence at the time went up to go to work.” Nicoson

added, “I did notice that whenever I was doing the assessment there was some blood and stuff

around the nose and mouth area, and I believe I asked him—or told somebody to go see if there

was any blood in the crib as well.”
16
¶ 33 Deputy John Barnes testified that he was employed by the Bond County Sheriff’s

Department and had been since 2012. He testified that on November 16, 2018, he was on duty and

received a dispatch that involved “an infant that was not breathing.” He testified that he arrived at

the residence just before Nicoson did, that he saw the defendant standing outside, and that he

entered the residence. Of relevance to this appeal, he thereafter testified, with regard to his

questioning of the defendant, as follows:

“I just kind of asked him, you know, how did this come about, [he] led us to the bedroom

where the baby’s crib or bassinet was and his bed that he slept in, they shared that night,

that same room. Showed me an empty bassinet, showed me his bed with a pillow on it that

had blood stains on the pillow.”

¶ 34 Barnes authenticated and described photographs that were taken in the residence. He

testified that the defendant told Barnes “that he was awakened by his baby gasping, coughing. He

looked over at his—the crib or the bassinet, and that’s when he noticed his son lying face up with

his head turned to the side with blood coming out of his mouth and noticed that he wasn’t

breathing.” He further testified that the defendant told Barnes that the defendant “removed his

baby from the bassinet, turned him over on his stomach on the pillow, and tried to pat him on the

back or dislodge whatever, seeing if he could dislodge or get him to start breathing.”

¶ 35 Barnes testified that later, when he was at the hospital, a nurse approached him because

she “was concerned about some bruises or markings on the child.” Barnes testified that he then

spoke with the defendant again, and that the defendant stated that he did not know anything about

the bruises or markings. After Barnes asked the defendant if the defendant was sure, the defendant

told Barnes “that he was giving his baby a bath that evening, the night before, and the baby slipped

out of his hands, and he caught him on his knee, and I asked if that was, you know, anything to be

alarmed of, concerned of.” He testified that the defendant did not appear to have any concerns, and
17
that “[t]he baby didn’t show any signs of, you know, difficulty breathing or head trauma or

anything like that at that time as far as [the defendant] was concerned.” He testified that when he

asked the defendant if there were “any other incidents” Barnes should be aware of, the defendant

told him, “ ‘No *** not at all.’ ” On cross-examination, Barnes agreed that it was possible that

performing CPR on an infant could cause bruising to the infant.

¶ 36 Emily Gaffner testified that in November 2018, she was employed as an emergency

medical technician (EMT) basic and as an emergency room (ER) technician. She testified that she

was part of an ambulance crew that responded to a call for an unresponsive infant on November

16, 2018. She testified that when the ambulance arrived at the residence, she and her partner, Jerry

Naylor, entered the residence and observed a police officer on the floor “doing compressions on

an infant.” She testified that the infant was “pale and blue” when she, Naylor, and the officer took

him to the ambulance. She added that the infant “appeared to be lifeless.” Of relevance to this

appeal, she thereafter testified that she also noticed “dried blood on the mouth and nose” of the

infant, and that Naylor told her that when Naylor attempted to intubate the infant, Naylor observed

“bright blood at the back of the infant’s throat,” which made it difficult for Naylor to intubate him.

¶ 37 Mathew Ostendorf testified that he was a registered nurse at the hospital in Greenville, and

that on November 16, 2018, he was working as an ER nurse when an infant was brought in who

was unable to breathe on its own. Ostendorf testified that he observed the infant, and that he

recalled seeing blood in the infant’s nose, but not in its mouth. He testified that he also “noticed

that there was some bruising on its abdomen.” He testified that “maybe an hour later, the infant

started to become a little bit more responsive,” at which point he “was assessing the signs” because

he “wanted to see if its pupils were even.” He testified that “[i]f that’s the case, then you’re thinking

maybe there’s something, you know, traumatic with the brain.” He added, “I noticed it was rag-

dolling,” which he explained meant “[w]hen its eyes roll to the back of its head.” He testified that
18
he observed this, but did not “really know what it indicates or means.” He testified that he believed

that, “based upon the condition of the infant,” DCFS was contacted, although he did not make that

contact. He clarified that although he did not make the call, he knew that it was done.

¶ 38 At the outset of the third day of the defendant’s bench trial, after some preliminary matters

not relevant to this appeal were discussed, the State called John Bowman as a witness. Bowman

testified that he was employed by DCFS, and that he had been for 17 years. He testified that on

November 16, 2018, he was assigned to investigate allegations of abuse related to Evander. He

testified that he traveled to St. Louis Children’s Hospital, arriving at approximately 4:30 p.m. that

day, and that once he arrived, he was taken to the pediatric intensive care unit, where he met with

social worker Kelly Patton, who told Bowman “that Evander had extensive head injuries.” He

authenticated and described photographs that he took of Evander that afternoon at the hospital,

which were subsequently admitted into evidence.

¶ 39 Bowman testified that he spoke privately with Morgan, who was “cooperative.” Bowman

authenticated and described photographs that he took of Morgan’s phone, as well as of text

messages on that phone that Morgan indicated were between her and the defendant. These

photographs too were subsequently admitted into evidence. Bowman testified that following his

conversation with Morgan, he did not have any concerns about her.

¶ 40 Bowman testified that he then spoke privately with the defendant, who he identified in

court. He testified that once he told the defendant why he was there to talk to him, the defendant

“immediately told me that Evander—that Evander had a mark on his belly because he had pushed

off of [the defendant’s] lap that evening after [the defendant] had given him a bath.” He testified

that the defendant told him that the bath incident happened at approximately 6 p.m. the night

before, and that Evander did not cry when it happened. Bowman testified that the defendant

“specifically” told Bowman that Evander “did not show any signs of discomfort” and was not
19
“fussy” afterwards. When asked if the defendant stated that Evander hit his head, Bowman testified

as follows:

“No. He actually told me that he was able to save Evander from striking the floor because

he was able to grab him. He explained to me Evander was on his lap, on [the defendant’s]

lap, and he was drying him off with a towel after giving him a bath, and Evander had

pushed to kick off of him, so [the defendant] was able to grab him and believes the mark

on his stomach was from [the defendant’s] thumb.”

¶ 41 Bowman testified that he did not believe the mark on Evander’s stomach looked like it was

from a thumb. He testified that to him “it was a more lateral abrasion.” He testified that the

defendant told him that Evander behaved normally throughout the evening during his regular

routine. Bowman testified that the defendant told him that a woman named Toni Tongay, who was

also staying at the residence, returned home at about 7:30 p.m., spent time with the defendant and

Evander, then went to bed, because she had to work at approximately 3:30 a.m. the following

morning. Bowman testified that the defendant told him that Evander went to bed peacefully, the

defendant went to bed after that, and that the defendant woke up at approximately 3:30 a.m.,

checked on Evander—who was fine—then went back to sleep.

¶ 42 Bowman testified that the defendant told him that the defendant woke up again at

approximately 5 or 5:15 a.m. to hear “that Evander was gasping for air.” He testified that the

defendant told him that he could see Evander’s face, and that he picked Evander up, then laid him

on the bed. He testified that the defendant “report[ed] seeing blood on his mouth that he said got

onto the pillow and that he started doing CPR on Evander before calling 911 and then calling Ms.

Campbell.” Bowman testified that the defendant did not tell Bowman that he “shook” Evander or

“anything else” other than what Bowman described. He testified that the defendant told him that

one of the doctors had told the defendant “that this could have occurred any time within the last
20
three days due to a lack of oxygen.” Bowman continued, “I asked him if he had any suspicion that

someone caused the injuries to Evander, and he told me he had no suspicion of that happening.”

He testified that he found the defendant’s statement to be an “unusual” one, “because the

presenting problem that he brought to the table was the injury to his stomach and that being the

only injury that [the defendant] came forward knowing about or being concerned about.” On cross-

examination, Bowman reiterated that the defendant clearly told him that Evander did not hit his

head on the floor when he slipped from the defendant’s grip after the bath. He reiterated the same

point on redirect examination. He also reiterated that the defendant told him very clearly that Toni

Tongay did not, at any point, have unsupervised contact with Evander.

¶ 43 Joshua Easton testified that he was a crime scene sergeant with the Illinois State Police,

had been with the Illinois State Police for 15 years, and investigated the residence of the defendant

and Evander on November 16, 2018. He authenticated and described photographs he took at the

scene that day. He testified that he also attended Evander’s autopsy in St. Louis, on November 19,

2018, and that he believed the autopsy proceeded according to normal protocols.

¶ 44 Scott Workman testified that he was the chief of the Greenville Police Department. He

testified that in November 2018, he was a sergeant with the department. He testified that on the

afternoon of November 18, 2018, he, along with Johnny Runyon, who at that time was the chief

of the department, attempted to interview the defendant, but an interview did not happen.

Workman testified that the defendant was under arrest at that time, and was returned to his holding

cell following the unsuccessful interview attempt. He testified that approximately one hour later,

he received “communications” from the jail and an interview then occurred. He testified that the

entire interview was recorded. He testified that prior to the interview, he had obtained phone

records related to the defendant’s phone.

21
¶ 45 Johnny Runyon testified that in November 2018, he was the chief of the Greenville Police

Department. He testified that he was present for the interview of the defendant in this case. The

recording of the interview was then played, in part, for the court. The parties agreed that after a

lunch break, some of the State’s medical witnesses would testify, then the remainder of the

recorded interview would be played, with Runyon recalled to the stand for that. Following the

playing of the first, approximately, 17 minutes of the recorded interview, and following the lunch

break, Dr. Robert G. Einhorn testified that he was a pediatrician who practiced primarily in

Vandalia, and had been a pediatrician for 40 years. He was qualified, without objection, as an

expert in pediatrics. Dr. Einhorn testified that he was Evander’s pediatrician and saw him two

times during Evander’s life for “well-child visits.” He testified that he saw Evander on September

27, 2018, and that he had “no concerns” about Evander at that time. He testified that he also saw

Evander on October 11, 2018, and again had no concerns. He agreed that Evander was a happy

and healthy baby.

¶ 46 Dr. Kathy Swafford testified that she was a general pediatrician and a child abuse

pediatrician. She testified that DCFS asked her to review Evander’s medical records as part of this

case. She testified that she rendered a report and an opinion letter. She testified that in this case,

she was asked if her “findings were consistent with the opinion of the doctors in St. Louis of a

head injury that caused the death.” She testified that she did not find any evidence in this case that

Evander died of SIDS because “[t]he classic presentation of SIDS is we find them dead. We don’t

hear them gasping, we don’t hear them restless in their bed or struggling to free themselves from

coverings.” With regard to her opinion as to what caused Evander’s death, Dr. Swafford testified

that “[a]ll of the information that was provided to me indicates that he sustained significant head

trauma. I have no accident to explain this; therefore, it falls under what we would consider to be

22
nonaccidental.” She added, “The letter did not ask me to make an opinion, and so I only said he

died of a head injury.”

¶ 47 Dr. Swafford testified that none of the explanations that were provided as to how Evander

was injured “should be enough of a fall that I would expect to see the types of injuries that we saw

in this child, that degree of head injury to produce the bleeding in the skull and the bleeding that

we saw in the eyes on autopsy and to cause such brain injury that he died from these injuries.”

When asked if she believed Evander was injured when he went to bed that night, Dr. Swafford

testified as follows:

“The current literature in pediatric or child abuse and the opinion, I think, of the majority

of the doctors who practice child abuse, whether they’re neurologists or neurosurgeons or

child abuse pediatricians, especially for infants who sustain this degree of head injury, is

that they become symptomatic almost immediately, maybe a few minutes to an hour, but

it’s not hours. So I can’t imagine that this child had an injury before the evening and then

presented in this degree of distress [at] 5 a.m., some 12 hours later.”

Thereafter, Dr. Swafford testified that she believed Evander was injured shortly before the 911

call was placed.

¶ 48 On cross-examination, with regard to whether Evander could have suffered his injuries by

hitting his head on the floor after he fell after his bath, Dr. Swafford testified that according to

medical literature “the likelihood of death from a fall of less than 10 feet was .48 percent per

100,000. So can I say never, no; but the likelihood is extremely low.” She added, “I would have

expected to see probably a red mark on his head much like what we saw on his abdomen if he hit

hard enough that we’re going to postulate that that fall to the floor was the cause of the bleeding.”

She also testified that there was “almost never a subdural bleed” in cases that involved a “delayed

presentation for a head injury.” On redirect examination, Dr. Swafford was asked if ever, in her 33
23
years of practice, she had had a situation where a parent could not remember if a baby that had

fallen had hit its head or not. She answered, “No, not unless they weren’t in the room.”

¶ 49 Following Dr. Swafford’s testimony, Chief Runyon again took the stand, and the remainder

of the defendant’s interview with the police was played for the court. Thereafter, by agreement of

the parties, a video recording of a separate “reenactment” by the defendant, for the Greenville

police, was played for the court. The contents of these recordings are described as necessary below.

After Chief Runyon was excused, the parties read into the record a stipulation regarding the

testimony of Jerry Naylor, who was ill with COVID-19 and could not testify in person, that he was

a licensed paramedic on the ambulance crew that transported Evander from the residence to the

hospital in Greenville, and that, inter alia, (1) he heard the defendant state that “he had checked

on the baby about an hour ago and the baby was fine; but when he just checked on the baby, it was

not breathing, and there was a small amount of blood on the baby pillow”; (2) in the ambulance,

Naylor removed the baby’s sleeper, at which time he “noticed a long, thin line which appeared to

look like a red mark on the lower, right abdomen of the baby”; and (3) “there was a small amount

of bright blood in the back of the [baby’s] throat.”

¶ 50 The following morning, after the discussion by the trial judge and the parties of matters not

relevant to this appeal, Dr. Dee Hodge III testified that he was an emergency pediatrician at St.

Louis Children’s Hospital and a professor of pediatrics at Washington University in St. Louis.

Following further testimony about his qualifications, he was qualified, without objection, as an

expert in pediatric emergency medicine. Dr. Hodge testified that he examined Evander at the

hospital on November 16, 2018, and that in his professional opinion, Evander “had severe head

injury.” He testified as to his observations about, and treatment of, Evander. He subsequently

testified that one would not “see injuries consistent with head trauma in a SIDS death.”

24
¶ 51 Dr. Manu Goyal testified that she was a neuroradiologist at Washington University in St.

Louis. Following further testimony about her qualifications, she was qualified, without objection,

as an expert in neuroradiology. Dr. Goyal testified that on November 16, 2018, she was called

upon to review “a CT scan of the head and CT scan of the neck, the cervical spine,” of Evander.

She testified that “[t]here were three major findings,” with the first being “areas of blood inside

the skull,” the second being “swelling of the brain,” and the third being an absence of fractures.

She testified that her diagnosis based upon these findings was “head trauma.” She thereafter

testified that “[t]he absence of fracture and the clinical history with the severity of bleeding both

in the—potentially in the back of the eyes but also around the brain was highly concerning for

abusive head trauma.” On cross-examination, Dr. Goyal agreed that the density of blood seen in

the CT scans indicated that the trauma occurred “recently,” which could mean “within hours or

days.”

¶ 52 Dr. Adrienne Atzemis testified that she was a child abuse pediatrician. Following further

testimony about her qualifications, she was qualified, without objection, as an expert on pediatric

child abuse trauma. Dr. Atzemis testified that on November 16, 2018, she became involved with

Evander’s case, shortly after he arrived at St. Louis Children’s Hospital. She testified that prior to

Evander being taken into surgery, she took short medical histories from the defendant and from

Morgan. She testified that thereafter, she took individual histories, beginning with Morgan, then

the defendant.

¶ 53 Dr. Atzemis testified that the defendant told her the following:

“That he did give him a bath. That he didn’t see or notice anything abnormal about Evander

during that bath. That when he was drying him he had a towel on his lap, Evander was

placed onto his lap face up, his head away from him, his feet towards him. That I believe

that he reached for something, made some kind of movement, and at the same time he said
25
 Evander kicked his legs and that movement caused Evander to slip and that slip forward

down his legs and that he used his hands to stop him from falling and then pulled him back

up.”

¶ 54 Dr. Atzemis added:

“I asked in different ways and many different times if there—if Evander hit his head in that

process, because that would be very important in our evaluation for potential accidental

injury, and every time he said no, that he caught Evander, he stopped it, he did not hit the

floor with any part of his body and definitely did not hit his head on the ground.”

¶ 55 Dr. Atzemis testified that the defendant described Evander as “well” after the incident, with

the rest of the evening proceeding normally. She testified that the defendant told her that the

defendant checked on Evander at approximately 3 a.m., and that Evander seemed fine. She testified

that the defendant told her that at approximately 5 a.m., the defendant woke up and that Evander

“gasped and his chest went in and he picked him up and saw that he was limp and he wasn’t

breathing.” She testified that the defendant described “resuscitative measures” that the defendant

attempted. She continued:

“So he described—he described he used the word shaking him, and I had him show me

what he meant by that, because obviously that would be very important in my assessment

of a shaking event. So he demonstrated to me holding Evander by the body and essentially

jostling him—you know, like going back and forth is how he showed me, (indicating.) That

he was calling out to Evander, that he was saying ‘come on, Evander’ and trying to get his

attention, but that didn’t work. He described putting him on his back—or down on his belly

on the bed and doing, like, back blows, because he didn’t know if he was choking on

something so that he did that to—if there was some choking, wasn’t sure. He put him

back—turned him back around. He saw blood on the pillow, and then he started CPR. I
26
 asked how he did CPR, because untrained people do CPR in different ways. He described

using two fingers of both of his hands and pressing on his chest. He described doing chest

compressions, ten to 15, and then doing some breaths into Evander’s mouth. He said he

did that for a short amount of time and then found his phone to call 911 and called

emergency services and that they—and he continued the CPR until the emergency services

arrived, which he described as a very short time after he called.”

¶ 56 Dr. Atzemis testified that she formed her diagnosis after speaking with Morgan and the

defendant and examining all of the medical evidence that was available to her, including the CT

films and as much of a physical examination as she could do of Evander in his “very, very poor”

condition. She testified:

“So I had information to tell me that Evander was overall a healthy child and he did not

have any medical problems, no evidence, signs, or symptoms reported to me of any medical

conditions the day prior to his death or to his presentation, that he presented with apnea,

which is not breathing. That was his presentation. That is relevant to me, because that is a

presentation of apnea without any other indication is concerning for inflicted trauma.”

¶ 57 Dr. Atzemis further testified that:

“the initial medical care done at the first hospital clearly documents and I know that there

was others like the picture shown to me that he had a bruise on his abdomen. It was a linear

bruise. Wasn’t a scratch. It was a bruise with abrasion. The presence of that bruise was

concerning to me. Evander was two months old, does not participate and do things that

would lead to himself causing accidental trauma to cause a bruise.”

¶ 58 Dr. Atzemis thereafter testified that:

“The history of the very—what was described to me as a very minor slip down the legs and

a catch did not—was not consistent with such an injury to the abdomen. Injuries to the
27
 abdomen generally take significant force, because there is no bony prominences. It’s a soft

part of the body that the force would have to be high and what was described was not. So

the presence of that linear bruise was concerning to me.”

¶ 59 She added that “[t]ypically linear bruises are caused by impact with a linear object. It can

be other things, but that is the primary concern.” She testified that based upon the location of the

subdural hematoma that Evander had, as well as the brain swelling and other medical evidence

and histories, her preliminary opinion was that the cause of Evander’s injuries “was most likely

abusive head trauma.” She testified that after Evander died, and an autopsy was performed, she

reviewed the results of the autopsy. She testified that after she reviewed those results—which she

described in detail—she formulated her final opinion as to the cause of Evander’s injuries, which

was “[t]hat Evander was the victim of an abusive head trauma.” When asked if she formulated an

opinion with regard to when his injuries were inflicted, she testified, inter alia, “[t]hat the brain

injury had to have occurred very shortly in time sequence, meaning that the brain injury was severe

enough that led to his death and that brain injury would lead to a rapid progression of symptoms

leading to ultimately his comatose state.” She added, “So it would be a very rapid progression to

a symptom, not death but to symptom.” She testified that it could not have occurred prior to

Evander being put to bed, based upon the defendant’s description of how Evander was acting at

that time. Dr. Atzemis testified that under medical literature, a “short fall”—defined as one of less

than three feet—could not have caused the “totality” of Evander’s injuries. She testified that she

viewed the video of the reenactment by the defendant, and she did not believe that the defendant’s

actions, as depicted in the video, could have caused Evander’s injuries.

¶ 60 On cross-examination, Dr. Atzemis agreed that she did not know the “mechanisms” or

specific events that caused Evander’s injuries. She testified that even if she were to suppose that

Evander did actually hit his head when he fell off of the defendant’s lap, based upon the rest of the
28
history from the defendant—that, in essence, Evander was fine after that—she did not believe his

injuries could have resulted from the fall. She testified that she did not agree with Dr. Scheller that

Evander’s case could be “an episode of SIDS that was caught just before the child died.” She

testified that it was “well established in the medical literature” that such an occurrence was not

consistent with what happened in this case. On redirect examination, Dr. Atzemis testified that

with regard to “mechanism,” her opinion was that “there was a rotational acceleration/deceleration

event with or without an impact.”

¶ 61 Dr. Erin Ely testified that she was an assistant medical examiner for the city of St. Louis.

Following further testimony about her qualifications, she was qualified, without objection, as an

expert in pathology. She testified that on November 19, 2018, she performed the autopsy on

Evander. She testified as to the procedures she followed, and what she observed, during the

autopsy. She testified that based upon her external and internal examinations of Evander’s body,

as well as her training and experience, she believed that it was “likely less than 12 hours” before

the onset of Evander’s symptoms that his injuries occurred. She testified that her opinion was that

the cause of Evander’s death was “closed head injury” caused by “significant rotational

acceleration and deceleration of the head” which could have been caused by someone shaking or

striking Evander.

¶ 62 The next morning, Dr. Michael M. Bond testified that he was vice chief of the medical staff

and an emergency room physician at the hospital in Greenville. He was qualified, without

objection, as an expert in emergency room services. He testified that on November 16, 2018, he

examined Evander when he was brought by ambulance to the hospital. Dr. Bond testified that other

than “a bruise, red mark on the abdomen,” he did not observe “any obvious signs upon Evander.”

He testified that his focus at that time was to determine why Evander was not breathing properly.

He testified that it became “clear that we needed to send him to a higher level of care for further
29
diagnostic testing and evaluation by specialists,” which is why Evander was transferred to St.

Louis Children’s Hospital. He testified: “I was pretty convinced there was something going on in

the head, the brain area, primarily because of the respiratory depression. There’s not really—what

causes that in an infant is usually due to something going on in the brain as well as the low

temperature.” He thereafter added, “the concern was it could be due to a trauma to the brain, it

could be due to a brain tumor, but I was pretty confident that there was some type of head problem

causing his current symptoms.”

¶ 63 Dr. Mark Shuman was thereafter called as an out-of-order witness for the defense. Dr.

Shuman testified that he was a forensic pathologist who lived in Florida and worked as a medical

examiner there. Following further testimony about his qualifications, he was qualified, without

objection, as an expert in forensic pathology. Dr. Shuman testified that with regard to this case, he

authored a report on May 4, 2020. He testified that he reviewed Evander’s medical records

(including microscopic slides provided to him by the St. Louis City Medical Examiner’s Office),

histories, and the autopsy report. Dr. Shuman testified that in his opinion, Evander died of “[b]lunt

head injury.” He testified that he believed Evander’s “head likely hit the ground” when he fell

from the defendant’s lap after his bath, and that this “would have caused all the findings.” He

testified that he believed this could be true even if Evander was acting normal after the fall, and

even if it was a short fall of less than two feet. He testified that he had watched the “reenactment”

video, and did not believe that the actions the defendant described and demonstrated taking when

he found Evander unresponsive the following morning could have caused Evander’s injuries. He

testified that he did not believe this was a case of “shaken baby syndrome.” Dr. Shuman testified

that if Evander did not hit his head when he fell from the defendant’s lap, “at some point his head

was hit. That’s what caused this.” Dr. Shuman testified that he had reviewed Dr. Case’s report in

30
this case, and that he disagreed with her conclusions in this case, and with her methodology and

protocols.

¶ 64 On cross-examination, Dr. Shuman testified that although he agreed that inflicted head

trauma injury exists, he did not agree with all of the diagnostic criteria related thereto, and did not

agree “with shaking as a mechanism of the cause of primary brain injury.” He agreed that it was

not clear from the evidence that Evander’s head hit the floor, which is why he prefaced his opinion

by noting that it was based on “if” Evander’s head hit the floor. He thereafter testified, “I agree

that short-fall deaths are rare, but you cannot apply statistics to individuals. If it happen[ed] here,

it happened.” He subsequently added, “It doesn’t happen often, but it happens.” He thereafter

testified that he did not have any criticism of the autopsy procedures or methods in this case, other

than Dr. Eli’s ultimate opinion. When asked to define “the difference between a blunt head injury

and abusive head trauma,” Dr. Shuman testified, “Blunt head injury can be caused by somebody

else or it can be caused by accident. Abusive head trauma is, by definition, inflicted trauma.” He

testified that he agreed “that this is not a SIDS death, SIDS episode.” He further agreed that “[i]f,

in fact, Evander Hickman never hit the floor,” it was his “medical opinion that there was some

other traumatic injury to his brain that caused the problem.” He added, “He was struck on top of

his head or his head struck something on top of his head.”

¶ 65 Following Dr. Shuman’s testimony for the defense, the State returned to its case. After

ensuring that all exhibits had been admitted, the State rested. The defendant moved for a directed

verdict and dismissal of the charges, contending there was not sufficient evidence to convict the

defendant of either of the two counts with which he was charged. The motion was denied. The

defense proceeded with its case.

¶ 66 Toni R. Tongay testified that she lived in Greenville, had a three-year-old daughter, and

had voluntarily relinquished her rights to her daughter because of “allegations of [Toni’s] use of
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illegal drugs.” She testified as to previous convictions related to drug charges, and testified that

she had successfully completed a drug rehabilitation program. Toni testified that in November

2018, because her roommate had not paid the power bill at her previous residence, there was no

power there, and the defendant allowed her to stay at his house. She testified that at the time in

question, Evander “seemed fine.” She testified that she was not present when Evander had his bath,

but was present later in the evening, and that Evander again “seemed fine” when she helped put

him to bed. She testified that she slept in the spare bedroom, not the room with Evander and the

defendant, and that she woke up when her phone alarm went off at 3 a.m. She testified that she got

ready and left by 3:15 a.m. to walk to work. She testified that she did not see or hear the defendant

or Evander during that time. Toni testified that she was interviewed by the police at her place of

work at approximately 6:30 a.m., and that after she finished work for the day, she went to the

police department and gave an official statement.

¶ 67 On cross-examination, Toni agreed that when she was interviewed by the police, she did

not know what had occurred with Evander, but that she “cooperated 100 percent” with the

investigation. She agreed that during his two-month lifetime, Evander appeared to be a happy and

healthy baby. She agreed that when the defendant told her about Evander falling after his bath, the

defendant told her that he “[c]aught him before he hit the ground.” She testified that she was sure

that was what the defendant told her.

¶ 68 Doug Schaufelberger testified that he was the defendant’s step-grandfather. He testified

that he had known the defendant for the defendant’s entire life. He testified that the defendant had

been very helpful around Doug’s farm. When asked to describe the defendant’s manner, he

testified that the defendant “had his moments, but he’s pretty easygoing.” He testified as to the

defendant’s criminal record, describing the defendant’s conviction for escape from the Bond

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County jail as “[a] dumb kid mistake” that happened when the defendant was “[e]ighteen, 19,

somewhere in that range.”

¶ 69 Doug testified that Evander was “pretty content, pretty normal.” He testified that after

Evander died, as Doug was returning from the hospital in St. Louis to Greenville with his wife and

the defendant and Morgan, he was informed that there were a lot of police officers in the area of

the home, so they went to the home of a friend of his. He testified that because Morgan and the

defendant had raised concerns about information about marijuana being on their phones, Doug

suggested that they leave their phones at the home of his friend. He testified that they did so. He

testified that as they proceeded home, they stopped at a local cemetery, to look for a burial plot for

Evander, and that the police met them at the cemetery and asked the defendant and Morgan to

come to the police department to answer some questions. He testified that subsequently, Morgan

was released and the defendant was charged with the murder of Evander. Following his testimony,

the defense rested for the day, while reserving the right to call the defendant to testify when the

bench trial resumed.

¶ 70 Ultimately, the defendant chose not to testify, after which the defense rested its case. In

rebuttal, the State called Dr. Mary Case. She testified that she was a pathologist employed as the

chief medical examiner of St. Louis County. After further testimony about her qualifications, she

was qualified, without objection, as an expert in the areas of neuropathology, anatomic pathology,

and forensic pathology. Dr. Case testified that with regard to this case, she reviewed Evander’s

medical records, photographs, autopsy report and microscopic slides from the autopsy, and the

police reports and recorded interviews. She testified in general about differences in the anatomy

of adults and of children and infants. Dr. Case testified as to what the medical literature indicated

about short falls of less than five feet, as well as the types of injuries expected in such situations.

She testified that Evander had no evidence of a skull fracture or an epidural hemorrhage. She
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testified that based upon the medical findings in Evander’s case, her opinion as to Evander’s cause

of death was that it was “a closed head injury.” She added:

“Meaning that there is no skull fracture. That’s just a category and then within that closed

head, he has subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage. He has bilateral extensive retinal

hemorrhages and he has traumatic axonal injury. So those are parts of that head injury and

they all help us to understand certain aspects of the injuries such as when did this injury

occur and how did it cause him to die.”

¶ 71 Dr. Case testified that in this case there was no “indication of a SIDS incident,” and no

“indication of a blood clotting incident.” She testified that she viewed the “reenactment” video and

that there was nothing in it that would explain Evander’s injuries. She testified that based upon the

severity of Evander’s injuries, she believed they must have happened between the time he was put

to bed and the time the injuries were reported, at approximately 5 a.m. She testified that the

noticeable effects of the injury would have been “immediate.” She testified that even if Evander

fell after his bath as the defendant stated he did, it would not have caused Evander’s injuries, which

were the result of “a very violent movement one or more times of the head either by impact or by

something that has caused the head to violently move.”

¶ 72 On cross-examination, Dr. Case agreed that she did not know the “mechanism” that caused

the impact on Evander’s head. She further agreed that the microscopic slides that were provided

to her in this case did not include the corpus collosum, which she had indicated in a previous

scholarly article she had written was necessary to properly evaluate axon damage. On redirect

examination, Dr. Case testified that she disagreed with conclusions stated in a scholarly article

written in part by Dr. Shuman, because she believed the article was flawed in numerous ways and

was “an embarrassment to the peer review process.” She further testified that despite not having

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the corpus collosum slide, she had enough tissue to make her diagnosis. Following her testimony,

the State again rested.

¶ 73 In closing argument, the State devoted the majority of its time to reviewing the evidence

that it believed proved the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The State discussed in

detail the evidence adduced at trial from the various doctors who testified for the State, described

above, including Dr. Case. Thereafter, the State described the evidence related to the defendant’s

explanations of what happened to Evander, and pointed out why it did not believe the defendant’s

explanations were credible. The State then discussed the evidence presented by the doctors who

testified for the defense. Near the end of its closing, the State argued, “We all agree that nothing

is shown in the defendant’s statement or the courtroom tells how Evander was injured so very

badly that morning. It is only known by Evander and his killer and that killer is the defendant.”

¶ 74 Thereafter, defense counsel provided lengthy argument in support of his position that, in

light of the conflicting evidence that had been adduced at trial, adequate evidence had not been

produced to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the charges against him. In

its rebuttal argument, the State again pointed out what it considered to be the inadequacies of the

defendant’s explanations of what happened, and again touched upon the medical evidence,

including the testimony of Dr. Case. The trial judge then took the matter under advisement.

¶ 75 In a written order filed four days later, on August 7, 2020, the trial judge found the

defendant guilty of both counts with which he was charged. The order did not discuss the trial

judge’s reasoning. The trial judge did not discuss his reasoning when orally announcing his verdict

that day either. On August 17, 2020, the defendant filed a motion for a new trial or alternative

relief, in which he contended that there was not sufficient evidence presented at his trial to support

his convictions. He did not challenge the State’s closing arguments.

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¶ 76 A hearing on the motion was held on September 8, 2020. After hearing the arguments of

the parties, the trial judge stated, inter alia, the following:

“So this is not a new or novel set of circumstances what is present in this case, and much

has been said by the defendant in closing arguments and again here today that the State

cannot meet its burden because they cannot prove precisely what occurred, but they don’t

have to. This is—as I said, it’s not a new or novel set of circumstances where a parent or

an individual is left alone and the sole caregiver for an infant and that infant ends up with

horrific injuries and dies. Under those circumstances—and it’s not unlike many murders,

precisely what happened and how it happened in the absence of there being a video camera

or a confession, most times we never know. *** I did not believe the defendant’s experts.

I did not find them to be credible. So we’re left with the defendant being alone with a two-

month-old. Now, what happened? We could conjecture and speculate all day. Was he

crying? Did the defendant pick him up and violently shake him? Did he pick him up and

throw him across the room? Did he shake him and then throw him across the room? We’re

never going to know exactly what happened. But in my verdict, I found that something did

happen, and the only person who could have been responsible for that is the defendant. ***

The statements he made to the police were not truthful.”

¶ 77 The trial judge thereafter denied the defendant’s posttrial motion. The defendant’s

sentencing hearing followed immediately thereafter. The trial judge determined that counts I and

II merged for purposes of conviction and sentencing. Therefore, judgment of conviction was

entered only on count I. Ultimately, the defendant was sentenced to 38 years in prison on count I,

to be served at 100% and to be followed by 3 years of mandatory supervised release. This timely

appeal followed. Additional facts will be provided as necessary below.

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¶ 78 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 79 On appeal, the defendant first contends that the evidence adduced at his bench trial was not

sufficient to sustain his first degree murder conviction. When a defendant makes such a claim, this

court reviews the evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the prosecution to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the

essential elements of the crime or crimes of which the defendant was convicted. See, e.g., People

v. Saxon, 374 Ill. App. 3d 409, 416 (2007). We will not reverse a criminal conviction unless the

evidence presented at trial is so improbable or unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt as to

the guilt of the defendant. Id. We allow all reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the

prosecution, whether the evidence in the case is direct or circumstantial. Id. There is no

requirement that this court disregard inferences that flow from the evidence, or that this court

search out all possible explanations consistent with innocence and raise them to a level of

reasonable doubt. Id. at 416-17. We do not retry the defendant, instead leaving it to the trier of fact

to judge the credibility of witnesses, resolve conflicts in the evidence, and draw reasonable

inferences based upon all of the evidence properly before the trier of fact. Id. at 416.

“Circumstantial evidence is proof of facts or circumstances that give rise to reasonable inferences

of other facts that tend to establish guilt or innocence of the defendant.” Id. at 417. It is axiomatic

that “[a] defendant can be convicted solely on circumstantial evidence,” and that “[t]he trier of fact

does not have to be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt as to each link in the chain of

circumstantial evidence.” Id. It is also axiomatic that “[t]he standard for reviewing the sufficiency

of the evidence in a bench trial is the same as it is in a jury trial.” People v. Howery, 178 Ill. 2d 1,

38 (1997).

¶ 80 In this case, the defendant posits that at the defendant’s bench trial, “there was no evidence,

or even any argument, about what act [the defendant] supposedly committed,” and no “evidence
37
or argument that the undefined act [was] done with any particular state of mind.” He further posits

that “the conclusions of the medical witnesses were not sufficiently strong as to satisfy the ‘beyond

a reasonable doubt’ standard.” In particular, the defendant contends, inter alia, that law review

articles have called into question medical testimony such as that found in this case, and that in light

of that, the conclusions rendered by medical experts in this case “were largely weak, imprecise,

[and] standard-less.” He contends that no witness in this case testified with adequate precision that

the defendant committed first degree murder, and that there was no testimony with regard to the

“actus reus” in this case, or with regard to the “mens rea” in this case. He points to circumstantial

evidence that he claims makes it unlikely that the defendant would have killed Evander.

¶ 81 In its brief on appeal with regard to this issue, the State counters that in cases such as this

one, circumstantial—rather than direct—evidence of guilt is quite common, and correctly notes

well-established case law standing for the propositions that (1) a trial judge is not obligated to

believe defense medical experts over prosecution ones (see, e.g., People v. Dresher, 364 Ill. App.

3d 847, 855-56 (2006)), and (2) conflicting expert medical testimony does not, alone, create a

reasonable doubt as to a defendant’s guilt. See, e.g., People v. Platter, 89 Ill. App. 3d 803, 816-17

(1980). The State recounts, inter alia, the key factual evidence in this case, which the State claims

shows that Evander “was apparently in excellent health” prior to his death. The State posits that

the defendant’s arguments on appeal fail because “the evidentiary record conclusively establishes

that the defendant intentionally struck and/or shook [Evander] in a sufficiently violent fashion to

cause massive brain injuries and death.” The State further posits that “[t]he defendant’s

explanation about what happened could not account for why Evander suffered such severe

injuries,” and that “[t]he defendant’s two expert witnesses offered contradictory theories as to what

may have caused Evander’s death.”

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¶ 82 In his reply brief, the defendant argues, inter alia, that in this case the defendant “did not

confess, and there were obviously no eyewitness accounts as to what happened, or didn’t happen,

to the child,” and that “[a]s a result, there is no reliable evidence as to what occurred to this child,

no act proven, and no state of mind as well.” The defendant further contends “that the issue of the

timing of when a child’s injuries may have occurred is vital in cases of this nature,” and that in

this case, “the opinions of the experts ranged significantly as to the issue of when the injury

occurred,” which means “that the various opinions were enveloped in uncertainty.” The defendant

states as well that “in regard to the [S]tate’s reliance in its brief on the medical witnesses here, [the

defendant] respectfully urges this Court to consider the bigger picture of ‘shaken baby syndrome’

and/or ‘abusive head trauma’ convictions,” which the defendant again claims have been called into

question by new research. The defendant adds that a recent article claims that in the last 33 years,

26 people have been “exonerated” in cases such as this one.

¶ 83 As explained above, when reviewing a claim such as that made by the defendant in this

appeal, this court allows all reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the prosecution,

whether the evidence in the case is direct or circumstantial, and will not disregard such reasonable

inferences that flow from the evidence. See, e.g., Saxon, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 416-17. Moreover, we

(1) do not retry the defendant, instead leaving it to the trier of fact to judge the credibility of

witnesses, resolve conflicts in the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences based upon all of the

evidence properly before the trier of fact, and (2) will not search out all possible explanations

consistent with innocence and raise them to a level of reasonable doubt (see id.), both of which are

exactly what the defendant asks us to do in this appeal.

¶ 84 The evidence before the trial judge in the defendant’s bench trial is described in

voluminous detail above, and speaks for itself. When viewed in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, that evidence was sufficient, beyond a reasonable doubt, to sustain the conviction on
39
appeal. The defendant does not provide any argument or citation to authority in support of the

proposition that any of the evidence about which he now complains was not properly admitted,

and our review of the record does not show that the defendant would have prevailed on such an

argument, even if he had made one. Instead, he merely asks this court to discount, or fail to consider

entirely, some of the evidence that was properly admitted but with which he disagrees: in other

words, he asks us to reweigh the evidence and retry the defendant, something this court absolutely,

and uncategorically, will not do. See, e.g., id.

¶ 85 Applying our proper standard of review, explained above, we conclude that a rational trier

of fact easily could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt from the evidence in this case—

which included both medical evidence and lay witness tesitmony—that, some time after putting

Evander to bed and before calling 911, the defendant struck or shook Evander with the force

necessary to cause the severe injuries that caused Evander’s death, and that the defendant did so

with the intent/mental state necessary to sustain his conviction for the offense of first degree

murder. Thus, we conclude that there is no merit to the defendant’s contention that the evidence

was not sufficient to sustain the conviction on appeal (see id.), and we likewise conclude there are

no mens rea or actus reus problems in this case. See, e.g., People v. Nepras, 2020 IL App (2d)

180081, ¶ 22 (“the mens rea of a crime is rarely proved with direct evidence and is generally

inferred from circumstantial evidence”); see also, e.g., People v. Stiles, 334 Ill. App. 3d 953, 956

(2002) (actus reus of a crime is the “guilty” or prohibited act) and Saxon, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 417

(defendant may be convicted solely on circumstantial evidence; trier of fact does not have to be

satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt as to each link in the chain of circumstantial evidence). We

note as well that a rational trier of fact easily could have concluded in this case—and the trial judge

pointedly stated that he did so conclude—that the defendant’s medical witnesses and the defendant

himself simply were not credible, thereby eliminating much of the “conflicting” evidence about
40
which the defendant complains on appeal. For all of these reasons, there is no merit to the

defendant’s first contention on appeal.

¶ 86 The defendant’s second contention on appeal is that, in the alternative, “repeated and highly

prejudicial plain error occurred by the prosecution in its closing arguments,” which the defendant

contends requires this court to reverse his conviction and remand for a new trial. The defendant

concedes that the purported errors in the State’s closing arguments were not objected to in the trial

court, and accordingly are forfeited. However, the defendant asks this court to consider the

purported errors under the plain-error rule. He contends that the State erred in its closing arguments

because, according to the defendant, the State (1) referred to the defendant’s failure to testify and

thereby attempted to shift its burden of proof to the defendant, and (2) made improper argument

about Dr. Case’s testimony in rebuttal.

¶ 87 In response, the State argues that at trial the State “did not improperly comment on the

defendant’s decision not to testify,” because the complained-of comments “were references to

statements the defendant had actually made” in an attempt to explain what happened to Evander,

rather than “comments on his failure to testify at trial.” The State also claims that the evidence

against the defendant was overwhelming, not closely balanced, and that accordingly, even if there

was error, it is not reviewable under the plain-error rule. With regard to the rebuttal testimony of

Dr. Case, the State again contends there was no error. The State argues that in its closing arguments

at trial, it did not misstate the evidence given by Dr. Case, because the State’s arguments reflected

reasonable inferences “given the substance of her testimony,” and accordingly constituted “an

entirely reasonable conclusion to draw from her testimony.” The State reiterates its argument that

the evidence against the defendant was overwhelming, not closely balanced, and that accordingly,

even if there was error, it is not reviewable under the plain-error rule. In his reply brief, the

defendant opts to stand on his opening brief with regard to this issue.
41
¶ 88 We begin our analysis of this issue with the well-established—and dispositive—

proposition of law that “ ‘[a]bsent reversible error, there can be no plain error.’ ” People v. Burton,

2012 IL App (2d) 110769, ¶ 15 (quoting People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 602 (2008)).

Accordingly, when asked to conduct plain-error review following a criminal conviction, this court

will not reach the question of whether the evidence in the case is closely balanced—and thus

whether a forfeited claim is reviewable under the first prong of the plain-error rule—unless we

have determined first that an error has occurred that would require reversal of a defendant’s

conviction. Id. ¶¶ 14-15. When this court reviews a bench trial, we presume that the trial judge

considered only admissible evidence, and relied only upon proper closing argument. Id. ¶ 15.

Unless the record on appeal affirmatively rebuts these presumptions, any errors related to

inadmissible evidence, or to improper closing arguments, are not reversible errors. Id. Speculation,

without more, is not sufficient to affirmatively rebut the presumptions. See, e.g., People v.

Brumley, 229 Ill. App. 3d 16, 20 (1992). If the acknowledged errors do not amount to reversible

errors, the plain-error rule does not apply, regardless of whether the evidence is closely balanced.

Burton, 2012 IL App (2d) 110769, ¶ 18.

¶ 89 In this case, even if we were to indulge the defendant and assume, arguendo, that the State

erred in its closing arguments in the manner asserted by the defendant on appeal, the record on

appeal does not affirmatively rebut the presumption that the trial judge relied only upon the proper

closing arguments of the State. Indeed, the defendant has not even suggested, let alone

demonstrated, any manner in which the record could be construed to affirmatively rebut that

presumption. Accordingly, there was no reversible error, and the plain-error rule is not applicable

to this case. See id. Therefore, there is no merit to the defendant’s second contention on appeal

either.

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¶ 90 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 91 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s conviction and sentence.

¶ 92 Affirmed.

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