United States v. Rayco Bethea

USCA4 Appeal: 21-6602 Doc: 55 Filed: 12/13/2022 Pg: 1 of 22

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 21-6602

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff – Appellee,

v.

RAYCO BETHEA,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
Columbia. Joseph F. Anderson, Jr., Senior District Judge. (3:14-cr-00430-JFA-11)

Argued: October 26, 2022 Decided: December 13, 2022

Before AGEE and WYNN, Circuit Judges, and MOTZ, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Agee wrote the opinion in which Judge Wynn and
Senior Judge Motz joined.

ARGUED: Sean McClelland, MCGUIREWOODS LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Appellant. Andrew Robert de Holl, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Nicholas J. Giles, Richmond,
Virginia, Jessica L. O’Brien, MCGUIREWOODS LLP, Charlotte, North Carolina, for
Appellant. Adair F. Boroughs, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
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AGEE, Circuit Judge:

At the same time that federal prisoner Rayco Bethea was resentenced to a

188-month term of imprisonment, the district court denied his motion for compassionate

release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) (authorizing district courts to “reduce the term

of imprisonment” on finding “extraordinary and compelling reasons” to do so). In his

§ 3582(c) motion, Bethea argued that he has significant health issues that place him at an

elevated risk of serious illness were he to contract COVID-19 and that the relevant

§ 3553(a) factors warrant his immediate release.

The Government opposed Bethea’s motion, citing a number of measures that the

Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) has taken to protect inmates, like Bethea, from

COVID-19. Further, it argued that the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

weigh against reducing Bethea’s term of imprisonment.

On appeal, Bethea contends the district court abused its discretion by essentially

applying a per se rule that individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 were ineligible for

§ 3582(c) release. In addition, he argues the district court improperly based its § 3553(a)

analysis on one factor to the exclusion of others. Because both arguments misrepresent the

record and are without merit, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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I.

A.

Rayco Bethea has a significant criminal history pre-dating the conviction for which

he is currently imprisoned. He was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment for possession

of crack cocaine in 1999. The next year he was convicted of possession with intent to

distribute cocaine and possession of crack cocaine, for which he received a fifteen-year

prison sentence, suspended upon three years of probation.

The events leading to Bethea’s current conviction and imprisonment came to light

in 2011, when wiretap evidence revealed Bethea’s involvement in a drug trafficking

organization. Bethea was purchasing cocaine, converting most of it to crack, and then

supplying it to the organization. As a result, he was charged with one count of conspiring

to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and three counts of using a telephone

to facilitate that conspiracy, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). Because of Bethea’s three

state drug convictions from 1999 and 2000, the Government filed an information under 21

U.S.C. § 851(a) seeking enhanced penalties, meaning that, under the law then in effect,

Bethea would face a mandatory life sentence for the § 846 charge. See 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(A) (2015).

Thereafter, Bethea and the Government entered into a plea agreement, under which

Bethea would plead guilty to the § 846 charge and, in exchange, the Government would

move for a downward departure and withdraw the factual basis supporting the sentencing

enhancements that would have resulted in life imprisonment.

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Bethea pleaded guilty in March 2015. He was allowed to remain on home

confinement while awaiting sentencing because there was a possibility that he could

receive a kidney transplant during the intervening period. 1

At Bethea’s sentencing hearing, the Government objected to being held to the terms

of the plea agreement based on newly discovered information. The Government had

learned—and Bethea admitted—that during his home confinement awaiting sentencing, he

had resumed cooking crack cocaine. Specifically, Bethea admitted to cooking crack three

times a week in the home he shared with his wife and eight children and to distributing up

to one ounce of crack each time. Because this conduct violated the plea agreement, the

Government declined to move for a downward departure or to withdraw the request for

enhanced penalties based on Bethea’s prior convictions. Accordingly, the district court

imposed the statutorily mandated life sentence.

In 2016, while incarcerated in Missouri, Bethea filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion

alleging several ineffective assistance claims, including counsel’s failure to file a direct

appeal. The United States Marshal determined that Bethea’s health condition necessitated

he be transported to the District of South Carolina for the hearing by private plane. Because

1
At the time of his most recent arrest, Bethea had been receiving Social Security
disability payments for three years for several medical conditions, including kidney disease
and lupus.
Both conditions persist in some form today. Bethea’s prison medical records
indicate that he also has hypertension and breathing issues caused by sleep apnea. The
medical conditions are being managed in prison and are either in remission or have been
resolved such that he can complete his daily living skills unassisted. He receives regular
medical treatment, including medication and thrice-weekly dialysis.
Of further relevance to this appeal, while Bethea was imprisoned, but before his
§ 3582(c) hearing, he received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine.
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that trip would cost the taxpayers $30,000, the court asked Bethea to consent to a hearing

via video teleconference. He refused. In 2019, the court determined that the “most feasible”

and “fairest” course of action was to vacate and re-enter Bethea’s sentence so as to permit

him to file a timely direct appeal.

In that direct appeal, this Court vacated Bethea’s reimposed life sentence and

remanded for resentencing after holding that his life sentence was unlawful under the First

Step Act of 2018 (“FSA”). United States v. Bethea, 841 F. App’x 544 (4th Cir. 2021).

Namely, we determined that the vacatur and reentry of judgment nullified Bethea’s original

sentence such that, as a matter of law, he was not sentenced until 2019—after the FSA’s

enactment. Id. at 550. Thus, Bethea’s sentence had to comply with the FSA, which no

longer authorized the life sentence he’d received. Id. at 556.

A revised Presentence Report (“PSR”) set Bethea’s new Sentencing Guidelines

range at 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment. At a hearing in March 2021, the district court

sentenced him to 188 months’ imprisonment. That decision is not before the Court. At the

same hearing, however, the district court considered and denied Bethea’s accompanying

motion for compassionate release.

B.

While Bethea’s direct appeal from his original life sentence was pending, he moved

for compassionate release in the district court. He cited two reasons in support of his

release: (1) his medical conditions could lead to a severe case of COVID-19 if he contracted

the virus, and (2) the FSA rendered his life sentence unfair. Because the compassionate

release motion remained pending as this Court remanded for resentencing, the district court

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considered it immediately following Bethea’s resentencing. And because this Court’s

remand for resentencing under the FSA mooted that part of Bethea’s argument for

compassionate release, the part of the hearing related to his § 3582 motion focused on his

alleged COVID-19 vulnerability.

In support of his motion, Bethea cited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(“CDC”) guidance indicating that chronic kidney disease increases the risk of contracting

a serious case of COVID-19. Bethea further claimed that COVID-19 posed unique risks to

prison inmates given they are confined in a congregate setting. Specifically, he highlighted

inmates’ inability to practice social distancing.

The Government opposed Bethea’s release. It noted that the BOP had instituted

measures to provide for the safety of inmates during the pandemic. Further, the

Government cited Bethea’s pretrial-release conduct—cooking crack cocaine in violation

of the plea agreement that would have spared him the originally imposed life sentence.

That behavior, the Government argued, weighed heavily against granting Bethea’s motion.

The district court acknowledged that Bethea faced significant health challenges, but

observed that he had received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, which it noted—without

contradiction—was being touted by the CDC as being very successful. In addition, the

court recounted § 3553(a) factors counseling against release, in particular Bethea’s pretrial-

release violation. Consequently, the court denied relief, concluding both that Bethea had

failed to show that his condition constituted extraordinary and compelling grounds for

relief and that the § 3553(a) factors did not warrant release.

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Following the district court’s denial of his motion, Bethea timely filed this appeal.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

II.

We review the district court’s decision to deny Bethea’s motion for compassionate

release for abuse of discretion. United States v. High, 997 F.3d 181, 185 (4th Cir. 2021).

Under this standard, “this Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the district

court.” United States v. Vidacak, 553 F.3d 344, 348 (4th Cir. 2009). A district court abuses

its discretion when it acts “arbitrarily or irrationally,” fails to follow statutory requirements,

fails to “consider judicially recognized factors constraining its exercise of discretion,”

relies “on erroneous factual or legal premises,” or “commit[s] an error of law.” High, 997

F.3d at 185, 187 (quoting United States v. Dillard, 891 F.3d 151, 158 (4th Cir. 2018)).

At the outset, we note that the default position stated in § 3582(c) is that a sentencing

court “may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c). Congress has provided few exceptions to this general rule, but one such

exception is the basis upon which Bethea relies: “extraordinary and compelling reasons

warrant[ing]” a reduction or immediate release. Id. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).

Prior to the FSA, only the BOP Director could request that a district court reduce a

term of imprisonment on this ground. Id. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (2002). But Congress amended

the law to now permit federal inmates to file motions for compassionate release directly

once they have exhausted their administrative remedies. See Pub. L. No. 115–391,

§ 603(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5239 (2018).

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To grant such a compassionate release motion, the district court must conclude that

the movant satisfies two separate criteria. United States v. Hargrove, 30 F.4th 189, 194–

95. First, the court must determine the prisoner is eligible for a sentence reduction because

he has shown “extraordinary and compelling reasons” supporting relief. Id. at 194–95. If

the district court finds “extraordinary and compelling reasons,” it must then find that

release is appropriate under the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors, to the extent those

factors are applicable. Id. at 195. Thus, even if a movant satisfies the threshold eligibility

requirement for obtaining relief, a district court has discretion to grant or deny relief based

on its assessment of the salient § 3553(a) factors.

A.

1.

Section 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) does not prescribe a precise standard for making eligibility

determinations. Id. at 197. This Court has held that the “factors applicable to the

determination of what circumstances can constitute an extraordinary and compelling

reason for release from prison are complex and not easily summarized.” Id. The inquiry is

“multifaceted” and must account for “the totality of the relevant circumstances.” Id. at 198.

At bottom, the court’s task is to balance “the severity of the inmate’s personal

circumstances” with the “need[] for incarceration.” Id. at 197.

When an inmate’s medical condition is the basis for the motion, courts have

consulted a variety of sources in determining eligibility. Id. at 197. For example, this Court

has favorably cited U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 and BOP internal guidance. Id. When specifically

considering COVID-19-related compassionate release motions, this Court has instructed

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district courts not to focus on the “rarity” of the inmate’s underlying medical condition.

United States v. Petway, No. 21-6488, 2022 WL 168577, at *3 (4th Cir.). Instead, the

inquiry should consider whether the underlying condition places the inmate at an increased

risk of severe illness from COVID-19. Id.

No one source represents a dispositive standard for making an eligibility

determination. See Hargrove, 30 F.4th at 198 (“[W]e do not hold that only the Sentencing

Guidelines commentary and BOP guidance can constitute the appropriate standard.”); see

also Petway, 2022 WL 168577, at *3 (“On remand, the district court can consult relevant

CDC guidelines and other evidence in assessing Petway’s motion for compassionate

release.”). The district court ultimately retains discretion to choose the guidance it finds

most pertinent in balancing the inmate’s circumstances with the need for incarceration. See

Hargrove, 30 F.4th at 198 (concluding that these sources “can constitute the appropriate

standard,” but “conclud[ing] that the inquiry is multifaceted and must take into account the

totality of the relevant circumstances”).

2.

In this case, Bethea first argues that the district court abused its discretion by

concluding that he did not present “extraordinary and compelling reasons” for release.

Bethea points to having five factors (a combination of health, race, and confinement risk

factors) that the CDC has recognized increase a person’s risk of getting extremely sick

from COVID-19. He argues that the district court ignored these particulars of his medical

conditions and disqualified him from release solely because he had received the COVID-

19 vaccination.

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Bethea’s argument that the district court relied exclusively on his vaccination status

in making its eligibility determination has no support in the record. On the contrary, the

record shows that the Government did not advance, nor did the district court apply, a per

se vaccination rule. In opposing Bethea’s motion, the Government cited his vaccination

status, but also referenced other reasons favoring continued incarceration. See J.A. 289–90

(arguing that BOP COVID-19 procedures, questions about Bethea’s release plan, and

Bethea’s past abuse of home confinement counseled against Bethea’s release).

Following suit, it’s clear from the hearing transcript that Bethea’s vaccination status

was far from the only factor that the district court considered. To be sure, the court noted

Bethea’s receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations as a relevant factor. J.A. 291–92 (“He’s now

received both vaccines which are supposed to be at least 90 percent effective for preventing

the disease. . . . He’s gotten both vaccinations.”). But that’s the sum total of the court’s

comments about vaccination during its bench ruling. No fair reading of the record supports

Bethea’s argument that the district court viewed vaccinations as a per se bar to

§ 3582(c)(1)(A) relief.

Alongside what the court actually said about Bethea’s vaccination status are the

other comments related to Bethea’s medical condition that plainly factored into its

assessment of his eligibility for relief. For example, the court noted other “corrective

measures that the [BOP] has taken to provide for safety and security there during the

pandemic,” including measures it had taken to protect Bethea in the past when he’d been

exposed to someone with COVID-19. J.A. 291. And the court acknowledged Bethea’s

medical conditions and thrice-weekly dialysis. J.A. 292.

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Lastly, we observe that when given the opportunity to respond, Bethea did not voice

any concern that the district court was applying a per se rule that vaccination precluded a

finding of extraordinary and compelling circumstances warranting relief. J.A. 292. Instead,

Bethea raised this per se argument for the first time on appeal.

Thus, Bethea’s argument that the court applied a per se vaccination rule is without

merit, and we need not consider whether such a rule would be problematic when assessing

another movant’s extraordinary and compelling reasons for relief.

Nor must we determine whether the court erred in finding that Bethea failed to make

this requisite threshold showing of extraordinary and compelling reasons. While such a

finding is the portal a movant must enter to establish eligibility for release, we can assume,

without deciding, that Bethea has done so. As noted earlier, a district court that finds a

defendant presents extraordinary and compelling reasons for release is not required to grant

a sentence reduction. High, 997 F.3d at 186. Instead, this Court can affirm a district court’s

compassionate release decision regardless of a flaw in the eligibility analysis if its

subsequent § 3553(a) assessment was sound. See id. at 187; see also United States v.

Kibble, 992 F.3d 326, 330–32 (4th Cir. 2021) (per curiam). 2

2
We do note that Bethea raises several arguments related to the efficacy of the
COVID-19 vaccine, particularly with respect to high-risk population groups. Bethea did
not develop a vaccine-efficacy argument in support of his motion in the district court. And
some of his arguments could not have been made then because they rely on data generated
after the § 3582(c) hearing. We do not and need not consider these arguments on appeal.
In deciding a motion for compassionate release, the district court is confined to the
evidence presented. See United States v. Osman, No. 21-7150, 2022 WL 485183, at *1 (4th
Cir. Feb. 17, 2022) (“We are satisfied that the district court did not abuse its discretion by
failing to consider a claim that [the movant] never presented to it.”). Further, the record
(Continued)
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B.

1.

If the “extraordinary and compelling” threshold showing has been made, the district

court must then evaluate the relevant § 3553(a) factors. Hargrove, 30 F.4th at 195. Those

factors include, among others, “the nature and circumstances of the offense,” “the history

and characteristics of the defendant,” and “the need for the sentence imposed—

(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law,
and to provide just punishment for the offense;
(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and
(D) to provide the defendant with . . . medical care, or other correctional
treatment in the most effective manner.”

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

District courts “enjoy[] broad discretion” in analyzing the § 3553(a) factors when

deciding a § 3582(c)(1)(A) motion. Kibble, 922 F.3d at 330. However, this Court’s

precedent provides guideposts for determining if a court has abused its discretion in its

consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. See High, 997 F.3d at 189; Kibble, 992 F.3d at 332.

Namely, a district court is permitted to add to its original, sentencing-phase consideration

of the § 3553(a) factors when explaining its compassionate release ruling. See High, 997

before the district court is all that we can consider on appeal. See Petway, 2022 WL 168577,
at *2 (“[W]e must assess the Denial Order based on the record before the district court.”);
see also United States v. Jones, No. 22-6071, 2022 WL 2303960, at *2 n.* (4th Cir. June
27, 2022) (“[W]e review the district court’s exercise of its discretion based upon what it
had before it when it made its decision.”).
To the extent Bethea believes this post-hearing data presents new information that
a district court may find relevant, we note that § 3582(c) does not prevent prisoners from
filing successive motions.

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F.3d at 189; Kibble, 992 F.3d at 332. Additionally, the district court is less likely to have

abused its discretion if it considered arguments in opposition to its ultimate decision. See

High, 997 F.3d at 189; Kibble, 992 F.3d at 332. Further, it weighs against an abuse of

discretion—and is viewed as “significant”—when the same judge who sentenced the

defendant rules on the compassionate release motion. Hargrove, 30 F.4th at 200 (“[I]t is

significant that the district judge who considered Hargrove’s motion for compassionate

release was the same judge who had sentenced him in May 2018.”); High, 997 F.3d at 189.

Moreover, the less time there is between the court’s sentencing-phase § 3553(a) analysis

and its compassionate-release assessment, the more consequential this latter consideration

becomes. See High, 997 F.3d at 184, 189; Kibble, 992 F.3d at 331–32.

2.

At the outset, the fact that Bethea’s resentencing and compassionate release motion

were decided by the same judge during the same hearing weighs against his criticism of

the sufficiency of the court’s discussion. As just explained, this Court has said it’s relevant

to this inquiry whether the same district judge who sentenced the defendant also considered

the § 3582(c) motion. High, 997 F.3d at 189. When the same sentencing judge assesses the

§ 3553(a) factors again for compassionate release purposes, there’s a strong indication that

the judge knows of the defendant’s circumstances, both favorable and unfavorable, and

considers the totality of the record when assessing whether a different sentence is now

warranted. Hargrove, 30 F.4th at 200.

This Court’s recent opinions in High and Kibble highlight this principle. In both

cases, this Court held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying a

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COVID-19-related motion for compassionate release. High, 997 F.3d at 187; Kibble, 992

F.3d at 332. In High, the district court principally relied on its sentencing-phase

consideration of the § 3553(a) factors in denying the defendant’s compassionate release

motion. 997 F.3d at 184 (“Defendant was very recently sentenced, and he committed the

offense in this action soon after completing twenty years in state custody for a violent

crime. In light of this, the Court’s assessment of the relevant sentencing factors has not

changed.”). Despite the sentencing taking place sixteen months before hearing the

defendant’s motion for compassionate release, this Court concluded the § 3553(a) analysis

was sufficiently close in time to the motion to take that into account in assessing the court’s

discussion of those factors. Id. at 183, 189.

Similarly, in Kibble, the district court’s denial of compassionate release was largely

based on its § 3553(a) analysis from the defendant’s original sentencing. 992 F.3d at 331.

On appeal, this Court determined that the district court did not err by relying on its

evaluation—from six months prior—of the § 3553(a) factors. Id. at 332 (noting that the

district court’s analysis amounted to a reconsideration of the § 3553(a) factors); see also

United States v. Kibble, No. 2:19-CR-00077, 2020 WL 3470508 (S.D.W. Va. June 25,

2020) (noting that Kibble’s sentencing took place on January 14, 2020).

This principle operates with even greater force here, where it was not just the same

district court judge sentencing the movant at some point in the past and later considering

the § 3582(c) motion, but the same district court judge doing so in the same hearing

seriatim. Here, the district court conducted a thorough analysis of the § 3553(a) factors at

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Bethea’s resentencing just moments prior to considering those same factors as part of

Bethea’s § 3582(c) motion.

At the resentencing, the district court considered: (1) the “nature and circumstances

of the offense,” see J.A. 277 (“[Bethea] was ultimately held responsible for 16 kilograms

of cocaine and one-half of a kilogram of crack cocaine. Both of those are serious offenses

in this Court’s opinion.”); (2) the “history and characteristics of the defendant,” see J.A.

278 (addressing Bethea’s significant criminal history and noting that despite numerous

prior convictions he has “spent very little time” incarcerated); and (3) the “history and

characteristics of the defendant,” see J.A. 278–79 (considering Bethea’s health conditions

and the medical treatment he receives in prison); see also J.A. 280 (commending Bethea

for participating in educational programs and noting that Bethea’s disciplinary record was

limited to two minor infractions). The district court also explicitly addressed the need for

Bethea’s sentence to achieve the goals outlined in § 3553(a) in view of his medical

conditions and rehabilitation efforts while in prison. See J.A. 279 (discussing the manner

in which Bethea was receiving medical care while in prison); J.A. 280 (“I’ve also

considered . . . the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense.

As I said, this is a serious offense[;] . . . while the defendant was given the luxury of being

out on bond for these pending charges for which he faced a potential life sentence, he used

that opportunity to continue to cook crack cocaine . . . .”); J.A. 281 (“I’ve also considered

the need for the sentence imposed to promote respect for the law. Once again, his behavior

while on pretrial release . . . does not demonstrate respect for the law.”); id. (“I am also

required to consider the need for imposing just punishment and adequate deterrence and

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the need to protect the public from future crimes of the defendant. I’ve carefully considered

all those factors.”); id. (“I’ve also considered the need to avoid unwarranted disparity in

the sentences of similarly situated co-defendants. . . . Particularly his behavior while on

release pending trial sets him apart from similarly situated co-defendants in terms of his

disregard for the law while these charges were pending.”).

Mere moments after undertaking that § 3553(a) analysis, the district court moved

into its consideration of Bethea’s compassionate release motion. See J.A. 281–82. Simply

put, if a hearing months later does not require a district judge to retread earlier § 3553(a)

analysis, a hearing minutes later certainly does not require it to start anew. See High, 997

F.3d at 189; Kibble, 992 F.3d at 333. That the same judge made both of these

determinations within minutes of each other in the same hearing is significant evidence

that the district court acted within its discretion.

This conclusion makes eminent sense given that the record demonstrates that the

entire § 3582(c) hearing was conducted in view of the resentencing that had just occurred.

Thus, not just the district court, but also Bethea’s attorney, made explicit reference to and

incorporated statements made during the resentencing portion of the hearing. See J.A. 283

(Bethea’s attorney: “Again, the medical condition is pretty well-established in the record.

I am not [going] to go through that again. Your Honor seems to have a good grasp of that.”);

see also J.A. 286 (Judge Anderson: “Let’s talk about the medical conditions. I don’t want

to sound punitive[] here, but as I point[ed] out earlier, he qualified for complete social

security disability back in 2011. And then he committed these crimes after that. And he

committed these crimes with his kidney problems, with his dialysis treatments.”). The

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district court’s deliberate incorporation of its resentencing phase § 3553(a) analysis into its

compassionate release § 3553(a) analysis weighs against any finding of an abuse of

discretion.

3.

That said, contrary to Bethea’s assertion, the district court did not limit its § 3582(c)

assessment of the § 3553(a) factors to a single factor. Bethea argues that in essence, the

court’s preoccupation with his pretrial-release violation amounts to evaluating only one

relevant factor. We disagree.

Our review of the transcript shows that the district court addressed more than one

§ 3553(a) factor in considering this aspect of Bethea’s motion and, in fact, added to its

original, resentencing-phase assessment of those factors. That showing weighs against

finding an abuse of discretion. See High, 997 F.3d at 189; Kibble, 992 F.3d at 332.

Specifically, the district court’s explanation for why it was rejecting the motion

explicitly addressed Bethea’s health conditions and access to medical care. Compare J.A.

292 (“So I acknowledge he has lupus and needs a kidney. He gets dialysis treatment three

times a week at the Bureau of Prisons. Hopefully, the COVID-19 pandemic will begin to

subside. He’s gotten both vaccinations.”), with 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D) (“to provide the

defendant with needed . . . medical care”). The district court also reiterated that the

sentence was necessary to deter further criminal conduct and to protect the public.

Compare J.A. 292 (“I think there’s a severe possibility that he could revert to his old ways

of criminal misbehavior, serious criminal misbehavior in terms of drug distribution.”), with

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B)–(C) (“to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct” and

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“to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant”). And the court appropriately

noted the nature of Bethea’s offense and acknowledged that it “[could] []not get away from

the fact that . . . while on pretrial release pending trial in this case, he used the opportunity

to go back to cooking crack cocaine in his home.” J.A. 291–92; see 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a)(2)(A) (“to promote respect for the law”). And, of course, these specific

references came after the more robust discussion of the factors that had just occurred earlier

in the hearing.

In sum, a complete review of the record demonstrates that when deciding the

compassionate release motion, the district court considered multiple § 3553(a) factors, not

just one.

4.

We further reject Bethea’s assertion that the district court failed to adequately

consider his arguments in favor of release. To some degree, he simply disagrees with the

court’s conclusion that the § 3553(a) factors did not warrant release. But to the extent

Bethea separately takes issue with the adequacy of the court’s discussion, we reject it.

How in depth a court must consider the parties’ arguments varies based on the

relative simplicity of the case: “[T]here are cases in which a ‘minimal’ explanation suffices,

while in ‘other cases, more explanation may be necessary.’” High, 997 F.3d at 189 (quoting

Chavez-Meza, 138 S. Ct. at 1965, 1968). In High, the defendant argued for compassionate

release solely relying on “his particular vulnerability to COVID-19,” but the district court

denied the motion solely relying on the § 3553(a) factors. Id. at 190–91. This Court held

that the district court sufficiently considered the defendant’s COVID-19-based arguments

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because it “implicitly responded” to them. Id. at 189. That the district court did not

“acknowledge[] and address” the defendant’s arguments did not amount to abuse of

discretion given the “relative simplicity” of the case. Id. at 190–91.

Like the motion in High, Bethea’s compassionate release motion was based on his

COVID-19 vulnerability. J.A. 282–83. But the district court’s consideration of Bethea’s

relevant medical conditions and COVID-19-based arguments was far more extensive than

the implied consideration that sufficed in High. J.A. 291–92. The district court

unambiguously addressed Bethea’s concerns, stating, “I’m aware of the terrible problems

in the prisons occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic.” J.A. 291. Additionally, the district

court explicitly considered Bethea’s health conditions and acknowledged that those

conditions placed him at higher risk of COVID-19-related complications. J.A. 291–92.

Further, the district court recognized the fact that Bethea needed a kidney transplant. J.A.

292. All told, the court sufficiently addressed Bethea’s arguments given the totality of the

hearing and the nature of those arguments.

5.

Bethea next challenges the district court’s assessment of his rehabilitative efforts,

arguing that the assessment was inadequate under the standard established in United States

v. Martin, 916 F.3d 389, 397 (4th Cir. 2019), and subsequently applied in United States v.

McDonald, 986 F.3d 402, 412 (4th Cir. 2021). In Bethea’s view, the district court’s focus

on his pretrial-release conduct demonstrates a failure to adequately account for his

rehabilitative efforts. Again, we disagree.

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The Martin Court held that the defendant was entitled to an “individualized

explanation” regarding why her rehabilitative efforts were insufficient to warrant a

sentence reduction. Martin, 916 F.3d at 397. In McDonald, this Court applied the Martin

standard and noted that “while the district court is still empowered in its discretion to

consider the facts of Appellants’ original transgressions, the district court must also at least

weigh Appellants’ conduct in the years since their initial sentencings.” 986 F.3d at 412.

Here, the district court met the standard established in Martin and applied in

McDonald. The judge provided an “individualized explanation” that clearly articulated

why Bethea’s rehabilitative efforts did not outweigh his pretrial-release conduct. The

district court commended Bethea for participating in educational programs while in prison.

See J.A. 280 (“[Bethea has] taken some educational programs, including National

Parenting Program I and II.”); see also id. (“[H]e has taken a number of educational

programs in an effort to get his GED, all of which is commendable.”). It also acknowledged

that Bethea’s health conditions likely prevented him from being able to undertake

vocational training. See id. (“He hasn’t taken any real vocational training, primarily, I’m

sure, because of his kidney problems.”). Further, the district court acknowledged Bethea

had limited disciplinary issues, having committed only two minor infractions. Id. (“[H]e

only has two minor bumps on his record, one using another inmate’s number to make a . . .

phone call, and another for sending an unauthorized e-mail message, which are extremely

lightweight, in my opinion.”).

And the court explicitly compared and contrasted ways in which Bethea’s

circumstances differed from that of the defendants in the cases Bethea cited. J.A. 258–61.

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In particular, the court noted that the defendants in McDonald had been incarcerated for

nearly two decades, whereas Bethea had only been incarcerated for five years. McDonald,

986 F.3d at 412; J.A. 259–60. But the court acknowledged that, like the McDonald

defendants, Bethea engaged in rehabilitative efforts and had maintained a “pretty good

record” despite facing prison terms that gave them little incentive to do so. J.A. 258; see

also McDonald, 986 F.3d at 411. Later, however, the court recognized that although Bethea

would have had no reason to anticipate the changes in sentencing laws and circumstances

that would allow him to be resentenced under them, there had “been a lot of activity, a lot

of new law coming down on sentencing” in the past five years that gave “less force” to the

idea that Bethea had no incentive to behave despite a life sentence. J.A. 259–60. 3

Ultimately, the district court determined that Bethea’s pretrial-release violation was

too significant to warrant release. See J.A. 291–92 (“But I cannot get away from the fact

that . . . while on pretrial release pending trial in this case, he used the opportunity to go

back to cooking crack cocaine in his home.”). This determination—that Bethea’s

transgression outweighed his subsequent rehabilitative conduct—is explicitly authorized

by McDonald. See 986 F.3d at 412 (“While the district court is still empowered in its

discretion to consider the facts of Appellants’ original transgressions, the district court must

also at least weigh Appellants’ conduct in the years since their initial sentencings.”). The

3
Indeed, when Bethea was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2015, that sentencing
judge had explicitly noted that despite the sentence “[t]here’s a possibility, there’s a lot of
movement in Washington to do away with these mandatory sentences and if that ever
happens you may benefit from it.” J.A. 58.
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district court weighed Bethea’s rehabilitative conduct but decided it was not significant

enough to outweigh the other factors.

The district court’s § 3553(a) analysis clearly included a consideration of arguments

that favored release. The judge considered Bethea’s medical conditions and COVID-19-

related concerns. He also thoroughly assessed Bethea’s rehabilitative efforts. The district

court’s direct responses to arguments adverse to its decision bolsters the conclusion that

there was no abuse of discretion.

****

The record does not support Bethea’s contention that the district court considered

only one § 3553(a) factor. Rather, the district court considered numerous § 3553(a) factors,

responding both to Bethea’s arguments for release and the Government’s arguments

against release. Critically, Bethea’s resentencing and his motion for compassionate release

both took place in front of the same district judge on the same day during the same hearing.

Nearly all the considerations that Bethea claims were absent from the court’s

compassionate-release analysis were comprehensively addressed immediately prior during

the hearing’s resentencing phase. In assessing the adequacy of its § 3553(a) assessment, it

is appropriate to consider the totality of the district court’s statements. We conclude that

the district court’s § 3553(a) analysis was sound and that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Bethea’s motion for compassionate release.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment denying Bethea’s § 3582(c)

motion for compassionate release.

AFFIRMED

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