State v. Bennett

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCCOA-212

No. COA17-1027-2

Filed 5 April 2022

Sampson County, Nos. 15CRS 53153-54, 15CRS 53165, 16CRS 50156

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v.

CORY DION BENNETT, Defendant.

Appeal by defendant from order entered 9 February 2021 by Judge John E.

Nobles, Jr. in Superior Court, Sampson County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 27

April 2021.

Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Kristin J.
Uicker, for the State.

Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Sterling
Rozear, for defendant.

STROUD, Chief Judge.

¶1 Defendant Cory Dion Bennett appeals from a trial court order overruling his

objections, under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712 (1986), to the

prosecution’s peremptory strikes of two African-American jurors, R.S. and V.B.1 In a

previous appeal, State v. Bennett, 374 N.C. 579, 843 S.E.2d 222 (2020) [hereinafter

1We use the juror’s initials throughout to protect their identity because they were struck in
part due to allegations of and convictions for criminal activity.
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“Bennett II”], our Supreme Court found Defendant had presented the “necessary

prima facie case of discrimination” required at the first step of Batson’s three step

inquiry. Id., 374 N.C. at 581, 843 S.E.2d at 224. Defendant’s current appeal arises

from the remand hearing on Batson’s second and third steps. Id. Because the trial

court properly accepted the prosecutor’s race neutral reasons for striking the jurors,

we reject Defendant’s argument the trial court clearly erred on Batson’s second step.

Further, after evaluating all the relevant circumstances advanced by Defendant, we

hold the trial court did not clearly err in determining Defendant had not met his

burden of proving purposeful discrimination at Batson’s third step. Therefore, we

affirm the trial court’s order overruling Defendant’s Batson objections.

I. Background

¶2 We rely on our Supreme Court’s opinion in Bennett II to summarize the

background of this case and Defendant’s initial appeal. Across two grand juries in

2016, Defendant was charged with five counts of “possessing a precursor chemical

with the intent to manufacture methamphetamine,” one count of manufacturing

methamphetamine, one count each of trafficking in methamphetamine by

manufacture and by possession, and one count of possession of a firearm by a felon.

Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 581, 843 S.E.2d at 224–25. The charges came on for a jury

trial in March 2017. Id., 374 N.C. at 581, 843 S.E.2d at 225.

¶3 Bennett II then summarized the history of three jurors, R.S., V.B., and R.C.,
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because Defendant made a Batson objection after the prosecutor struck in succession

R.S. and V.B., who are African American, but passed on R.C., who is not. See 374

N.C. at 586, 843 S.E.2d at 227–28 (summarizing Batson objection). The Bennett II

Court listed the following about R.S.:

In response to the prosecutor’s inquiry concerning whether
any prospective juror had “ever been the victim of a crime,”
[R.S.] responded that he had been the victim of a breaking
or entering that had occurred approximately two years
earlier; that, while law enforcement officers had
investigated the incident, no one had ever been charged
with the commission of the crime; and that [R.S.] believed
that the investigating officers had handled the incident in
a satisfactory manner. In addition, [R.S.] informed the
prosecutor that, while he recognized one of the other
prospective jurors, who worked at a local bank, his
connection with this other prospective juror would not
affect his ability to decide the case fairly and impartially in
the event that he was selected to serve as a member of the
jury.

[R.S.] responded to prosecutorial inquiries concerning
whether anything would make it difficult for him to be a
fair and impartial juror and whether there was anything
going on in his life that would make it difficult for him to
serve on the jury in the negative. Similarly, [R.S.] denied
having any religious, moral, or ethical concerns that would
prevent him from voting to return a guilty verdict.

374 N.C. at 581–82, 843 S.E.2d at 225 (alterations to preserve juror confidentiality).

The prosecutor exercised a peremptory challenge to strike R.S. after he finished

questioning all the venire members initially seated in the jury box. Id., 374 N.C. at

582, 843 S.E.2d at 225.
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¶4 V.B., who is also African American, then replaced R.S., and our Supreme Court

described her as follows:

[V.B.] responded to the trial court’s initial questions by
stating that she was not aware of any reason that she
would be unable to be fair to either the State or defendant.
[V.B.] . . . owned a beauty salon . . . [near] the courthouse.[2]
After stating that she did not know anyone involved in the
prosecution or defense of the case or any of the other
prospective jurors, [V.B.] told the prosecutor that she had
never been the victim of crime, a defendant or witness in a
case, or a juror. In addition, [V.B.] stated that she did not
have any strong feelings, either favorable or unfavorable,
concerning the law enforcement profession; that she had
not heard anything about the charges against defendant
before arriving for jury selection; and that she would be
able to be impartial to both sides. Similarly, [V.B.]
expressed no reservations concerning the fact that
possession of a firearm by a felon is unlawful and said that
she was not confused by the distinction between the
concepts of actual and constructive possession.

[V.B.] stated that she would be able to listen to and fairly
consider the testimony of a witness who had entered into a
plea agreement with the State, that she did not know any
of the other prospective jurors who were seated in the jury
box with her, and that she understood that legal dramas on
television were not realistic. To [V.B.]’s knowledge, neither
she, a member of her family, nor a close friend had ever had
a negative experience with a member of the law
enforcement profession or a member of the District
Attorney’s staff or had ever been charged with committing
an offense other than speeding.

2 We have removed the precise location of the beauty salon to protect V.B.’s identity.
However, as we discuss later on, the existence of the salon near the courthouse is relevant
because the prosecutor used it to explain his reasons for striking V.B.
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In response to further prosecutorial questioning, [V.B.]
stated that she understood that defendant was presumed
to be innocent; that he possessed the rights to a trial by
jury, to call witnesses to testify in his own behalf, and to
refuse to testify; and that any refusal on his part to testify
in his own behalf could not be held against him. Moreover,
[V.B.] stated that she understood the difference between
direct and circumstantial evidence, that she understood
that the State was required to establish defendant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt, and that she would be required
as a member of the jury to assess the credibility of the
witnesses.

[V.B.] assured the prosecutor that she could listen to all of
the evidence, keep an open mind, and follow the law in
accordance with the trial court’s instructions; agreed with
the prosecutor’s comment that “the law is not always what
we think it is or what we would like it to be”; and
acknowledged that, in the event that she was selected to
serve as a juror in this case, she would be required to follow
the law and apply the law set out in the trial court’s
instructions to the facts. At that point, the following
colloquy occurred between the prosecutor and [V.B.]:

MR. THIGPEN: Do you think you could reach a
verdict based only on hearing the evidence from the
witness stand, or do you feel like in order to reach a
verdict or to make a decision you would have to
actually watch the alleged event happen?
[V.B.]: Yeah.
MR. THIGPEN: Okay. You looked confused. Some
people—I have had jurors before that have said, “I
can’t make a decision until I see it happen.”
[V.B.]: Uh-huh.
MR. THIGPEN: Okay. Do you feel like you could
base your decision on just what the witnesses say, or
do you feel like you have to watch it happen?
[V.B.]: Kind of on both.
MR. THIGPEN: What do you mean?
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[V.B.]: Sometimes, I guess, it’s better to not have
hearsay.
MR. THIGPEN: Well, if you watched it happen, you
would be a witness; right?
[V.B.]: Right.
MR. THIGPEN: And if you were a witness, you can’t
be a juror. Does that make sense?
[V.B.]: Yes.
MR. THIGPEN: So the only thing we have is witness
testimony.
[V.B.]: Okay.
MR. THIGPEN: So do you feel like you could make a
decision based only on hearing the testimony of the
witnesses or before you could make that decision
would you actually want to watch it happen?
[V.B.]: Yeah.
MR. THIGPEN: Okay. What you said was, “Yeah.”
[V.B.]: Yeah, I could make that decision through—
MR. THIGPEN: Based on the testimony?
[V.B.]: Uh-huh.

After reiterating that nothing would make it difficult for
her to be fair and impartial to either side and that nothing
was going on in her life outside of the courtroom that would
render jury service unduly burdensome, [V.B.] stated that
she did not have any religious, moral, or ethical concerns
about voting for a guilty verdict in the event that the State
satisfied its burden of proof.

Id., 374 N.C. at 582–84, 843 S.E.2d at 225–26 (alterations to preserve juror

confidentiality). The prosecutor then also peremptorily challenged V.B. Id., 374 N.C.

at 584, 843 S.E.2d at 226.

¶5 Juror R.C., who is not African American, then replaced V.B., and the Supreme

Court described her as follows:
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In responding to the trial court’s initial questions, [R.C.]
stated that there was no reason that she could not be fair
to either the State or defendant. . . . . In response to
prosecutorial questions, [R.C.] said that she did not know
the prosecutor, defendant, or defendant’s attorney. [R.C.]
denied having ever been the victim of a crime, a defendant,
or a witness in a case. However, [R.C.] had served as a
member of a criminal jury in Sampson County about thirty
years earlier. According to [R.C.], the jury upon which she
served had deliberated on the case, she had not served as
the foreperson of the jury, and nothing about that
experience would impact her ability to serve on the present
jury.

[R.C.] denied having strong feelings, either favorable or
unfavorable, about the law enforcement profession and
indicated that she had not read, heard, or seen anything
about the charges against defendant before arriving in
court for jury service. In addition, [R.C.] denied having any
reservations about the fact that felons are prohibited from
possessing firearms and expressed no confusion about the
difference between actual and constructive possession.
During a colloquy with the prosecutor, [R.C.] gave the
following answers:

MR. THIGPEN: Okay. Now, [R.C.], a witness may
testify on behalf of the State as a result of a plea
agreement with the State in exchange for [a]
sentence concession. Based on that fact and that fact
alone, would you not be able to consider that person’s
testimony along with all other evidence that you
would hear in the case?
[R.C.]: Yes, sir. No, sir.
MR. THIGPEN: Do you understand my question?
[R.C.]: Say it again.
MR. THIGPEN: A witness may testify under a plea
agreement in exchange for a sentence concession.
[R.C.]: Okay.
MR. THIGPEN: Now if that person were to testify,
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are you just going to go, [t]his person’s made a deal;
I don’t care what they are going to say, or would you
listen to it and consider it just like anybody else?
[R.C.]: I would listen to their testimony and consider
it.

[R.C.] did not know any of the other prospective jurors and
understood that legal dramas were not based upon reality.

[R.C.] told the prosecutor that neither she, a member of her
family, nor a close friend had ever had an unpleasant
experience with a law enforcement officer or a member of
the District Attorney’s staff. [R.C.] acknowledged that
certain drug charges involving her brother had been
resolved, stated that she felt that the law enforcement
officers involved in that situation had treated her brother
fairly, and said that nothing about that experience would
affect her ability to be a fair and impartial juror. [R.C.]
understood that defendant was presumed to be innocent
until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; that he
possessed the right to trial by jury, to call witnesses in his
own behalf, and to refuse to testify; and that any decision
that he might make to refrain from testifying in his own
behalf could not be held against him.

[R.C.] told the prosecutor that she understood the
difference between direct and circumstantial evidence and
that, as a member of the jury, she would be required to
assess the credibility of the witnesses. [R.C.] expressed
confidence in her ability to listen to all of the evidence, keep
an open mind, and follow the law in accordance with the
trial court’s instructions. [R.C.] agreed with the prosecutor
that “the law is not always what we think the law is or
what you think it should be” and that, as a juror, she would
be required to use common sense, follow the law, and apply
the law to the facts. In addition, [R.C.] stated that she
“would not have to see the event happen”; that she could
reach a verdict based upon the testimony of witnesses; and
that she did not know of anything that would make it
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difficult for her to be fair and impartial to both the State
and defendant.

When the prosecutor inquired whether there was anything
occurring in her life outside of the courtroom that would
make jury service difficult, [R.C.] mentioned her work-
related obligations and stated that she was supposed to
take her daughter-in-law to a doctor’s appointment. On the
other hand, [R.C.] agreed that the other prospective jurors
probably had similar employment-related concerns and
acknowledged that her daughter-in-law could use some
other means to get to her appointment. Finally, [R.C.]
stated that she did not have any religious, moral, or ethical
concerns that would prevent her from voting to return a
guilty verdict.

Id., 374 N.C. at 584–86, 843 S.E.2d at 226–27 (alterations to preserve juror

confidentiality). The prosecutor then accepted R.C. as a juror. Id., 374 N.C. at 586,

843 S.E.2d at 227.

¶6 After the prosecutor accepted R.C., Defendant made a Batson motion on the

grounds that R.S. and V.B. were both Black and had both been excused. Id., 374 N.C.

at 586, 843 S.E.2d at 227–28. Defendant’s attorney argued: “there was no

overwhelming evidence, there was nothing about any prior criminal convictions, any

feelings about—towards or against law enforcement, there’s no basis, other than the

fact that those two jurors happen to be of African[ ]American de[s]cent [and] they

were excused.” Id., 374 N.C. at 586–87, 843 S.E.2d at 228 (alterations in original).

The prosecutor argued Defendant had not passed Batson’s first step because he had

not made a prima facie showing of discrimination simply by indicating both struck
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jurors were Black. Id., 374 N.C. at 587, 843 S.E.2d at 228. After noting the prosecutor

had already accepted three African-American jurors before striking R.S. and V.B., the

trial court denied Defendant’s Batson motion because Defendant had not made a

prima facie showing. Id.

¶7 After the jury convicted Defendant of all charges, except the possession of a

firearm by a felon, and the trial court sentenced him, Defendant appealed to this

Court arguing he had made a prima facie showing under Batson.3 Id., 374 N.C. at

587–88, 843 S.E.2d at 228–29. This Court held Defendant failed to make a prima

facie case. Id., 374 N.C. at 588, 843 S.E.2d at 229. The Supreme Court granted

discretionary review. Id., 374 N.C. at 590, 843 S.E.2d at 230.

¶8 On review, the Supreme Court reversed this Court and concluded Defendant

presented a prima facie case of discrimination. Id., 374 N.C. at 581, 843 S.E.2d at

224. First, the court noted the numerical disparity in acceptance rates of African

American versus white prospective jurors. Id., 374 N.C. at 599, 843 S.E.2d at 235. It

then highlighted “the absence of any significant dissimilarity between the answers

3 During Defendant’s initial appeal, the State questioned whether the record contained
sufficient information about the jurors’ races to have preserved the Batson issue for review.
See id., 374 N.C. at 588–90. 843 S.E.2d at 229–30 (explaining the State raised the issue and
recounting how this Court addressed the issue). The Supreme Court upheld this Court’s
ruling “that the record contains sufficient information to permit us to review the merits of
[D]efendant’s Batson claim.” Id., 374 N.C. at 594, 843 S.E.2d at 233. As part of the order on
appeal here, the State and Defendant ultimately agreed to the race of each prospective juror,
so we do not need to revisit the issue.
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given by” R.S., V.B., and R.C. or “any apparent indication arising from the face of the

record that either” R.S. or V.B. “would not have been satisfactory jurors from a

prosecutorial point of view . . . .” Id., 374 N.C. at 599, 843 S.E.2d at 235–36. Finally,

the Supreme Court rejected the State’s argument that the prosecutor’s acceptance of

three African-American jurors before and of a further two after striking R.S. and V.B.

negated the prima facie case of discrimination. Id., 374 N.C. at 600–01, 843 S.E.2d

at 236–37.

¶9 Based on that ruling, the Supreme Court remanded the case to this Court for

further remand to the trial court “for a hearing to be held for the purpose of

completing the second and third steps” of the Batson analysis. Id., 374 N.C. at 602–

03, 843 S.E.2d at 238. As the Supreme Court had previously summarized, step two

obligated the prosecutor to present a “race-neutral explanation for the challenge,”

and step three required the trial court to determine “whether the defendant has met

the burden of proving purposeful discrimination.” Id., 374 N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at

231 (quoting State v. Waring, 364 N.C. 443, 474–75, 701 S.E.2d 615, 636 (2010)).

¶ 10 The trial court held the required remand hearing on 4 November 2020. At the

remand hearing, the prosecutor addressed step two by offering race neutral reasons

for striking R.S. and V.B. He explained he struck R.S. for failing to disclose a criminal

record:

So as it relates to, first, Perspective [sic] Juror
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Number 10, [R.S.], Judge, based upon the information that
I had, [R.S.] had an undisclosed criminal record that
included a conviction for common law robbery and
possession with intent to sell an unauthorized recording
device from Pitt County and a probation violation. I made
a note of his record. When he was called into the box, and
if it -- and it was important to me because of the prior felony
conviction. He’s the only juror of which I made that note
and he’s the only juror that I noted had a prior felony
conviction.
I asked the panel twice, including [R.S.], while he
was in the panel about a criminal history. I asked, first, if
anyone had ever been a defendant in a case before, and I
explained what that meant. Secondly, I asked if a juror, a
member of their family, or a close friend had been charged
or convicted of anything other than speeding. [R.S.] did not
answer.

¶ 11 The prosecutor then offered two reasons to justify his strike of V.B., an answer

to a question exhibiting confusion and concerns her business was linked to a drug

investigation:

As it relates to [V.B.], Judge, she appeared to have
some difficulty with what I call the “watch-it-happen
question.” And that’s a question that came out of an older
sexual assault case that two of my colleagues tried several
years ago. The jury hung 11 to 1, actually it was tried in
another county. The holdout juror in that case said he could
not make a decision unless he saw it happen. So after that
trial, we started working into our jury selection, a question
about whether or not a juror could make a decision based
only upon hearing testimony.
I noted that [V.B.] looked confused by the question.
She said she could base her decision on “kind of both” or
“kind of on both.” I tried to clarify that by asking her what
she meant and she replied, “Sometimes I guess it’s better
not to have hearsay.”
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Well, Judge, that told me that she preferred maybe
video evidence or something other than just live testimony.
I knew that there would not be any video testimony.
Officers in this case don’t have or did not wear body
cameras and did not have in-car. I tried to clarify that
question again and her answer was, “Yeah.” I asked the
question again and her she [sic] responded, “Uh-huh.” So,
at that point, I’m beginning to get concerned that she’s
telling me what she thinks I want to hear, and I’m
questioning does she understand what I’m asking. She is
the only juror that gave those responses and had that
apparent difficulty with that question.
Also, as it relates to [V.B.], Deputy Gore was seated
with me at counsel table. She’s here today, seated further
away due to concerns with the virus, but she was seated
with me at counsel table, and that’s been my practice
during jury selection, for my career, to have the charging
officer sit with me. Deputy Gore has been a drug officer
since 2008. At the end of my questions, I asked for a
moment and conferred with Deputy Gore. Deputy Gore
expressed concerns to me about [V.B.]’s business regarding
a prior drug investigation . . . .
I asked [V.B.], specifically, about her business to
determine which beauty salon she referred to. . . . . So I
asked her to clarify that. I then asked for a moment to
confer with Deputy Gore again. Deputy Gore indicated that
she believed that [V.B.]’s salon had been part of the . . .
investigation, which I was aware of and knew was a
multiagency drug investigation.
I was familiar with [the target of the drug
investigation] and I recalled seeing him outside the beauty
salon and the barbershop. The beauty salon she identified
is actually, I believe that’s . . . [near] the courthouse. . . . .
. . . . I was concerned that [V.B.], in addition to the
issues with the -- what I call the watch-it-happen question,
that she could be fair if her business was part of a drug
investigation. So those would be my reasons for my two
challenges.
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¶ 12 After receiving that information, Defendant’s counsel took a few minutes to

confer. The trial court then offered them a recess if they wanted it, but they

responded “I don’t think that’s necessary. I appreciate it. I think we’re good.”

¶ 13 As an initial matter related to the strike of R.S., Defendant argued the record

did not include evidence of his prior conviction, but the trial court told him to either

present evidence to the contrary or move on:

[MR. ROZEAR (one of Defendant’s attorneys)]: . . . . And I
first note that we don’t have anything in the record in front
of us showing the existence of this conviction, so I’m not
sure that –
THE COURT: Are you saying that Mr. Thigpen is not
correct when he said he had that criminal record?
MR. ROZEAR: I -- I -- I don’t know. I have no --
THE COURT: The Court’s accepting that as the gospel. I
don’t think he would have said that if that wasn’t the case.
I can’t imagine -- now if it isn’t the case, obviously, we’ve
got a problem.
MR. ROZEAR: Right.
THE COURT: But I don’t think I would make that
accusation unless you’ve got some basis for it.
MR. ROZEAR: Fair enough, Your Honor.

¶ 14 At the remainder of the remand hearing, Defendant presented numerous

reasons the trial court should find the prosecutor’s explanations were pretextual at

Batson’s third step. He first argued the strike rate evidenced discrimination.

Specifically, defense counsel noted the prosecutor had a strike rate of 40% for Black

jurors and 0% for non-Black jurors in the case. As part of that argument, Defendant

contended the trial court should not find a lack of discrimination simply because the
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prosecutor accepted some Black jurors. While the prosecutor accepted three Black

jurors before R.S. and V.B. and accepted two more after, Defendant proposed that

because the prosecutor struck R.S. and V.B. from the same seat in succession, this

demonstrated “they didn’t want a [B]lack juror in” that seat. In response, the

prosecutor asked the trial court to assess his credibility to determine he was not

passing on other Black jurors to cover his strikes of R.S. and V.B.

¶ 15 Defendant then argued the prosecutor’s explanation for striking R.S., based on

his undisclosed criminal record, was pretext because the prosecutor never asked R.S.

about it. The prosecutor responded by explaining his usual process for jury selection;

he had an assistant run criminal history checks on all the potential jurors and then

made “a cheat sheet” with all the information to quickly assess it during jury

selection. Further, the prosecutor did not want to embarrass R.S. by bringing up his

criminal conviction during the voir dire.

¶ 16 Defendant made a similar argument that the prosecutor did not question V.B.

about her business’s connection to the drug investigation. The prosecutor responded

he did not want to embarrass V.B. or reveal law enforcement’s methods of undercover

investigation.

¶ 17 Further, Defendant challenged the prosecutor’s explanation he struck V.B. for

her difficulty with the “watch-it-happen question.” First, Defendant asserted in

Bennett II our Supreme Court said “there was nothing in the record that showed a
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difference between the jurors.” Defendant also contended a comparison with R.C.

based on difficulty with a question would show R.C., who is not Black, and V.B., who

is Black, were similarly situated. The prosecutor responded to the comparison that

the difference between the questions R.C. and V.B. demonstrated confusion about

was critical. R.C.’s answer was “not as big an issue” to him because he “expect[ed]

people to be skeptical of confidential informants, of cooperating codefendants” and

was not planning on calling the witness who would be testifying pursuant to the plea

agreement. By contrast, the question he asked to V.B. was critical because he was

concerned “she regarded testimony as hearsay” and his whole case was “going to be

witness testimony.”

¶ 18 After that comparison, Defendant argued the trial court should consider the

susceptibility of the case to racial bias on the basis Defendant is Black and was

charged with a drug offense. To support that argument, Defendant presented

statistics showing Black people were disproportionately arrested and sentenced for

drug crimes. Defendant also presented as exhibits various reports supporting their

data. The prosecutor responded the case was not susceptible to racial discrimination

because this was a drug case without victims so there could not be a cross-racial

crime.

¶ 19 Finally, Defendant argued historical evidence showed Sampson County

prosecutors disproportionately struck qualified Black jurors. To support that
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argument, Defendant entered as exhibits two studies with data on juror strike rates

by race that showed qualified Black jurors were struck disproportionately to qualified

non-Black jurors. The prosecutor responded the main study was not reliable because

it: (1) did not include the experiences of prosecutors; (2) relied on law students and

recent graduates to collect data; and (3) was gathered off a cold trial transcript. The

prosecutor further argued it was wrong to impute to him another prosecutor’s alleged

use of a peremptory strike based on race.

¶ 20 At the end of the hearing, the trial court requested both sides present proposed

orders. Both sides also agreed an order could be entered out of county and out of

session.

¶ 21 On 9 February 2021, the trial court entered an order overruling Defendant’s

Batson objections as to both R.S. and V.B. After recounting the history of the case,

the order first listed the agreed-upon races of each prospective juror. The trial court

then recounted how our Supreme Court had already determined Defendant met his

burden on Batson’s first step and how the case was remanded for a hearing on the

remaining two steps. As to Batson’s second step, the trial court found the prosecutor

“met his burden of production and provided race-neutral reasons for his use of

peremptory challenges to both” R.S. and V.B.

¶ 22 On Batson’s third step, the order explained the trial court weighed the totality

of the circumstances surrounding the strikes and found the prosecutor’s “proffered
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reasons were the actual reasons for the peremptory challenges” and his challenges of

R.S. and V.B. were not made “on the basis of race.” To support that conclusion the

trial court first found the case was not susceptible to racial discrimination because

there were no cross-racial identifications by witnesses nor cross-racial victims; as a

corollary the trial court found Defendant is African American, there are no victims,

and there was no record of the race of key witnesses. On the same factor, in relation

to Defendant’s evidence of racial disparities in drug arrests and sentencing, the trial

court found: “These facts, if true, would not give a prosecutor motivation to keep

members of a particular race off the jury.”

¶ 23 The trial court further determined the prosecutor did not engage in disparate

questioning or investigation. It also did not credit side-by-side comparisons. The

order then recounted how the prosecutor accepted three African-American jurors

before the Batson challenge and a further two after it, thereby “negat[ing] an

inference of racial discrimination or motivation.” The trial court further discounted

the statistical evidence of racially disproportionate strikes in Sampson County

because: (1) the prosecutor in this case was not involved with the cases examined in

the studies; (2) the studies did not take into account prosecutors’ viewpoints; (3) the

study used recent law graduates to collect data; and (4) the studies were conducted

using “cold trial transcripts.” With regard to the strike of R.S., the order finally

specifically recounted how the prosecutor checked all potential jurors’ criminal
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records and did not ask R.S. about the conviction to avoid embarrassing him. Based

on those findings, the order overruled both of Defendant’s Batson objections.

¶ 24 Defendant appealed directly to the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and it

remanded to this Court “with instructions to examine the order that was entered by

the trial court on remand on 9 February 2021 and to conduct any further review of

that order that it deems appropriate . . . .”

II. Analysis

¶ 25 “The use of peremptory challenges for racially discriminatory reasons violates

the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution.”4 State v. Locklear, 349 N.C. 118, 136, 505 S.E.2d 277, 287 (1998)

(citing Batson, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712). When a court must determine whether

a prosecutor violated Batson by exercising a peremptory challenge based on race, it

employs a three-step inquiry:

First, the party raising the claim must make a prima facie
showing of intentional discrimination under the totality of
the relevant facts in the case. Second, if a prima facie case
is established, the burden shifts to the State to present a
race-neutral explanation for the challenge. Finally, the

4 While Article I, Section 26 of the North Carolina Constitution also bars racially
discriminatory peremptory strikes, Locklear, 349 N.C. at 136, 505 S.E.2d at 287, Defendant
argues based on the United States Constitution alone. Even if Defendant were arguing under
the North Carolina Constitution, our analysis under Article I, Section 26 would be identical.
See Waring, 364 N.C. at 474, 701 S.E.2d at 635 (“Our review of race-based or gender-based
discrimination during petit jury selection has been the same under both the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 26 of the North Carolina
Constitution.”).
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trial court must then determine whether the defendant has
met the burden of proving purposeful discrimination.

Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at 231 (quoting Waring, 364 N.C. at 474–75,

701 S.E.2d at 636).

¶ 26 Here, our Supreme Court, in Bennett II, already determined Defendant

established “the necessary prima facie case of discrimination” under Batson step one.

374 N.C. App. at 581, 843 S.E.2d at 224. Defendant presents challenges to the trial

court’s analysis under Batson steps two and three. We explain the standard of review

before turning to Defendant’s arguments under steps two and three.

A. Standard of Review

¶ 27 When reviewing a trial court’s Batson analysis, “a trial court’s ruling on the

issue of discriminatory intent must be sustained unless it is clearly erroneous.”

Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 477, 128 S. Ct. 1203, 1207 (2008); State v. Clegg,

2022-NCSC-11, ¶50 (quoting same language from Snyder). “Such ‘clear error’ is

deemed to exist when, on the entire evidence[,] the Court is left with the definite and

firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Clegg, ¶ 37 (quoting Bennett II,

374 N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at 231) (alteration in original). This deferential standard

reflects that “[a] trial court’s rulings regarding race-neutrality and purposeful

discrimination are largely based on evaluations of credibility . . . .” State v. King, 353

N.C. 457, 469–70, 546 S.E.2d 575, 586–87 (2001). As our courts have recognized
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before, trial courts are “in the best position to assess the prosecutor’s credibility . . .

.” State v. Cummings, 346 N.C. 291, 309, 488 S.E.2d 550, 561 (1997); see also

Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 365, 111 S. Ct. 1859, 1869 (1991) (explaining

“evaluation of the prosecutor’s state of mind based on demeanor and credibility lies

peculiarly within a trial judge’s province” (quotations and citation omitted)).

¶ 28 Under the clearly erroneous standard, “[t]he trial court’s findings will be

upheld on appeal unless the ‘reviewing court on the entire evidence [would be] left

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake ha[d] been committed.’” State v.

Chapman, 359 N.C. 328, 339, 611 S.E.2d 794, 806 (2005) (quoting Hernandez, 500

U.S. at 369, 111 S. Ct. at 1871) (alterations in original). “Where there are two

permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be

clearly erroneous.” King, 353 N.C. at 470, 546 S.E.2d at 587 (quotations and citations

omitted); see also Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 369, 111 S. Ct. at 1871 (including identical

language). This deference, however, “does not by definition preclude relief.” Bennett

II, 374 N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at 231 (quoting Miller-El v. Dretke (Miller-El II), 545

U.S. 231, 240, 125 S. Ct. 2317, 2325 (2005)). Applying the clearly erroneous standard

of review, we now turn to Defendant’s contentions.

B. Batson Step Two

¶ 29 Defendant first argues, under Batson’s second step, the trial court clearly erred

in concluding “that the prosecutor had offered race-neutral explanations for the
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strikes of two jurors . . . .” Specifically, Defendant contends “the record must support

a purported justification for a strike . . . .” Defendant then claims two of the

prosecutor’a justifications for striking jurors R.S. and V.B.—namely R.S.’s

undisclosed criminal record and a connection between V.B.’s business and a drug

investigation—were not supported by the record. Before reaching the merits of

Defendant’s argument, we respond to the State’s contention Defendant failed to

preserve his step two arguments.

1. Preservation

¶ 30 The State first asserts Defendant did not preserve this argument because he

“did not challenge the race-neutral character of the prosecutor’s reasons or argue that

the reasons did not otherwise satisfy step two of Batson.” (Underline changed to

italics.) Instead, the State contends Defendant’s arguments went to step three and

whether the reasoning was pretextual.

¶ 31 Under Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(a)(1), a party must present and “obtain

a ruling” on an objection, motion, or other request to a trial court to preserve it for

appellate review. N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1). Our courts have also “long held that where

a theory argued on appeal was not raised before the trial court, the law does not

permit parties to swap horses between courts in order to get a better mount in” an

appellate court. State v. Sharpe, 344 N.C. 190, 194, 473 S.E.2d 3, 5 (1996) (quotations
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and citations omitted). To properly preserve an issue for appellate review, therefore,

a defendant must (1) raise the issue below and (2) argue the same theory below.

¶ 32 Our review of the remand hearing transcript reveals it was not neatly divided

into steps two and three, and we would not necessarily expect it to be once the

prosecutor proffered some reason for his strikes. Still, Defendant’s attorneys brought

up the lack of evidence in the record for R.S.’s conviction before being cut off by the

trial court and told the trial court was accepting the prosecutor’s representation given

Defendant lacked evidence to the contrary:

[MR. ROZEAR (one of Defendant’s attorney’s)]: . . . . And I
first note that we don’t have anything in the record in front
of us showing the existence of this conviction, so I’m not sure
that –
THE COURT: Are you saying that Mr. Thigpen is not
correct when he said he had that criminal record?
MR. ROZEAR: I -- I -- I don’t know. I have no --
THE COURT: The Court’s accepting that as the gospel. I
don’t think he would have said that if that wasn’t the case.
I can’t imagine -- now if it isn’t the case, obviously, we’ve
got a problem.
MR. ROZEAR: Right.
THE COURT: But I don’t think I would make that
accusation unless you’ve got some basis for it.
MR. ROZEAR: Fair enough, Your Honor.

(Emphasis added.) While the trial court’s intervention prevented Defendant’s

attorney from finishing his argument, Defendant’s counsel started arguing the lack

of evidence in the record was a problem. Given Defendant’s attempt to argue under
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the lack-of-evidence theory and the trial court’s subsequent intervention, we are not

comfortable concluding Defendant failed to preserve his Batson step two argument.5

¶ 33 The State also argues Defendant’s argument on appeal “actually contradicts

his argument in the trial court.” Specifically, the State contends Defendant

“implicitly recognized the [prosecutor’s] explanation’s race-neutral character” by

recognizing that R.S.’s failure to disclose his criminal record could have amounted to

a challenge for cause. The State cites Hernandez in support of its argument that a

reason offered by the prosecutor is race neutral if it “corresponds to a valid for-cause

challenge.” 500 U.S. at 362–63, 111 S. Ct. 1868.

¶ 34 Again we reject the State’s argument. In the portion of the transcript to which

the State cites, Defendant’s attorney is arguing under Batson step three as seen by

his focus on whether the undisclosed conviction was the real issue or was merely

pretextual: “So if this were really the issue, Mr. Thigpen probably could have had

[R.S.] excused for cause by investigating this area further, and not had to use a

peremptory in this case.” (Emphasis added.) Notably, this statement also occurred

after the trial court had made its above statements about accepting the prosecutor’s

proffered explanation “as the gospel.” As we explained above, the trial court’s

comments came after it interrupted arguments from Defendant’s counsel under step

5 Our lack of definite determination of the preservation issue ultimately does not alter our
conclusion on the step two issue because we reject Defendant’s arguments on the merits.
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two, so the Defendant’s attorneys were merely continuing with the Batson inquiry

after the trial court’s adverse ruling. Given that sequence of events, we do not accept

the State’s argument that Defendant implicitly waived his step two argument. Since

we do not credit either of the State’s preservation arguments, we proceed to evaluate

Defendant’s Batson step two arguments on the merits.

2. Merits

¶ 35 Under Batson’s second step, once a defendant has made a prima facie showing

of intentional discrimination, “the analysis proceeds to . . . where the State is required

to provide race-neutral reasons for its use of a peremptory challenge.” State v. Hobbs,

374 N.C. 345, 352, 841 S.E.2d 492, 499 (2020) (citing Flowers v. Mississippi, __ U.S.

__, 139 S. Ct. 2228, 2243 (2019)). As our Supreme Court recently summarized:

The State’s explanation must be clear and
reasonably specific, but does not have to rise to the
level of justifying a challenge for cause. See [State v.]
Bonnett, 348 N.C. [417,] 433, 502 S.E.2d [563,] 574
[1998]; State v. Porter, 326 N.C. 489, 498, 391 S.E.2d
144, 151 (1990). Moreover, “ ‘unless a discriminatory
intent is inherent in the prosecutor’s explanation,
the reason offered will be deemed race neutral.’ ”
Bonnett, 348 N.C. at 433, 502 S.E.2d at 574–75
(quoting Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 360, 111 S. Ct. at
1866, 114 L. Ed. 2d at 406); see also Purkett v. Elem,
514 U.S. 765, 768-69, 115 S. Ct. 1769, 1771–72, 131
L. Ed. 2d 834, 839-40 (1995); State v. Barnes, 345
N.C. 184, 209-10, 481 S.E.2d 44, 57, cert. denied, 522
U.S. 876, 118 S. Ct. 196, 139 L. Ed. 2d 134 (1997),
and cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1024, 118 S. Ct. 1309, 140
L. Ed. 2d 473 (1998). In addition, the second prong
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provides the defendant an opportunity for
surrebuttal to show the State’s explanations for the
challenge are merely pretextual. See State v. Gaines,
345 N.C. 647, 668, 483 S.E.2d 396, 408, cert. denied,
522 U.S. 900, 118 S. Ct. 248, 139 L. Ed. 2d 177
(1997); State v. Robinson, 330 N.C. 1, 16, 409 S.E.2d
288, 296 (1991).

[State v.] Golphin, 352 N.C. [364,] 426, 533 S.E.2d [168,]
211 [2000]. Therefore, at Batson’s second step, the State
offers explanations for the strike which must, on their face,
be race-neutral. If they are, then the court proceeds to the
third step.

Id., 374 N.C. at 352–53, 841 S.E.2d at 499.

¶ 36 Expanding upon that summary, the requirement that the State’s explanation

must be clear and reasonably specific means the prosecutor must do more than

“merely deny[] that he had a discriminatory motive” or “merely affirm[] his good

faith.” Purkett, 514 U.S. at 769, 115 S. Ct. at 1771. “Furthermore, if not racially

motivated, the prosecutor may exercise peremptory challenges on the basis of

legitimate hunches and past experience.” State v. Lyons, 343 N.C. 1, 13, 468 S.E.2d

204, 209 (1996). Notably, the reason does not have to be “a reason that makes sense,

but a reason that does not deny equal protection.” Purkett, 514 U.S. at 769, 115 S.

Ct. at 1771; see also id., 514 U.S. at 767–68, 115 S. Ct. at 1771 (“The second step of

this process does not demand an explanation that is persuasive, or even plausible.”);

Clegg, ¶ 47 (citing the same Purkett quote about an explanation not needing to be

persuasive or even plausible); Lyons, 343 N.C. at 13, 468 S.E.2d at 209 (“The
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prosecutor is not required to provide an explanation that is persuasive, or even

plausible.”). This concept is what Hobbs means by its statement that the reason will

be race-neutral unless discriminatory intent is inherent. 374 N.C. at 352, 841 S.E.2d

at 499.

¶ 37 Further, while Hobbs’s summary includes a defendant’s opportunity for a

surrebuttal within step two, that simply sets up step three where the trial court must

decide whether the defendant met his burden of showing intentional discrimination.

See Clegg, ¶ 63 n.4 (explaining after the prosecutor offers race-neutral reasoning at

step two, the defendant can submit evidence to show the prosecutor’s reasoning is

pretext and the prosecutor can offer surrebuttal before the trial court makes its

“ultimate ruling under step three”). At step three the trial court “consider[s] the

prosecutor’s race-neutral explanations in light of all of the relevant facts and

circumstances, and in light of the arguments of the parties,” Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 353,

841 S.E.2d at 499 (quoting Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2243), so for consistency defendants

must have given that information prior to step three. Notably, the opportunity for

surrebuttal does not change the otherwise low bar prosecutors have at the second

step to give a race neutral explanation.

¶ 38 The United States Supreme Court recognized that low bar when it said the

Batson inquiry proceeds to step three “even if the State produces only a frivolous or

utterly nonsensical justification for its strike.” Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162,
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171, 125 S. Ct. 2410, 2417 (2005). The history of Batson in our state also

demonstrates this low bar. Our courts have only once upheld a Batson objection to a

prosecutor’s striking of a juror of color at step two of the inquiry. See State v.

Robinson, 375 N.C. 173, 178 & n.4 846 S.E.2d 711, 716 & n.4 (2020) [hereinafter

“Robinson III”] (stating the Supreme Court of North Carolina has never held a

prosecutor intentionally discriminated against a juror of color before mentioning a

case where this Court found a Batson violation because of the prosecutor’s lack of

explanation); see also Clegg, ¶ 112 (Earls, J., Concurring) (updating history of Batson

challenges in the state to note Clegg was the first case where our courts have ever

found a substantive Batson violation at step three).6 In that case, the prosecutor

offered no explanation at all for striking some of the jurors. State v. Wright, 189 N.C.

App. 346, 352–54, 658 S.E.2d 60, 64–65 (2008). As our Supreme Court recently

emphasized, the inquiry at step two “is limited only to whether the prosecutor offered

reasons that are race-neutral, not whether those reasons withstand any further

scrutiny; that scrutiny is reserved for step three.” Clegg, ¶ 62 (emphasis added).

6We acknowledge Defendant cited this history of Batson in our state to argue in favor of its
step two argument. As explained below, our precedents do not allow us to strengthen step
two regardless of Defendant’s admonition in his reply brief that this Court and our Supreme
Court can do the work of strengthening Batson. As an intermediate appellate court, we are
ultimately bound by higher precedents. E.g. State v. Jones, 253 N.C. App. 789, 796, 802
S.E.2d 518, 523 (2017). In addition, our Supreme Court has very recently reiterated the three-
step analysis, including the low bar of step two, in State v. Clegg. Id., ¶ 62.
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¶ 39 Defendant’s Batson step two argument fails because it misunderstands the low

level of the bar a prosecutor must clear at that step. The second step does not require

evidence in the record to support the prosecutor’s articulated reason; a prosecutor

must merely articulate a reason, see Wright, 189 N.C. App. at 352–54, 658 S.E.2d at

64–65 (finding error when prosecutor failed to articulate any reason for striking some

jurors), and one that does not inherently reveal discriminatory intent. Hobbs, 374

N.C. at 352, 841 S.E.2d at 499. Given the explanation can be “frivolous or utterly

nonsensical,” Johnson, 545 U.S. at 171, 125 S. Ct. at 2417, a potentially legitimate

explanation for which the prosecutor lacked evidence could also pass step two. See

Lyons, 343 N.C. at 13, 468 S.E.2d at 209 (explaining prosecutors pass step two if their

reason was based on “legitimate hunches and past experience”).

¶ 40 Our Supreme Court’s precedent further supports our determination a

prosecutor does not need record evidence to pass Batson’s second step. In State v.

King, our Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s argument “there is no evidence in

the record to support the prosecutor’s belief . . . .” 353 N.C. at 471, 546 S.E.2d at 587–

88. In that case, the prosecutor said he struck a Black juror because he had

information of an investigation into the juror’s father that forced the father to resign

from the police department. Id., 353 N.C. at 470–71, 546 S.E.2d at 587. The Supreme

Court emphasized the issue at step two is the “facial validity” of the prosecutor’s

stated reason. Id., 353 N.C. at 471, 546 S.E.2d at 587–88 (citing Hernandez, 500 U.S.
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at 360, 111 S. Ct. 1859). In King, the Supreme Court ultimately did not find a Batson

violation, so the prosecutor’s reason must have passed step two. Id., 353 N.C. at 472,

546 S.E.2d at 588.

¶ 41 Here, we follow King and reject Defendant’s argument that the trial court erred

at Batson’s second step because there was no evidence in the record to support the

prosecutor’s strikes of R.S. for his undisclosed criminal record and of V.B. for her

business’s connection to a drug investigation. Neither of those challenged

explanations7 is inherently discriminatory because they do not rely on the jurors’ race

or race-based discriminatory stereotypes. See Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 352–53, 841 S.E.2d

at 499 (explaining a reason will be deemed race-neutral if not inherently

discriminatory). Beyond this inquiry, any “scrutiny is reserved for step three.” Clegg,

¶ 62. Therefore, the trial court did not clearly err at step two in concluding the

prosecutor articulated race-neutral reasons for his strikes of R.S. and V.B.

¶ 42 While Defendant cites an Arizona Court of Appeals case, State v. Ross, 483

P.3d 251 (2021), in support of his position, we reject that potentially persuasive

precedent in the face of King’s binding precedent. We also note the Arizona case

involved a prosecutor’s strike based on the potential juror’s conduct in the courtroom,

Ross, 483 P.3d at 258–59, ¶¶ 28, 31, which was not the reasoning for the strikes here.

7The prosecutor also argued V.B. was confused by one of his questions. Defendant did not
challenge that justification at step two.
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As the United States Supreme Court has recognized, the trial court has a greater

need to collect evidence when a prosecutor proffers he struck a juror based on the

juror’s demeanor. See Snyder, 552 U.S. at 477, 479, 128 S. Ct. at 1208–09 (stating,

“In addition, race-neutral reasons for peremptory challenges often invoke a juror’s

demeanor (e.g., nervousness, inattention), making the trial court’s firsthand

observations of even greater importance,” before noting the trial judge made no

findings of fact as to the juror’s demeanor); see also Clegg, ¶ 47 (citing Snyder’s

discussion of demeanor and emphasizing the need for the trial court to accept

evidence of demeanor).8 Notably, Snyder’s discussion of supporting a prosecutor’s

strike came from its explanation of Batson’s third step. 552 U.S. at 477, 128 S. Ct. at

1208.

¶ 43 As Snyder illustrates, Defendant fails because he argues courts assess

evidence supporting the prosecutor’s reasoning at step two rather than step three.

Instead, under controlling precedent, a court errs “by combining Batson’s second and

third steps into one, requiring that the justification tendered at the second step be

not just neutral but also at least minimally persuasive.” Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768,

115 S. Ct. at 1771. To say a trial judge “must terminate the inquiry at step two when

8 Clegg’s citation to Snyder’s discussion of demeanor-based reasoning comes in the same
paragraph it discussed Batson’s second step, Clegg, ¶ 47, but Clegg ultimately found even the
demeanor-based reasoning passed step two, further emphasizing the step’s low bar. Clegg,
¶ 62.
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the race-neutral reason” is not minimally persuasive “violates the principle that the

ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial motivation rests with, and never

shifts from, the opponent of the strike.” Id. (emphasis in original). Here, Defendant’s

argument threatens to do just that, so we conclude the trial court did not clearly err

at step two. But we will consider the alleged lack of record evidence to support the

prosecutor’s strikes under step three, to which we turn next.

C. Batson Step Three

¶ 44 At Batson’s final step the “trial court must . . . determine whether the

defendant has met the burden of proving purposeful discrimination.” Bennett II, 374

N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at 231; see also, Clegg, ¶ 63 (“[I]n step three, the court

carefully weighs all of the reasoning from both sides to ultimately decide whether it

was more likely than not that the challenge was improperly motivated.” (cleaned up)).

To do that, trial courts employ an open-ended list of factors. See Flowers, 139 S. Ct.

at 2243 (listing factors with the final one being “other relevant circumstances that

bear upon the issue of racial discrimination”); see also Clegg, ¶ 48 (noting a court can

consult “all of the circumstances that bear upon the issue of racial animosity” (quoting

Snyder, 552 U.S. at 478, 128 S. Ct. at 1208)). Defendant’s overarching argument is

that the trial court clearly erred when it concluded “the State’s strikes were not

substantially motivated by race . . . .” Defendant then includes numerous sub-

arguments based on specific factors. We first review the overarching law on the third
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step as well as the relevant factors, and then we evaluate each of Defendant’s

arguments.

¶ 45 “At the third step of the analysis, the defendant bears the burden of showing

purposeful discrimination.” Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 353, 841 S.E.2d at 499. As our

Supreme Court recently explained:

“The trial court must consider the prosecutor’s race-neutral
explanations in light of all of the relevant facts and
circumstances, and in light of the arguments of the
parties.” Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2243. At the third step, the
trial court “must determine whether the prosecutor’s
proffered reasons are the actual reasons, or whether the
proffered reasons are pretextual and the prosecutor
instead exercised peremptory strikes on the basis of race.”
Id. at 2244. “The ultimate inquiry is whether the State was
‘motivated in substantial part by discriminatory intent.’ ”
Id. (quoting Foster v. Chatman, [578] U.S. [488], 136 S. Ct.
1737, 1754, 195 L.Ed.2d 1 (2016)).

Id.; see also Clegg, ¶ 85 (including the substantial part language from Flowers and

then explaining the United States Supreme Court has also articulated the burden as

“whether it was more likely than not that the challenge was improperly motivated”

(quoting Johnson, 545 U.S. at 170, 125 S. Ct. at 2417)).

¶ 46 To support the trial court’s evaluation of all the relevant facts and

circumstances, a defendant can “rely on ‘a variety of evidence to support a claim that

a prosecutor’s peremptory strikes were made on the basis of race.’” Hobbs, 374 N.C.

at 356, 841 S.E.2d at 501 (quoting Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2243). Relying on Flowers,
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our Supreme Court in Hobbs listed the following factors:

• statistical evidence about the prosecutor’s use of
peremptory strikes against [B]lack prospective jurors as
compared to white prospective jurors in the case;
• evidence of a prosecutor’s disparate questioning and
investigation of [B]lack and white prospective jurors in the
case;
• side-by-side comparisons of [B]lack prospective jurors
who were struck and white prospective jurors who were not
struck in the case;
• a prosecutor’s misrepresentations of the record when
defending the strikes during the Batson hearing;
• relevant history of the State’s peremptory strikes in past
cases; or
• other relevant circumstances that bear upon the issue of
racial discrimination.

Id. (citing Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2243). As the last factor indicates, that list from

Flowers is not exclusive, and courts are permitted to consider any relevant

circumstances. Id. Thus, in the past our courts have also considered “the

susceptibility of the particular case to racial discrimination.” Porter, 326 N.C. at 498,

391 S.E.2d at 150 (quotations and citations omitted).

¶ 47 Defendant argues numerous of those factors support his position that “[t]he

trial court’s conclusion that the State’s strikes were not substantially motivated by

race was clear error.” We address each factor in turn.

1. Trial Court’s Ability to Conduct a Proper Comparative Juror Analysis

¶ 48 Defendant first argues the trial court “could not conduct a proper comparative

juror analysis as to the prosecutor’s unsupported justifications.” Specifically,
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Defendant argues the trial court did not have the information it needed to compare

R.S.’s criminal records, the connection of V.B.’s business to a drug investigation, and

what the prosecutor knew about those characteristics in jurors. These arguments

resemble the one Defendant made above at step two, but this factor should be

analyzed at Batson’s third step instead. Further, Defendant asserts the “prosecutor’s

failure to conduct any investigation into those matters on the record either during

voir dire or at the hearing is itself indicative of pretext.” We briefly explain the law

of comparative juror analysis before addressing each of those arguments in turn.

¶ 49 In Miller-El II, the United States Supreme Court recognized comparing struck

venire members of color to white people allowed to serve was “more powerful” than

“bare statistics” of strike rates alone. 545 U.S. at 241, 125 S. Ct. at 2325. “If a

prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking a [B]lack panelist applies just as well to an

otherwise-similar non[B]lack [person] who is permitted to serve, that is evidence

tending to prove purposeful discrimination to be considered at Batson’s third step.”

Id. The similar white jurors need not be identical. Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2249. In

Miller-El II, for example, strong similarities between the struck Black venire

members and the non-Black jurors were sufficient to conclude a comparative juror

analysis supported a finding that race was significant in determining who was

challenged. 545 U.S. at 247, 252, 125 S. Ct. at 2329, 2332.

¶ 50 We first address Defendant’s argument that the trial court did not have the
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information it needed to compare R.S.’s criminal record to other potential jurors. We

reject Defendant’s argument because we disagree with what he asserts the record

must include. Defendant faults the trial court for not asking the prosecutor to provide

criminal history reports or his “cheat sheet” on potential jurors’ criminal histories,

but the trial court was not required to do so. A key feature of the Batson inquiry is

the trial court’s evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility. See Hernandez, 500 U.S. at

365, 111 S. Ct. at 1869 (explaining deference to trial court because the Batson inquiry

“largely will turn on evaluation of credibility” (quotations and citation omitted)).

Here, the trial court was inherently evaluating the prosecutor’s credibility when it

accepted his representations as to running criminal history checks on all jurors and

learning of R.S.’s criminal record. Therefore, the trial court had the proper record

before it even without the actual documents the prosecutor used.

¶ 51 Defendant emphasizes, in making the lack of record argument, the trial court’s

comment at the remand hearing that it was accepting the prosecutor’s statement

regarding R.S.’s criminal history “as the gospel.” While the trial court’s language was

hyperbole, the context surrounding that statement reveals the trial court did not

foreclose the possibility the prosecutor was wrong. Rather, after Defendant’s

attorney brought up the lack of evidence in the record of R.S.’s criminal history, the

trial court asked about whether Defendant had evidence that criminal history

representation was wrong:
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[MR. ROZEAR (one of Defendant’s attorney’s)]: . . . . And I
first note that we don’t have anything in the record in front
of us showing the existence of this conviction, so I’m not
sure that –
THE COURT: Are you saying that Mr. Thigpen is not
correct when he said he had that criminal record?
MR. ROZEAR: I -- I -- I don’t know. I have no --
THE COURT: The Court’s accepting that as the gospel. I
don’t think he would have said that if that wasn’t the case.
I can’t imagine -- now if it isn’t the case, obviously, we’ve
got a problem.
MR. ROZEAR: Right.
THE COURT: But I don’t think I would make that
accusation unless you’ve got some basis for it.
MR. ROZEAR: Fair enough, Your Honor.

This exchange came after the trial court offered Defendant’s counsel time for a recess

to do their own research into the information on criminal history, but Defendant’s

counsel declined after conferring briefly. Defendant’s counsel had the same access to

criminal records of the jurors as the State, and if Defendant’s counsel believed the

State misrepresented this information, he was free to check to confirm it. Thus, the

trial court was open to evidence the prosecutor was wrong about R.S.’s criminal

history, but Defendant simply did not present any evidence after having declined the

trial court’s offer to give him time to independently research criminal histories of

prospective jurors. The trial court was not required to do any more. See State v.

Smith, 352 N.C. 531, 540–41, 532 S.E.2d 773, 780–81 (2000) (rejecting defendant’s

appeal on Batson issue when the prosecutor’s reasoning was based on a potential

juror’s unrevealed criminal record and defendant, when given the chance, had not
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sought criminal record information to support its argument that reasoning was

pretextual). Defendant has not carried the burden to show purposeful discrimination

at this step. Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at 231.

¶ 52 Defendant makes a similar argument about the lack of ability to compare

between jurors with respect to the prosecutor’s reason for striking V.B., specifically

the alleged connection between V.B.’s business and a drug investigation. We reject

that argument again because all the reasons we laid out above apply equally here.

First, the trial court accepted the prosecutor’s statement as credible. Second,

Defendant failed to present any evidence to the contrary. While we acknowledge

Defendant could not undertake the same investigation as the prosecution in regard

to a criminal investigation that did not even result in charges against V.B., this Court

has accepted a similar explanation in the past. See King, 353 N.C. at 470–72, 546

S.E.2d at 587–88 (finding no Batson violation when the prosecutor said he struck a

Black juror because he had information of an investigation into the juror’s father that

forced the father to resign from the police department). Even without that precedent,

the connection to the drug investigation is but one reason the prosecutor gave for

striking V.B., and the comparative juror analysis is but one factor given “[t]he trial

court must consider the prosecutor’s race-neutral explanations in light of all of the

relevant facts and circumstances.” Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 353, 841 S.E.2d at 499 (quoting

Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2243) (emphasis added). And as a practical matter, a
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requirement that the prosecutor present evidence regarding a drug investigation as

part of the Batson hearing—even where the Defendant has not argued any reason to

disbelieve the prosecution’s representations about the investigation – could lead to a

series of mini-trials regarding each challenged juror and risk identifying confidential

informants. See State v. Jackson, 322 N.C. 251, 258, 368 S.E.2d 838, 842 (warning

against creating a “trial within a trial” when conducting the Batson examination).

¶ 53 In his third argument, Defendant contends the trial court lacked information

about what the prosecutor knew about other jurors’ criminal records and potential

connections to police investigations. As to the criminal records of other jurors,

Defendant’s argument does not comport with the record. The prosecutor told the trial

court he had an assistant run the criminal records of everyone on the jury list for him.

And as a practical matter, the prosecutor would need to know about the past criminal

records of all potential jurors, as a white juror who failed to answer this question

truthfully would be of the same concern to the prosecution as a Black juror.

¶ 54 As to the investigation, the prosecutor received that information from the

deputy sitting with him at counsel’s table. The State argues the prosecutor could not

“query” the deputy for “a comprehensive check on all the prospective jurors,” so any

lack of information as to other jurors’ connections to investigations “would not reflect

a choice to ignore that characteristic.” Given the comparative juror analysis is but

one factor and the prosecutor offered a separate explanation for striking V.B. before
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bringing up the investigation, we cannot say the trial court clearly erred based on

this alone.

¶ 55 In his final argument under the heading about the trial court’s inability to

conduct a comparative juror analysis, Defendant argues “the prosecutor’s failure to

conduct any investigation into those matters on the record either during voir dire or

at the hearing is itself evidence of pretext.” Defendant later expands on this

argument by highlighting Flowers found “the failure to inquire is itself evidence of

pretext.” (Citing Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2249.) Defendant then argues his counsel

presented the prosecutor an opportunity during voir dire to clarify his reasoning but

the prosecutor only argued Defendant’s showing was insufficient to make a prima

facie case.

¶ 56 Defendant correctly states the law. Disparate investigation and a failure to

meaningfully voir dire a potential juror on a subject used later to justify a strike could

be evidence an explanation is pretextual. Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2248–49. Still,

“disparate questioning or investigation alone does not constitute a Batson violation.”

Id. at 2248; see also Clegg, ¶ 94 (relying on Flowers to explain disparate questioning

and investigation can inform the trial court’s Batson evaluation but does not alone

constitute a Batson violation). We have already addressed the allegations of

disparate investigation above when we discussed what evidence the prosecutor had

about other jurors’ criminal records and connections to criminal investigations.
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¶ 57 As to the failure to ask the jurors about the topics during voir dire, the

prosecutor offered explanations at the remand hearing. That differentiates this case

from Clegg where our Supreme Court recently relied on disparate questioning to find

a Batson violation by in part noting the prosecutor asked additional questions of a

Black juror “without explanation.” Id., ¶¶ 93–95. Here, the prosecutor explained he

did not want to embarrass V.B. or reveal the methods of an undercover investigation.

As to R.S.’s criminal record, the prosecutor explained he did not want to embarrass

R.S. and had seen other prosecutors striking jurors for undisclosed criminal records

without questioning them. Among those explanations, the desire to avoid revealing

police undercover investigations appears reasonable. The other explanations are

race-neutral. We agree with Defendant, however, much of the embarrassment of the

venire members could have been mitigated by conducting voir dire on the subjects

outside of the presence of the other potential jurors. But again, conducting separate

voir dire of potential jurors is a time-consuming process. If the prosecutor had

decided to challenge for cause instead of using a preemptory challenge, perhaps he

would have requested a separate voir dire to inquire into the undisclosed criminal

record. Instead, he chose to use a preemptory challenge, avoiding the need for more

time-consuming and potentially embarrassing questioning of the juror. A factfinder’s

choice between “two permissible views of the evidence . . . cannot be clearly

erroneous.” King, 353 N.C. at 470, 546 S.E.2d at 587. As a result, we cannot find
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clear error here where the trial court accepted plausibly race-neutral explanations

for Defendant’s failure to question R.S. and V.B. about the subjects the prosecutor

later used to justify the strikes.

¶ 58 We also reject Defendant’s argument the prosecutor had to create a record

justifying his strikes at the initial Batson hearing. Defendant points us to a part of

the initial trial transcript where his attorney indicated there was nothing in the

State’s voir dire about prior criminal convictions or other bases for the two jurors

being excused. Notably, this line was the first sentence after Defendant’s attorney

made a Batson motion. As such, it was appropriate for the prosecutor to respond by

arguing Defendant had not made out a prima facie case. The inquiry was still at step

one where Defendant had the burden to make out a prima facie case, which comes

before the prosecutor would have a burden to offer any explanation let alone defend

it against charges of pretext. See Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at 231

(laying out the three Batson steps). Thus, this was not the appropriate stage for the

prosecutor to present an explanation or evidence regarding reasons for striking the

jurors. If we were to accept Defendant’s argument, as a practical matter, the State

would have to demonstrate cause for every strike of a Black juror instead of using

peremptory strikes, but that is not the law.

¶ 59 Reviewing all of Defendant’s arguments on the trial court’s ability to conduct

a proper comparative juror analysis, we cannot conclude the trial court clearly erred.
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2. Comparative Juror Analysis

¶ 60 After arguing the trial court could not have conducted a proper comparative

juror analysis, Defendant includes his own comparative juror analyses for the

challenges based on both R.S.’s criminal record and V.B.’s confusion when answering

a question. Defendant argues the analysis of other jurors’ criminal records reveals

“there is reason to be skeptical of the trial court’s findings.” Similarly, Defendant

contends the prosecutor’s confusion reasoning for V.B. “does not withstand scrutiny.”

We address each argument in turn.

¶ 61 First, Defendant asks us to take judicial notice of numerous traffic violations

of venire members to support his argument the trial court was wrong to find R.S. was

the only potential juror who had personal interaction with the criminal justice

system, even traffic violations. Assuming arguendo the jurors’ traffic violations as

compiled by Defendant are accurate, we are not persuaded they demonstrate the trial

court clearly erred in finding the State’s strikes were not substantially motivated by

race. The trial court’s findings on jurors’ personal interaction with the criminal

justice system mention interactions “even related to traffic violations”:

Prospective Juror [R.S.] was the only juror that ADA
Thigpen noted who had a felony or misdemeanor
conviction, and indeed was the only prospective juror ADA
Thigpen noted as having any personal interaction with the
criminal justice system, even related to traffic violations.

But, the prosecutor’s initial explanation focused on felony convictions:
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So as it relates to, first, Perspective Juror Number 10,
[R.S.], Judge, based upon the information that I had, [R.S.]
had an undisclosed criminal record that included a
conviction for common law robbery and possession with
intent to sell an unauthorized recording device . . . and a
probation violation. I made a note of his record. When he
was called into the box, and if it -- and it was important to
me because of the prior felony conviction. He’s the only juror
of which I made that note and he’s the only juror that I
noted had a prior felony conviction.

(Emphasis added.) Thus, the trial court’s Finding of Fact overstated what the

prosecutor had said at the hearing. Given that Batson’s second step, which sets up

the third step here, focuses on the prosecutor’s explanation, Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 352–

53, 841 S.E.2d at 499, we will take his actual explanation as controlling rather than

the court’s overstated summary.9

9 Defendant argues the prosecutor drafted the order signed by the trial court and thus we
should attribute that overstatement of the prosecutor’s reasons to him and find it “reeks of
afterthought.” (Citing Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 246, 125 S. Ct. at 2328.) While both parties
were to present proposed orders to the trial court, we do not have before us the proposed
orders for comparison to the final order. As such, we are not willing to assign responsibility
for this overstatement to the prosecutor specifically or the State more generally. And
regardless of which draft the trial court used—if either—the trial judge is ultimately
responsible for the order. See In re A.B., 239 N.C. App. 157, 167, 768 S.E.2d 573, 579 (2015)
(“[T]he order is the responsibility of the trial court, no matter who physically prepares the
draft of the order.”).

We also note this explanation does not reek of afterthought because the prosecutor made
clear he was not concerned about traffic violations during the original jury selection process.
The prosecutor specifically excluded speeding tickets from his questions about jurors’ past
convictions. The trial court also noted in its Findings of Fact the prosecutor excluded traffic
tickets when asking jurors about their past interactions with the criminal justice system:
“Prospective Juror [R.S.] was the only juror who did not answer the questions truthfully
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¶ 62 Taking the explanation given by the prosecutor at the remand hearing’s step

two portion, the comparative juror analysis compiled by Defendant does not persuade

us. With the exception of a driving while impaired charge, all of the interactions

listed by Defendant are minor traffic infractions of speeding, registration issues, and

a seatbelt violation. As for the DWI, the State presents evidence that the prospective

juror was acquitted on the charge, and we accept that evidence and argument

arguendo as well since we did the same with Defendant’s evidence. Thus, as the

prosecutor represented, R.S. was the only juror with a prior felony conviction, so there

are no substantially similar non-Black jurors with whom to conduct a comparison.

See Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 247, 125 S. Ct. at 2329 (setting out the substantially

similar standard for conducting a comparative juror analysis). The trial court did not

clearly err by finding there were no substantially similar non-Black jurors based upon

the prior felony conviction.

¶ 63 Turning to the comparative juror analysis of V.B.’s answers to voir dire

questions, Defendant begins by arguing our Supreme Court already conducted a

comparative juror analysis and “held there was an ‘absence of any significant

because he did not disclose his prior criminal record, despite being part of the full jury panel
that was asked if any member had been a defendant in a case before (T. p. 34) and asked if
any juror themselves, a member of their family, or a close friend had ever been charged or
convicted of anything other than a speeding ticket (T. p. 45).” Therefore, rather than reeking
of afterthought, the inclusion of traffic violations appears to be a misstatement by the trial
court; the prosecutor from the beginning did not care about them.
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dissimilarity between the answers given’” by another juror and V.B. (Citing Bennett

II, 374 N.C. at 599, 843 S.E.2d at 235–36.) While the Supreme Court found an

“absence of any significant dissimilarity between the answers given” by R.S., V.B.,

and the third juror, it only used that to conclude Defendant had made out a “prima

facie case of purposeful discrimination.” Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 599, 843 S.E.2d at

235–36. The prima facie first step of a Batson analysis, however, is fundamentally

different from the third step the trial court had to address and we now confront. As

our Supreme Court explained in a case that came out a month before Bennett II, the

burden on the defendant at step one “is one of production, not of persuasion. That is,

a defendant need only provide evidence supporting an inference discrimination has

occurred.” Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 351, 841 S.E.2d at 498. In Bennett II, the Supreme

Court further explained “the existence of such a permissible inference” is not “the

same thing as an ultimate conclusion that impermissible discrimination has, in fact,

taken place.” 374 N.C. at 598, 843 S.E.2d at 235 (citing Johnson, 545 U.S. at 171,

125 S. Ct. at 2417–18). “As a result, a court should not attempt to determine whether

a prosecutor has actually engaged in impermissible purposeful discrimination at the

first step of the Batson inquiry.” Id., 374 N.C. at 599, 843 S.E.2d at 235. Given these

admonitions, we reject Defendant’s argument that the Supreme Court’s analysis of

the similarity between V.B. and other jurors at step one should control our analysis

here at step three.
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¶ 64 Conducting our own comparative juror analysis, the prosecutor explained he

struck V.B. because “she appeared to have some difficulty with what I call the ‘watch-

it-happen question,’” which is “a question about whether or not a juror could make a

decision based only upon hearing testimony.” The prosecutor explained he started

asking that question after hearing about an 11 to 1 hung jury in a colleague’s case in

another county because the holdout juror in that case “said he could not make a

decision unless he saw it happen.” The prosecutor went on to explain:

I noted that [V.B.] looked confused by the question.
She said she could base her decision on “kind of both” or
“kind of on both.” I tried to clarify that by asking her what
she meant and she replied, “Sometimes I guess it’s better
not to have hearsay.”
Well, Judge, that told me that she preferred maybe
video evidence or something other than just live testimony.
I knew that there would not be any video testimony.
Officers in this case don’t have or did not wear body
cameras and did not have in-car. I tried to clarify that
question again and her answer was, “Yeah.” I asked the
question again and her [sic] she responded, “Uh-huh.” So,
at that point, I’m beginning to get concerned that she’s
telling me what she thinks I want to hear, and I’m
questioning does she understand what I’m asking. She is
the only juror that gave those responses and had that
apparent difficulty with that question.”

The question before us is whether the prosecutor’s proffered reason above “applies

just as well to an otherwise-similar” non-Black juror. Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 241,

125 S. Ct. at 2325.

¶ 65 Defendant first argues we should not accept this explanation because it was
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based on demeanor and such explanations should be viewed with greater scrutiny.

Reading the whole explanation given by the prosecutor, we do not agree that his

reasoning for striking V.B. was based on demeanor. While the prosecutor noted V.B.

looked confused, he then spent two paragraphs discussing how her answers exhibited

what he believed was confusion and otherwise concerned him. While the case

Defendant cites does not provide any explanation of what it means by demeanor-

based strikes because its analysis does not turn on jurors struck for those reasons,

see Harris v. Hardy, 680 F.3d 942, 965 (7th Cir. 2012) (explaining those strikes are

troubling but consideration of them was unnecessary because the defendant carried

his burden elsewhere), plain meaning alone demonstrates the prosecutor’s reasoning

was not demeanor-based. Further, in Clegg, our Supreme Court recently found a

Batson violation based in part on its rejection of the prosecutor’s demeanor-based

reasoning. Id., ¶¶ 77–78 (demeanor analysis), ¶ 100 (ultimately concluding there was

a Batson violation). There, the prosecutor’s reasoning was based on demeanor when

he mentioned the potential juror’s “body language and lack of eye contact.” Id., ¶ 77.

Here, the prosecutor did not primarily focus on V.B.’s demeanor. Rather, the

prosecutor’s explanation was based on V.B.’s answers in the record; he noted the

appearance of confusion only as an introduction to his reasoning, which was based

upon actual responses, not V.B.’s demeanor.

¶ 66 Turning to a comparison based on V.B.’s answers, Defendant argues V.B. was
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similar to a “non-Black” juror, R.C. Defendant argues R.C. exhibited similar

behavior, which the prosecutor characterized as confusion with V.B.’s answers, when

the prosecutor asked R.C. a question about whether she would not be able to consider

the testimony of a witness testifying pursuant to a plea agreement. Rather than

challenge Defendant’s representation of R.C.’s answers, the State responds the

difference in the questions to which each potential juror responded meant they were

not substantially similar and thus could not be compared.

¶ 67 As our Supreme Court noted in Bennett II, the relevant colloquy between V.B.

and the prosecutor, Mr. Thigpen, occurred as follows:

MR. THIGPEN: Do you think you could reach a verdict
based only on hearing the evidence from the witness stand,
or do you feel like in order to reach a verdict or to make a
decision you would have to actually watch the alleged event
happen?
[V.B.]: Yeah.
MR. THIGPEN: Okay. You looked confused. Some people—
I have had jurors before that have said, “I can’t make a
decision until I see it happen.”
[V.B.]: Uh-huh.
MR. THIGPEN: Okay. Do you feel like you could base your
decision on just what the witnesses say, or do you feel like
you have to watch it happen?
[V.B.]: Kind of on both.
MR. THIGPEN: What do you mean?
[V.B.]: Sometimes, I guess, it’s better to not have hearsay.
MR. THIGPEN: Well, if you watched it happen, you would
be a witness; right?
[V.B.]: Right.
MR. THIGPEN: And if you were a witness, you can’t be a
juror. Does that make sense?
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[V.B.]: Yes.
MR. THIGPEN: So the only thing we have is witness
testimony.
[V.B.]: Okay.
MR. THIGPEN: So do you feel like you could make a
decision based only on hearing the testimony of the
witnesses or before you could make that decision would you
actually want to watch it happen?
[V.B.]: Yeah.
MR. THIGPEN: Okay. What you said was, “Yeah.”
[V.B.]: Yeah, I could make that decision through—
MR. THIGPEN: Based on the testimony?
[V.B.]: Uh-huh.

374 N.C. at 583–84, 843 S.E.2d at 226.

¶ 68 The relevant exchange between the prosecutor and R.C. occurred as follows:

MR. THIGPEN: Okay. Now, [R.C.], a witness may testify
on behalf of the State as a result of a plea agreement with
the State in exchange for [a] sentence concession. Based on
that fact and that fact alone, would you not be able to
consider that person’s testimony along with all other
evidence that you would hear in the case?
[R.C.]: Yes, sir. No, sir.
MR. THIGPEN: Do you understand my question?
[R.C.]: Say it again.
MR. THIGPEN: A witness may testify under a plea
agreement in exchange for a sentence concession.
[R.C.]: Okay.
MR. THIGPEN: Now if that person were to testify, are you
just going to go, [t]his person’s made a deal; I don’t care
what they are going to say, or would you listen to it and
consider it just like anybody else?
[R.C.]: I would listen to their testimony and consider it.

Id., 374 N.C. at 585, 843 S.E.2d at 227 (all alterations other than removing juror

name in original). Arguably, R.C.’s answer of “Yes, sir. No, sir.” resembles V.B.’s
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answer of “Kind of on both” in that each one equivocates and requires further

explanation. But it is also true that the question to R.C. was confusing since it was

phrased in the negative: “would you not be able to consider . . . .” Id. Thus, to give

an affirmative answer would require a negative response, essentially, “No, sir, I

would not not be able to consider . . . .” After answering, “Yes, sir,” it appears R.C.

realized the question was phrased with a “not” so she changed the answer to “No, sir.”

¶ 69 Whether R.C’s answer demonstrated confusion based on a question phrased in

the negative or equivocation, we agree with the State the trial court did not clearly

err in finding the confusing answers were not substantially similar because of the

questions to which each responded. The prosecutor explained at the remand hearing

that R.C.’s answer was “not as big an issue” to him because he “expect[ed] people to

be skeptical of confidential informants, of cooperating codefendants” and was not

planning on calling the witness who would be testifying pursuant to the plea

agreement. By contrast, the prosecutor explained the question he asked to V.B. was

critical because he was concerned “she regarded testimony as hearsay” and his whole

case was “going to be witness testimony.” The prosecutor went on to explain he knew

about a prior case that had a jury hang 11 to 1 on not having video to watch it happen.

This rationale built on the prosecutor’s initial explanation that he struck V.B. because

she said she preferred video evidence but he knew “there would not be any video

testimony.” As a result, the question on which V.B. gave confusing answers was far
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more material to the prosecution’s case than the question to which R.C. gave

confusing answers.

¶ 70 The trial court gave a similar explanation for why it did not credit the

comparison between R.C. and V.B.:

Any similarity between prospective Jurors [V.B.] and
[R.C.] on the basis of momentary confusion does not
support an inference of discriminatory intent. Prospective
Juror [V.B.] was confused on an issue that touched almost
every piece of evidence in the State’s case but Juror [R.C.]’s
confusion was on an issue not even at play in the State’s
case.

Based on our review of the confusing answers of V.B. and R.C., we conclude the trial

court did not clearly err in determining they were not substantially similar, as would

be required to support a Batson violation.

3. Susceptibility of Case to Racial Discrimination

¶ 71 After finishing with his two arguments related to the comparative juror

analysis factor, Defendant contends the trial court clearly erred in determining “this

case was not susceptible to racial discrimination . . . .” To support that argument,

Defendant provides law review articles and reports from nonprofit organizations,

which according to Defendant show “[c]riminal cases are susceptible to racial bias at

all stages” and that drug cases are particularly susceptible “given pervasive cultural

stereotypes and disparities in law enforcement related to drugs.” Defendant then

argues the trial court erred because it focused on the race of witnesses, the
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anticipated evidence, and the lack of victims rather than “the effect of bias and racial

stereotypes on jurors.” (Emphasis in original.) Defendant further faults the trial

court for saying evidence of disparate arrest and imprisonment rates for drug crimes

would be applicable to every case with an African-American defendant.

¶ 72 At Batson’s third step, “the judge should consider the susceptibility of the

particular case to racial discrimination.” Porter, 326 N.C. at 498, 391 S.E.2d at 150.

“The race of the defendant, the victims, and the key witnesses bears upon this

determination.” Id., 326 N.C. at 498, 391 S.E.2d at 150–51. Specifically, our courts

have focused on whether the case crosses racial lines among those key figures.

Contrast id., 326 N.C. at 500, 391 S.E.2d at 152 (finding no error in trial court’s third

step analysis based in part on the fact that the victim, both of the defendant’s counsel,

and the defendant were all Native American) and State v. Fair, 354 N.C. 131, 142,

557 S.E.2d 500, 511 (2001) (finding the jury selection process was “less likely to be

susceptible to racial discrimination” when the defendant, victim, and half of the

State’s witnesses were African-American) with Golphin, 352 N.C. at 432, 533 S.E.2d

at 214 (explaining “this case may be one susceptible to racial discrimination because

defendants are African-Americans and the victims were Caucasian”).

¶ 73 Defendant contends he presented significant evidence about “pervasive

cultural stereotypes and disparities in law enforcement related to drugs” as part of

his argument that this case was susceptible to racial discrimination because
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Defendant is Black and faced prosecution for a drug offense. In particular, Defendant

presented law review articles, academic journal articles, and a study by the ACLU

regarding disparate arrest and sentencing rates for Black people for drug crimes.

Even if we assume the conclusions of the authors of these articles and the study are

correct, that type of evidence is not what our Supreme Court meant in Porter when it

listed “the susceptibility of the particular case to racial discrimination” as a relevant

third step factor. Porter, 326 N.C. at 498, 391 S.E.2d at 150. Rather, as seen in Porter

and subsequent cases expanding on the factor, a case is particularly susceptible to

racial discrimination if the identities of the defendant, victims, and witnesses cross

racial lines. See id., 326 N.C. at 500, 391 S.E.2d at 152; Fair, 354 N.C. at 142, 557

S.E.2d at 511; Golphin, 352 N.C. at 432, 533 S.E.2d at 214 (all focusing on racial

identity of those key players and whether it is the same or different across those

groups).

¶ 74 Here, the trial court found Defendant is African-American, there were no

victims, and “[t]here is no record of the race of key witnesses.” The trial court also

found there was no evidence of “any potential racial motivations on the part of any

witness.” Based upon these Findings, the trial court determined the case was not

susceptible to racial discrimination and emphasized that there were no cross racial

issues. The trial court did not err in that analysis; it did exactly what our caselaw

required it to do. Where there is no evidence of any racial motivations or
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discrimination in the particular case under review, our precedent does not allow us

to account in some sort of general philosophical way for “the effect of bias and racial

stereotypes on jurors” as Defendant wants us to consider. If Defendant wants to

argue the precedent should change or be expanded upon, that argument is more

properly directed at our Supreme Court. E.g., Jones, 253 N.C. App. at 796, 802 S.E.2d

at 523 (“[T]his Court has no authority to reverse existing Supreme Court precedent.”

(quotations and citation omitted)).

¶ 75 The trial court also found:

the defendant argued that the case was susceptible to
racial discrimination because of (1) disparate arrest rates
for marijuana possession and ‘in general’ and (2) disparate
rates of imprisonment after conviction. These facts, if true,
would not give a prosecutor motivation to keep members of
a particular race off the jury. The facts the defendant cited,
if true, are applicable to every case with an African-
American defendant, thus making this case not
‘particularly susceptible’ to racial discrimination.

(Citations omitted.) Defendant argues that the trial court appeared to hold “that,

because all Black people may face racial discrimination within the criminal justice

system, no individual Black person can argue that such discrimination could affect

their specific case.” We do not read the trial court’s finding so broadly. The trial court

was correct that Defendant’s argument, as stated, would in fact mean that every case

with a Black defendant would be considered as “particularly susceptible” to racial

discrimination for purposes of a Batson analysis, but that is not the law. Even if we
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accept as true Defendant’s evidence which indicates Black people have a disparate

arrest rate and rate of imprisonment after conviction for marijuana possession and

“in general,” this does not mean that a particular case is “susceptible to racial

discrimination” for purposes of the Batson analysis.10 While our precedent does not

allow us to consider such disparate impact evidence for the susceptibility analysis,

this type of evidence could be relevant to a trial court’s consideration of a defendant’s

Batson argument, depending upon the particular features of the case under

consideration, including the crime charged, the races of the defendant, victims, and

witnesses, and other unique facts of a particular case. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 97–

98, 106 S. Ct. at 1723 (“The core guarantee of equal protection, ensuring citizens that

their State will not discriminate on account of race, would be meaningless were we to

approve the exclusion of jurors on the basis of such assumptions, which arise solely

from the jurors’ race.”).11 The trial court properly conducted the analysis required by

our precedent and did not clearly err in finding this case was not susceptible to racial

discrimination.

4. History of Racial Discrimination in Jury Selection in Sampson
County

10 Defendant’s charges were related to methamphetamine, not marijuana. See Bennett II,
374 N.C. at 581, 843 S.E.2d at 224–25 (summarizing charges); id., 374 N.C. at 587–88, 843
S.E.2d at 228–29 (noting convictions on methamphetamine charges).
11 Just before that quote, Batson also explains the Equal Protection Clause “forbids the States

to strike [B]lack veniremen on the assumption that they will be biased in a particular case
simply because the defendant is [B]lack.” 476 U.S. at 97, 106 S. Ct. at 1723.
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¶ 76 Defendant’s fourth argument asserts the trial court clearly erred in

disregarding “the history of discriminatory strikes by the State . . . .” Defendant first

recounts how he presented a Michigan State University (“MSU”) study to the trial

court that found, across three capital cases between 1990 and 2010, prosecutors in

Sampson County struck 73.9% of qualified Black venire members but struck only

19.4% of qualified non-Black venire members.12 Defendant later notes he told the

trial court the results of the MSU study have been replicated by a Wake Forest

University study. Defendant then takes issue with each of the four reasons the trial

court gave for discounting the study. According to Defendant, the trial court was

wrong to discount the MSU study: (1) on the basis that recent law school graduates

collected the data because the United States Supreme Court has cited data with that

collection method; (2) on the basis prosecutors “were not consulted in conjunction with

the study” because our Supreme Court has “repeatedly cited, discussed, and relied

12 The authors of the MSU study are two associate professors at the Michigan State
University College of Law. Catherine M. Grosso & Barbara O’Brien, A Stubborn Legacy: The
Overwhelming Importance of Race in Jury Selection in 173 Post-Batson North Carolina
Capital Trials, 97 Iowa L. Rev. 1531, 1531 n.aa1 (2012). They “examined jury selection in at
least one proceeding for each inmate who resided on North Carolina’s death row as of July 1,
2010, for a total of 173 proceedings.” Id. at 1542–43. According to Defendant, three of these
capital cases were from Sampson County, but the article cited does not identify the counties
where the proceedings occurred. The article does include a footnote regarding a “list of
current death row inmates” available at the website of the North Carolina Department of
Public Safety and that list identifies the county where each was convicted. Id. at 1533 n.6.
Obviously the inmates listed on the website have changed since publication of the article in
2012, but we will assume for purposes of this opinion that Defendant’s representation of three
cases as of July 2010 from Sampson County is correct.
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upon” the MSU study “when describing the history of discrimination in jury selection

in various counties in our State”; (3) on the basis the MSU study was conducted on

cold trial transcripts because “[e]very single Batson decision from the Supreme Court

has been decided on a cold record”; and (4) on the basis the prosecutor in this case

was not involved in the MSU study cases because Batson-line precedents do not

require historical evidence to directly show the specific prosecutor has a history of

discrimination.

¶ 77 As a preliminary matter, we agree with Defendant’s summary of the trial

court’s reasoning for determining “the MSU study’s conclusions are of limited, if

any[,] usefulness . . . .” We also agree the trial court’s first three reasons, as listed in

the numbering above, do not support discounting the MSU study. For any study, the

trial court should evaluate the purpose of the study and its methodology and

reliability, but just the fact that law students provided assistance does not make it

reliable or unreliable, without more information. Defendant notes that Justice

Breyer’s concurrence in Miller-El II cites at least one study where law students

provided research assistance. See Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 268, 125 S. Ct. at 2341

(Breyer, J. Concurring) (citing Baldus, Woodworth, Zuckerman, Weiner, & Broffitt,

The Use of Peremptory Challenges in Capital Murder Trials: A Legal and Empirical

Analysis, 3 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 3, 52–53, 73, n.197 (2001)); Baldus et al., The Use of

Peremptory Challenges, supra, at 3 n.a1 (listing law students who provided research
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assistance). While Justice Breyer used the evidence to show discriminatory use of

peremptory challenges remains a problem in general rather than in a specific case as

Defendant argues for here, Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 268, 125 S. Ct. at 2341, his

citation at least indicates support for analysis based on law student data collection.

Also, in general law students appear capable of collecting data under the supervision

of researchers.

¶ 78 Turning to the trial court’s second criticism of the lack of prosecutorial opinions

in the study, we again agree with Defendant that reason does not necessarily

undermine the study. Again, the trial court must consider the methodology of each

study and the purpose for which the information is presented. The results of a study

may be more trustworthy if the methodology is sound and it draws information from

more sources, but it is not necessarily of no value based on the lack of prosecutorial

opinions. In addition, as Defendant notes, our Supreme Court has favorably cited the

MSU study multiple times, albeit all in the context of Racial Justice Act claims rather

than Batson. Robinson III, 375 N.C. at 179–80, 846 S.E.2d at 717; State v. Augustine,

375 N.C. 376, 378, 847 S.E.2d 729, 730 (2020); State v. Burke, 374 N.C. 617, 619, 843

S.E.2d 246, 248 (2020). At the very least, those cites suggest the study’s methodology

for collecting disparate jury strike percentages was acceptable. See Robinson III, 375

N.C. at 179–80, 846 S.E.2d at 717 (recounting disparate jury strike evidence). To the

extent the trial judge’s issue with the MSU study was based on his concerns that it
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read racial animus from racial disparities without consulting prosecutors who could

have countered such analytical paths, we address that below with our discussion of

the trial court’s final criticism.

¶ 79 We also agree with Defendant’s argument that the trial court’s third reason,

the conducting of the study on a cold record, does not justify discounting it. As

Defendant points out, all Batson precedents—and indeed our entire appellate court

system in this state and in this country—rely on reviewing the cold record. While a

review of the cold record may not be the same as a trial court’s perspective, the

standard of review takes this factor into account. For example, here, the clear error

standard of review recognizes the trial court’s superior ability to evaluate credibility

in comparison to a cold record alone. See King, 353 N.C. at 469–70, 546 S.E.2d at

586–87 (explaining the clear error standard of review reflects that rulings on race

neutrality turn on evaluations of credibility); Cummings, 346 N.C. at 309, 488 S.E.2d

at 561 (explaining trial courts are in the best position to make those credibility

evaluations). In addition, a court can consider the reliability and completeness of the

information provided from the cold record in each study. For example, the MSU study

notes the data sources and methods of collection of information regarding the jurors

and voir dire for the cases included in the study. Grosso & O’Brien, A Stubborn

Legacy, supra, at 1542–48. Since the MSU study included only capital murder trials,

id. at 1533, the records may have been more complete and detailed than would be
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expected for non-capital and lower-level felony trials.13 Thus, the fact that a study

is based upon review of the “cold record” of the cases does not necessarily undermine

its value.

¶ 80 Finally, the trial court discounted the MSU study because it did not show racial

disparity in juror strikes in past cases involving the prosecutor in this case.

Defendant contends the trial court was wrong to discount the MSU study on this basis

because historical evidence does not require “direct evidence that a particular

prosecutor was involved in past discrimination.” To support this position, Defendant

relies on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Miller-El v. Cockrell (Miller-

El I), 537 U.S. 322, 123 S. Ct. 1029 (2003), and our Supreme Court’s decision in Hobbs.

¶ 81 Defendant’s reliance on Miller-El I and on Hobbs is misplaced because the

portions he cites come from the cases’ evaluation of Batson’s first step. See Miller-El

I, 537 U.S. at 346–47, 123 S. Ct. at 1044–45 (stating, “Finally, in our threshold

examination, we accord some weight to petitioner’s historical evidence of racial

discrimination by the District Attorney’s Office” before discussing the evidence to

which Defendant points (emphasis added)); Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 350–51, 841 S.E.2d at

497–98 (describing how the prima facie step works before then indicating “a court

13Even if jury selection information may be more complete for capital murder trials, the study
does not address whether jury selection statistics from capital murder trials are necessarily
comparable to lower level felony trials such as Defendant’s trial on charges of possession and
distribution of methamphetamine precursors and trafficking in methamphetamine.
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must consider historical evidence of discrimination”). As we have explained more

fully above, a defendant’s burden at Batson’s first step is fundamentally different

from his burden at Batson’s third step. “At the stage of presenting a prima facie case,

the defendant is not required to persuade the court conclusively that discrimination

has occurred.” Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 351, 841 S.E.2d at 498. At the third step,

defendants are required to persuade the court conclusively that discrimination has

occurred. See Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 592, 843 S.E.2d at 231 (summarizing Batson’s

third step as “the trial court must then determine whether the defendant has met the

burden of proving purposeful discrimination” (emphasis added)). Given this

difference between the first and third steps in the Batson analysis, we cannot find

that Miller-El I and Hobbs support Defendant’s argument about the relevance of data

that Sampson County prosecutors other than the one here struck Black venire

members at a disproportionate rate.

¶ 82 However, in the time since the trial court made its ruling and the parties

finished their supplemental briefing, our Supreme Court has clarified statistical

evidence “regarding the disproportionate use of peremptory strikes against Black

potential jurors” should be considered.14 Clegg, ¶ 81. Clegg endorsed statistics of

14The trial court’s error here is particularly understandable given Defendant did not identify
a case where evidence of racial disparity alone supported a finding of purposeful
discrimination at Batson’s third step. Further, the history of Batson, as a Fourteenth
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disparate strike rates in noncapital cases. See Clegg, ¶ 69 (describing the data), ¶ 81

(accepting the data.) Notably, our Supreme Court in Clegg relied on preliminary

results from the same Wake Forest study Defendant cites. See id., ¶ 68 (explaining

the trial court noted evidence about non-capital cases from Pollitt & Warren, 94 N.C.

L. Rev. at 1964); Daniel R. Pollitt & Brittany P. Warren, Thirty Years of

Disappointment: North Carolina’s Remarkable Appellate Batson Record, 94 N.C. L.

Rev. 1957, 1964 n.44 (2016) (citing “preliminary findings from a study of jury

selection in all non-capital North Carolina felony trials from 2011-2012” conducted

by Wake Forest University School of Law professors showing a 16% strike rate of non-

white potential jurors and an 8% strike rate of white potential jurors); Ronald F.

Wright, Kami Chavis, & Gregory S. Parks, The Jury Sunshine Project: Jury Selection

Data as a Political Issue, 2018 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1407, 1419–20 (Wake Forest professors’

final study cited by Defendant including study of juror strikes in all North Carolina

Amendment Equal Protection Clause case line, Batson, 476 U.S. at 89, 106 S. Ct. at 1719
(“[T]he State’s privilege to strike individual jurors through peremptory challenges[] is subject
to the commands of the Equal Protection Clause.”), has focused on racially discriminatory
purpose rather than racially disproportionate impact alone. See Washington v. Davis, 426
U.S. 229, 239–40, 96 S. Ct. 2040, 2047–48 (1976) (explaining in the equal protection context
in general, “the invidious quality of a law claimed to be racially discriminatory must
ultimately be traced to a racially discriminatory purpose,” such that a violation does not arise
from a state action “solely because it has a racially disproportionate impact” (emphasis
added)). Batson itself explained while evidence of racial disparity may provide
“[c]ircumstantial evidence of invidious intent,” such disparity is not alone enough absent
(near) total exclusive of African Americans from jury venires. 476 U.S. at 93, 106 S. Ct. at
1721. Against this pre-Clegg backdrop, the trial court could understandably have discounted
the racial disparity evidence in the MSU study.
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felony trials in 2011).

¶ 83 Based on Clegg—which was decided after the trial court’s consideration of this

case—the trial court did not identify a proper basis for failing to take into account

Defendant’s data showing racially disparate strike rates in Sampson County,

regardless of whether the same prosecutor in this case was involved in the studied

cases. Yet we note that a trial court could weigh the usefulness of statistical

information based upon the timing of the study and any relevant changes in the

policies or procedures of the prosecutor’s office in a particular county, even if the data

does not identify the particular prosecutor involved in a case. For example, the MSU

study began about 25 years and concluded about 5 years before the jury selection in

this case. See Grosso & O’Brien, A Stubborn Legacy, supra, at 1557 n.101 (noting

first trial court to review the study summarized it as looking at jury selection

practices in capital cases in this state between 1990 and 2010). The record does not

indicate if the practices or policies of the District Attorney’s office in Sampson County

were the same during the years covered by the study and 2017, when Defendant was

tried. Our Supreme Court has noted these policies could be quite important. In Clegg

the Supreme Court noted that in Miller-El II, there was evidence of “‘a specific policy

[in the prosecutor’s office] of systematically excluding [B]lack[] [people] from juries’

evidenced by a training manual that ‘outlined the reasoning for excluding minorities

from jury service.’” Clegg, ¶ 31 (quoting Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 263–64, 125 S. Ct.
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at 2338–39) (alterations in original). The Wake Forest study was more recent than

the MSU study but was still based upon information collected at least six years before

Defendant’s trial. See Wright, Chavis, & Parks, The Jury Sunshine Project, supra, at

1419 (explaining the project examined all felony trials for which the authors could

find adequate information in the state in 2011). But even weighing the data in

Defendant’s favor, we cannot find the trial court clearly erred, as we would be

required to find to reverse the trial court. See Chapman, 359 N.C. at 339, 611 S.E.2d

at 806 (explaining standard of review in Batson cases is clear error). Side-by-side

comparisons of the potential jurors are more powerful than “bare statistics,” Miller-

El II, 545 U.S. at 241, 125 S. Ct. at 2325, and those comparisons here support the

prosecutor. Further, we have already concluded the lack of susceptibility of this case

to racial discrimination favors the prosecutor’s reasoning as well. Given those two

factors, as well as the final factor we discuss below, the trial court did not clearly err

in its ultimate determination that Defendant has failed to show purposeful

discrimination as required at Batson’s third step.

5. Weight Given to Black Jurors Accepted by the State

¶ 84 Defendant finally argues the trial court “gave improper weight to the Black

jurors accepted by the State.” Specifically, Defendant alleges the trial court erred in

finding the prosecutor’s acceptance of three African-American jurors before the initial

Batson hearing and two after the hearing tended to negate an inference of racial
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discrimination. Defendant also noted Bennett II rejected the evidence of the

prosecutor’s acceptance of other Black jurors “when all of the peremptory strikes he

did use were against Black jurors.” (Emphasis in original; citing Bennett II, 374 N.C.

at 600–01, 843 S.E.2d at 237.) Lastly, Defendant highlights the “racially-motivated

strike of even a single juror is a Batson violation, regardless of how many jurors of

the same race the prosecutor accepted.”

¶ 85 First, as with Defendant’s other arguments based on Bennett II, we note our

Supreme Court was focused on the first step of the Batson inquiry, whether

Defendant showed a prima facie case: “[W]e do not find the State’s argument that

defendant failed to show the existence of the required prima facie case of

discrimination based upon the fact that the prosecutor accepted three of the five

African American prospective jurors that were tendered to him for questioning to be

persuasive.” Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 600–01, 843 S.E.2d at 237 (emphasis added). As

we have repeatedly explained above, the first step differs significantly from the third

step. See Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 351, 841 S.E.2d at 498 (explaining the prima facie case

does not require showing purposeful discrimination).

¶ 86 That being said, the reasoning of our Supreme Court in Bennett II relied on

Flowers and Miller-El II, both of which are Batson step three cases. See Bennett II,

374 N.C. at 600–01, 843 S.E.2d at 236–37 (citing Flowers, which in turn cited Miller-

El II for the idea that the United States Supreme Court was skeptical of the
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prosecution’s decision to accept one Black juror because it could be done to obscure

an otherwise consistent pattern of opposition to seating Black jurors); Flowers, 139

S. Ct. at 2244 (“The question for this Court is whether the Mississippi trial court

clearly erred in concluding that the State was not motivated in substantial part by

discriminatory intent when exercising peremptory strikes at Flowers’ sixth trial.”

(citation and quotations omitted)); Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 241, 125 S. Ct. at 2325

(explaining at the start of its analysis that it was looking at “evidence tending to prove

purposeful discrimination to be considered at Batson’s third step”). And we also

acknowledge Batson’s central premise that “[i]n the eyes of the Constitution, one

racially discriminatory peremptory strike is one too many.” See Flowers, 139 S. Ct.

at 2241 (summarizing Batson as stressing that point).

¶ 87 Still, the trial court did not clearly err by giving weight to the Black jurors

accepted by the prosecution because the situation here is different from the situations

warned of in Miller-El II and Flowers. In Miller-El II, the Supreme Court emphasized

the “late-stage” nature of the decision in contrast to behavior earlier in the jury

empanelment process. 545 U.S. at 250, 125 S. Ct. at 2330. Here, by contrast, the

prosecution accepted three Black jurors before striking R.S. and V.B. and accepted

two more after.

¶ 88 Turning to Flowers, the Supreme Court there emphasized the prosecution

could not hide behind the fact that it accepted one Black juror at Flowers’s sixth trial
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given “[t]he overall record of this case,” especially the prosecution having struck all

Black jurors at four previous trials of Flowers. 139 S. Ct. at 2246. Here, as we have

explained throughout the rest of this opinion, the overall record does not present a

clear picture of intentional discrimination as in Flowers. We further note that while

only one Black juror was accepted in Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2246, the prosecution here

accepted five. Ultimately, the jury included 5 Black and 7 white jurors. Notably, this

final breakdown includes a higher percentage of Black jurors than the relative

population of Black people within Sampson County at the time15, which reinforces

15The final jury was 41.67% Black. According to United States Census Bureau County
Population Demographics Data from 1 July 2016—the closest available data before
Defendant’s March 2017 trial, Bennett II, 374 N.C. at 581, 843 S.E.2d at 225—non-Hispanic
Black and multiracial people represented 27.15% of Sampson County’s population. See
County Population by Characteristics: 2010-2019, UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU (Oct. 8,
2021), https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-
detail.html (including “Annual County Resident Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race, and
Hispanic Origin” data as well as a “File Layout” guide to understand the datasets).

We also make two quick notes on our methodology. First, we rely on United States Census
Bureau data because the record did not include data on the population statistics of Sampson
County. However, the record includes the Wake Forest Study discussed above, and that
study used “census information about the population and racial breakdown of each county”
in its analysis. Wright, Chavis, & Parks, The Jury Sunshine Project, supra, at 1422. Since
Defendant relied on a study using similar underlying data, we rely on the same here to
address his arguments.

Second, we explain how we calculated the percentages. After downloading all the North
Carolina data from the Census Bureau, we isolated the data from Sampson County for Year
“9” since that is the year that corresponds to data from 1 July 2016 according to the “File
Layout” guide. We then calculated a total population of 63,225 by summing the “TOT_POP”
columns across all age groups. To get the population of non-Hispanic Black and multiracial
people, we summed the four columns for non-Hispanic Black males (NHBA_MALE), non-
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the conclusion the prosecutor did not intentionally discriminate based on jurors’ race.

Given these differences from Flowers and from Miller-El II, the trial court did not

clearly err in weighing the prosecution’s acceptance of five other Black jurors.

III. Conclusion

¶ 89 Having reviewed the entire record, the trial court did not clearly err in

overruling Defendant’s Batson objections as to either R.S. or V.B. We conclude the

trial court properly conducted the Batson step two inquiry and find no clear error in

its determination the prosecution proffered race neutral reasons. We also find no

clear error in the trial court’s step three evaluation of whether the Defendant met his

burden of proving purposeful discrimination based on the following relevant factors:

comparative juror analyses; susceptibility of the case to racial discrimination;

historical evidence of discriminatory strikes by the Sampson County prosecutor’s

office; and weight given to the prosecution’s acceptance of other Black jurors before

and after R.S. and V.B. Therefore, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.

Hispanic Black females (NHBA_FEMALE), non-Hispanic multiracial males
(NHTOM_MALE), and non-Hispanic multiracial females (NHTOM_FEMALE), which
resulted in a total of 17,165 non-Hispanic Black or multiracial people in Sampson County at
the time. Finally, we divided the non-Hispanic Black or multiracial population by the total
population to determine non-Hispanic Black or multiracial people represented 27.15% of the
population of Sampson County as of 1 July 2016.
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Judges WOOD and JACKSON concur.