In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-22-00120-CV
___________________________
STEPHAN D. HWANG, Appellant
V.
CAPITAL ONE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, Appellee
On Appeal from County Court at Law No. 2
Denton County, Texas
Trial Court No. CV-2018-00578
Before Sudderth, C.J.; Bassel and Wallach, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Bassel
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I. Introduction
Appellant Stephan D. Hwang appeals a judgment awarding $12,742.61 to
Appellee Capital One National Association in its suit for breach of contract and for
account stated. 1 In three issues, Hwang argues that the trial court erred by allegedly
awarding damages on a claim on which Capital One presented no evidence, by
admitting a business-records affidavit and the attached documents, and by failing to
dismiss the case based on his limitations defense. Because the record contains more
than a scintilla of evidence to support the amount of damages awarded on the
account-stated claim, because the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting
the business-records affidavit and the attached documents, and because the record
affirmatively demonstrates that the account-stated claim accrued in 2017 and that suit
was timely filed in 2018, we rule against Hwang on his three issues. But because we
have found a minor calculation error in the damages, we modify the judgment to
correct the calculation error, and we affirm the judgment as modified.
1
Capital One also filed a notice of appeal. After the deadline passed for Capital
One to file its brief as appellant in its appeal, we notified Capital One that its
appellant’s brief was late. Capital One responded that it did not intend “to pursue its
cross-notice of appeal” and that it would “not be filing a brief in support of its cross-
appeal.” Accordingly, we dismiss Capital One’s appeal for want of prosecution. See
Tex. R. App. P. 42.3(b), 43.2(f).
2
II. Factual and Procedural Background
On July 10, 2007, Hwang completed a Capital One business-loan application
for a $50,000 line of credit for his business. Hwang signed the application as the
president of Stephan D. Hwang, P.C. and as the guarantor. The guarantor’s signature
box on the business-loan application provided that the guarantor agreed to comply
with and be bound by the terms and conditions of the Small Business Unsecured Line
of Credit Agreement “that will be sent to the [applicant] if the credit is approved” and
that the guarantor granted to Capital One “a security interest in and right of offset
against any and all present and future funds of any of the undersigned on deposit with
Capital One including . . . other deposit accounts in the name of any of the
undersigned.” Paragraph 9 of the Small Business Unsecured Revolving Line of Credit
and Term Loan Agreement, 2 which bound Hwang by virtue of his signature as
guarantor on the business-loan application, also provided Capital One with a right of
setoff against Hwang’s other accounts on deposit with Capital One without requiring
prior notice to the borrower or guarantor.3
The name is slightly different because the version in the appellate record is
2
from 2014 and thus postdates the 2007 version.
3
Hwang was also subject to Capital One’s Rules Governing Deposit Accounts:
By opening or continuing to maintain a deposit account with us, each
customer (referred to as ‘you’ or ‘your’) agrees to be bound by the
applicable provisions of these Rules, and all applicable agreements,
disclosures, and other documents, as well as by all applicable federal or
state laws, statutes and regulations.
3
Capital One sent Hwang a notice of loan approval stating that the small-
business unsecured line of credit in the amount of $50,000 had been approved and
that the Small Business Unsecured Line of Credit Agreement was enclosed with the
notice. The approval letter’s terms and conditions stated that Capital One would
automatically debit Hwang, P.C.’s business account (a separate account from the line-
of-credit account) to make the minimum monthly payments on the line-of-credit
account.
In August 2007, Hwang, P.C. took out $35,000 in advances on the line-of-
credit account. By the end of 2007, Hwang, P.C. had exhausted the $50,000 limit on
the line of credit. Throughout 2007, 2008, and 2009, Capital One withdrew payments
from Hwang, P.C.’s business account.
That document also provided Capital One with a right of setoff without requiring
Capital One to provide Hwang prior notice:
To secure payment of any monies that you may owe us or any of our
affiliates, for any reason, you grant us a continuing security interest in all
funds that you may now and in the future maintain on deposit with us,
with the exception of funds held in a trust or fiduciary account, or in an
Individual Retirement Account, or in other qualified tax-deferred
accounts. You agree that we may apply (set-off) funds that you maintain
on deposit with Capital One Bank, or any of its affiliates, against any
amount that you may then owe us, or any of our affiliates, under a loan,
or Overdraft, or guaranty, or for any other reason at any time and
without prior notice to you.
4
In December 2009, Hwang closed the Hwang, P.C. account that was used to
make payments on the line-of-credit account.4 Thereafter, Capital One activated its
right of setoff and drafted payments from Hwang’s personal checking account that
was on deposit with Capital One. According to Hwang, the withdrawals from his
personal account caused its balance to go negative, and so he had to make deposits to
avoid overdraft fees.
In March 2017, the last payment was made on the line-of-credit account from
Hwang’s personal account.5 In July 2017, Capital One “charged off” 6 the account,
which had a remaining balance due of $49,363.91.
In February 2018, Capital One filed a “suit on debt/account stated” and for
breach of contract and sought a money judgment against Hwang. Hwang answered
with a general denial and pleaded the affirmative defense of limitations.
When the case was initially called for trial, Hwang did not appear, and the trial
court rendered a default judgment in favor of Capital One. Hwang appealed the
4
Hwang admitted that the small-business line-of-credit agreement was “actually
materially breached in 2009” when he closed the business account and that he had
“closed the business account in direct violation of the agreement.”
5
The record is silent as to whether the personal account was closed and does
not explain why this was the last payment on the line-of-credit account.
6
See Houle v. Capital One Bank (USA), N.A., 570 S.W.3d 364, 368 (Tex. App.—
El Paso 2018, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g) (stating that account holder’s statement
included a note that the account had been “‘charged off,’ which is described as a
status change from ‘past due’”); see also Charge off, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed.
2019) (defining a “charge off” as “[t]o treat (an account receivable) as a loss or
expense because payment is unlikely”).
5
default judgment claiming that he did not receive notice of the trial setting. See Hwang
v. Capital One Nat’l Ass’n, No. 02-19-00005-CV, 2020 WL 1646582, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Apr. 2, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). We held that the record reflected that
Hwang did not intentionally or with conscious indifference fail to appear for trial and
that Hwang met the other elements of the Craddock test;7 thus, we reversed the
judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings. Id. at *4.
On remand, the trial court held an evidentiary trial. Capital One presented
testimony from its representative, who was employed with Capital One as a litigation
specialist.8 Capital One’s representative testified that there were transactions between
the parties that gave rise to an indebtedness, that there was an agreement that existed
between the parties that established the amounts due on the indebtedness, and that
Hwang promised to pay Capital One on that indebtedness. Capital One’s
representative further testified that Hwang had never disputed the amount owed.
Instead, he acknowledged the delinquency; he called Capital One during March 2010
and said that he was awaiting a check from his clients and would make payments to
bring the account current as soon as he got paid, but that did not happen. In addition
to the representative’s testimony, Capital One admitted into evidence a business-
records affidavit with forty pages of documents attached, including the account’s
7
See Craddock v. Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc., 133 S.W.2d 124, 126 (Tex. 1939)
(establishing a three-factor test for setting aside a default judgment).
She explained that her duties were to research charged-off and closed accounts
8
on behalf of Capital One.
6
transaction detail showing the advances, the payments (including offsets), and the
charge-off amount on the line-of-credit account.
Capital One called Hwang as a witness, and he also testified in his case in chief.
He attacked the business-records affidavit and Capital One’s right of offset9 but
presented no documentary evidence to refute the account’s transaction detail. Rather,
he relied on the account’s transaction detail admitted by Capital One and claimed that
“in the final analysis[,] the offsets were sufficient” to bring the account to a zero
balance and to show that it was paid in full, despite the balance shown on the
account’s transaction detail.
At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court asked the parties to put together
numbers for the damages calculation. The trial court later held a status hearing at
which the parties presented the totals that they had computed for the advances less
the payments on the line-of-credit account.10 After considering both parties’
calculations, the trial court ultimately awarded Capital One damages of $12,742.61.
Hwang requested findings of fact and conclusions of law, which the trial court
made. Hwang then perfected this appeal.
9
Because Hwang also challenges these items on appeal, we set forth a more
detailed summary within each of the related issues in the analysis section below.
10
The parties also filed spreadsheets with the trial court.
7
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, Hwang argues that the trial court “commit[ted] error when it
found for [Capital One] on a claim [on which Capital One] failed to present
evidence.” Although Hwang specifically challenges conclusion of law 6—“[Capital
One] proved all elements on its account[-]stated claim”—he does not set forth the
elements of an account-stated claim, nor does he attack a specific element.11 Instead,
the crux of Hwang’s argument is that “[t]he final award did not reflect [Capital One’s]
breach[-]of[-]contract theory for $51,493.63 but awarded $12,742.61, an amount not
reflected in any evidence or argument by [Capital One’s] suit on debt claim but at the
[c]ourt’s own initiative.” [Record reference omitted.] We construe Hwang’s argument
as challenging the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the damage award. 12
Because, as we explain below, Capital One admitted the account’s transaction detail
during the trial showing the amount of the charge-off and each of the payments
applied to the line-of-credit account, the record contains more than a scintilla of
evidence to support the trial court’s damage award on the account-stated claim.
11
To recover on its account-stated claim, Capital One had to prove
(1) transactions between it and Hwang that gave rise to the indebtedness; (2) an
agreement, express or implied, between the parties that fixed the amount due; and
(3) Hwang’s express or implied promise to pay the indebtedness. See Compton v.
Citibank (S.D.), N.A., 364 S.W.3d 415, 417–18 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.)
(citing Dulong v. Citibank (S.D.), N.A., 261 S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008,
no pet.)).
12
Hwang also erroneously argues that Capital One abandoned its account-stated
claim at trial, but it presented evidence in support of that claim and argued in closing
that it had proved that claim.
8
A. Standard of Review
A trial court’s findings of fact have the same force and dignity as a jury’s
answers to jury questions. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex.
1991). As with jury findings, a trial court’s fact-findings on disputed issues are not
conclusive, and when the appellate record contains a reporter’s record, an appellant
may challenge those findings for evidentiary sufficiency. Catalina v. Blasdel, 881
S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994). We review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
challenged findings using the same standards that we apply to jury findings. Id.
Unchallenged fact-findings are entitled to the same weight as a jury’s verdict
and are binding on an appellate court unless either the contrary is established as a
matter of law or no evidence supports the finding. McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722
S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986); Inimitable Grp., L.P. v. Westwood Grp. Dev. II, Ltd., 264
S.W.3d 892, 902 & n.4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.). In other words, we
defer to unchallenged fact-findings that are supported by some evidence. Tenaska
Energy, Inc. v. Ponderosa Pine Energy, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 518, 523 (Tex. 2014).
We may review conclusions of law to determine their correctness based upon
the facts, but we will not reverse because of an erroneous conclusion if the trial court
rendered the proper judgment. City of Austin v. Whittington, 384 S.W.3d 766, 779 n.10
(Tex. 2012) (citing BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex.
2002)); City of Forest Hill v. Benson, 555 S.W.3d 284, 289 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018,
no pet.). That is, because a trial court’s conclusions of law are not binding on us, we
9
will not reverse a trial court’s judgment based on an incorrect conclusion of law when
the controlling findings of fact support the judgment on a correct legal theory. Super
Ventures, Inc. v. Chaudhry, 501 S.W.3d 121, 127 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.);
Wise Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Am. Hat Co., 476 S.W.3d 671, 679 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2015, no pet.).
We may sustain a legal-sufficiency challenge—that is, a no-evidence
challenge—only when (1) the record bears no evidence of a vital fact, (2) the rules of
law or of evidence bar the court from giving weight to the only evidence offered to
prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere
scintilla, or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact. Gunn
v. McCoy, 554 S.W.3d 645, 658 (Tex. 2018). In determining whether legally sufficient
evidence supports the challenged finding, we must consider evidence favorable to the
finding if a reasonable factfinder could, and we must disregard contrary evidence
unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228
S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005).
We indulge “every reasonable inference deducible from the evidence” in support of
the challenged finding. Gunn, 554 S.W.3d at 658 (quoting Bustamante v. Ponte, 529
S.W.3d 447, 456 (Tex. 2017)).
Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support a
finding. Marathon Corp. v. Pitzner, 106 S.W.3d 724, 727–28 (Tex. 2003). More than a
scintilla exists if the evidence rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-
10
minded people to differ in their conclusions. Gunn, 554 S.W.3d at 658. On the other
hand, no more than a scintilla exists when the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is
so weak that it creates no more than a mere surmise or suspicion of its existence.
McAllen Hosps., L.P. v. Lopez, 576 S.W.3d 389, 397 (Tex. 2019); Kindred v. Con/Chem,
Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983).
B. What the Record Shows
As mentioned above, at the conclusion of the trial, the trial court asked the
parties to put together numbers for the damages calculation:
It’s going to take me a while to go through all of this, and I’ll let you all
certainly double-check me. But by my calculation, the total advances by
Capital One were [$]51,747.28. . . . The way I’m going to come up with
the judgment is I’m simply going to take that amount and subtract all of
[Hwang’s] payments, everything [Capital One] list[s] as a payment. I’m
not going to include any fees or interests, and I’ll tell you why. Because
I’m not sure what they should be. Okay? So I’ll let y’all figure out that
number and provide it to me, along with a form of judgment. . . .
....
[T]he way I calculate this is that there were advances of
[$]51,747.28. If I’m incorrect, I’m willing . . . to hear that, but that’s the
way I . . . added it up by looking at the cash advances. And then what
we’ll do is we’ll subtract all of the payments -- I don’t care where those
payments came from. I don’t care if someone else made the payments.
It makes no difference. All that matters is those payments were applied
to this account. And then we’ll take those two numbers and subtract
them, and that will be the judgment against the defendant. [Emphasis
added.]
Three weeks later, the trial court held a status hearing at which the parties
presented the totals that they had calculated for the advances less the payments on the
11
line-of-credit account. Capital One’s attorney stated that the total advances were
$52,696.1513 and that the total payments were $36,621.30. Capital One’s attorney said
that the amount of the total payments came from using the account’s transaction
detail and adding up all of the amounts that were coded as “7080,” which represented
regular payments.14
Hwang stated that the total advances were $49,363.91 and that the total
payments were $58,531.34. Hwang said that he used the charge-off amount from the
account’s transaction detail as the total amount of advances. He explained that he had
derived his total payments number by adding the amounts coded as payments; the
amounts coded as fee assessments; and the amounts with “other codes that are
unknown,” which he stated that he used to his benefit.
The trial court concluded the hearing by stating that it was going to review
both parties’ numbers. The trial court ultimately awarded Capital One damages of
$12,742.61. As pointed out by Capital One in its brief, the damage award is the
difference between the $49,363.91 charge-off amount that Hwang used as his total
advances less the $36,621.30 amount of total payments that Capital One calculated.
The top left corner of the second page of the account’s transaction detail also
13
shows that $52,696.15 was the total advanced.
14
It also appears that the code “8080” was used for regular payments and that
Capital One included those amounts in its total payment amount.
12
C. Analysis
Here, Hwang contends that Capital One “completely ignored the suit on debt”
at trial, that Capital One’s “entire case was spent trying to prove up the breach of
contract,” and that Capital One “never presented evidence in the alternative regarding
[its] suit on debt and the damage arising therefrom.” Hwang further states in his brief
that
[t]he substance of [the] testimony and evidence [that Capital One]
entered as Exhibit 1 did not prosecute an account[-]stated claim, as
corroborated in the [c]ourt’s [f]inding[s] of [f]act:
30. [Capital One’s] witness, Erika Pope, testified as
to the business records and explained what was contained
within them, including details about the applicable terms &
conditions as to when the account was charged off. Said
witness also testified as to the balance left due and owing
on the account as $51,463.27.
31. [Capital One’s] witness, Erika Pope, testified as
to the total interest charged on the account, total
payments made, and the total advances made when
discussing the documents in [Capital One’s] business
records that had been entered into the [c]ourt’s record as
Exhibit 1. [Emphasis added by Hwang.][15]
Contrary to Hwang’s contention, findings of fact 30 and 31 reflect that Capital
One did present evidence on its account-stated claim. The business records included
the line-of-credit account’s transaction detail showing the amount that was charged
off and each payment that was made, whether by an automatic withdrawal from
Hwang also specifically challenges finding of fact 21, but it does not appear to
15
be relevant to this argument or his others.
13
Hwang, P.C.’s business account or through an offset from Hwang’s personal account.
Capital One’s representative testified that $49,363.91 was the amount charged off on
July 31, 2017, and she explained about the payments and offsets that had been made
prior to the charge-off. Although Hwang asserts that had the trial court found for
Capital One on the breach-of-contract claim, it would have awarded Capital One
damages of $51,493.63,16 the trial court was not bound to render damages solely on
the breach-of-contract claim when it had evidence before it on the account-stated
claim.
As the Houston First Court of Appeals has recently stated when reviewing a
damage calculation,
so long as there is a rational basis for the trial court’s calculation, the trial
court has broad discretion to award damages within the range of
evidence presented at trial. See Gulf States Utils. Co. v. Low, 79 S.W.3d
561, 566 (Tex. 2002). Here, the trial court was entitled to consider all
the evidence presented by the parties and accept the evidence it found
was credible and reject the evidence it found was not credible. See,
e.g., Nelson v. Najm, 127 S.W.3d 170, 174 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2003, pet. denied) (recognizing trial court’s discretion in bench
trial to accept or reject all or any part of witness’s testimony).
Control & Applications LLC Hous. v. Abdallah, No. 01-20-00239-CV, 2022 WL
3650133, at *16 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 25, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.).
The record demonstrates that the trial court considered all the evidence
presented by the parties and accepted the evidence that it found credible and rejected
The discrepancy in amounts is due to the interest, fees, and other charges that
16
Capital One added to the arrears that the trial court ignored.
14
the evidence that it found was not credible, choosing to use one amount from
Hwang’s calculation 17 and one amount from Capital One’s calculation.18 The trial
court was within its discretion to choose to use the charge-off amount of $49,363.91
from the account’s transaction detail (i.e., the same amount used by Hwang as his
starting point) and to use the payment amount of $36,621.30 (i.e., the amount
calculated by Capital One by adding up the amounts listed as payments on the
account’s transaction detail), 19 thus leaving a balance of $12,742.61. Accordingly, the
17
Capital One conceded that the charge-off amount was an appropriate amount
to use for calculation of the total amount advanced.
Hwang presented no controverting evidence supporting a different total-
18
payment amount.
19
The spreadsheet that Capital One filed with the trial court shows a list of the
payments, which were allegedly taken from the account’s transaction detail. However,
in comparing Capital One’s spreadsheet to the account’s transaction detail, there were
several errors:
• The spreadsheet reflects a payment of $200.00 on 7/24/2008, but the
account’s transaction detail reflects that the $200 was an advance and
should have been omitted from the payments (-$200.00);
• The spreadsheet reflects a payment of $359.38 on 8/4/2008, but the
account’s transaction detail shows the amount was $359.89 (+$0.51);
• The spreadsheet reflects a payment of $292.52 on 8/3/2009, but the
account’s transaction detail shows the amount was $292.53 (+$0.01);
• A payment of $1.64 on 7/18/2013 was omitted from the spreadsheet
(+$1.64);
• There were two $1.00 payments on 6/2/2014, but the spreadsheet reflects
only one (+$1.00); and
• A payment of $413.49 on 1/28/2015 was omitted from the spreadsheet
(+$413.49).
15
trial court’s damage award was within the range of evidence presented at trial.
Because there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the amount, we hold that
the evidence is legally sufficient to support the damage award.
We therefore overrule Hwang’s first issue.
IV. Business Records
In his second issue, Hwang argues that the trial court “commit[ted] error when
it allowed [Capital One’s] business[-]records affidavit into the record when it was not
maintained in the ordinary course of business.” Specifically, Hwang argues that
Capital One’s business-records affidavit “is ad hoc and [was] created in anticipation of
litigation.” Although those two sentences from Hwang’s brief refer to the affidavit, it
appears that the bulk of his second issue raises arguments that go to the records that
were attached to the affidavit.20 Construing his issue as an attack on the documents,
The net amount of these corrections is $216.65, thus increasing the total payments
from $36,621.30 to $36,837.95. Subtracting the corrected total payments of
$36,837.95 from the charge-off amount of $49,363.91, the total damages come to
$12,525.96. Accordingly, we modify the judgment to correct the calculation error by
deleting the amount of damages that was written in the blank after “Damages:” and
replacing it with $12,525.96. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b); Lopez v. Bailon, No. 07-14-
00442-CV, 2016 WL 4158034, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Aug. 4, 2016, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (modifying the judgment to reflect a recovery of $71,410.34 instead of
$71,460.34 because appellate court had the necessary information to do so).
20
This is the only interpretation of Hwang’s argument that makes sense because
all business-records affidavits are created as a result of litigation and are not kept in
the ordinary course of business. Moreover, Hwang did not make any objection in the
trial court that the business-records affidavit failed to comply with the requirements
of Texas Rule of Evidence 803(6).
16
rather than the affidavit, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
by admitting the documents under the business-records exception to the hearsay rule.
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Owens–
Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998). A trial court abuses its
discretion when it acts without regard for any guiding principles. City of Brownsville v.
Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750, 754 (Tex. 1995). We must uphold the trial court’s
evidentiary ruling if there is any legitimate basis for the ruling. State Bar of Tex. v.
Evans, 774 S.W.2d 656, 658 n.5 (Tex. 1989).
B. The Law on the Business-Records Exception
Properly authenticated records of regularly conducted business activity can be
admitted into evidence as an exception to the hearsay rule. Tex. R. Evid. 803(6). We
recently set forth the law on the admissibility of business records:
Under Rule 902(10), business records are self-authenticating and require
no extrinsic evidence of authenticity if they meet the requirements of
Rule 803(6) and are accompanied by an affidavit that complies with
subparagraph (B) of the rule and any other requirements of law. Tex. R.
Evid. 902(10). Subparagraph (B) provides a template for a sufficient
affidavit, which enumerates the elements of Rule 803(6), discussed
above. Tex. R. Evid. 902(10)(B).
. . . “Testimony by a witness or affiant identifying the exhibits as
the business records of the proponent of the evidence ‘is sufficient
evidence to satisfy the authentication requirement of Rule 901(a),
regardless of whether the witness had personal knowledge of the
contents of this evidence.’” [H2O Sols., Ltd. v. PM Realty Grp., LP, 438
S.W.3d 606, 622 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied)]
(quoting Concept Gen. Contracting, Inc. v. Asbestos Maint. Servs., Inc., 346
17
S.W.3d 172, 181 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. denied)[] (brackets
omitted)[)].
Washington v. Yellowfin Loan Servicing Corp., No. 02-21-00215-CV, 2022 WL 16646409,
at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 3, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Savoy v. Nat’l
Collegiate Student Loan Tr. 2005-3, 557 S.W.3d 825, 834 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2018, no pet.)).
C. What the Record Shows
During the trial, Capital One offered Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1, a business-records
affidavit with attached documents. Hwang objected on various grounds:
THE COURT: What are your objections?
MR. HWANG: Okay. Number one, there is a document called
Capital One Bank [S]mall [B]usiness [U]nsecured [R]evolving [L]ine of
[C]redit and [T]erm [L]oan [A]greement. I’m objecting to that document
as irrelevant or excluded by the best[-]evidence rule.
THE COURT: Response?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, it’s the contract in
-- it’s a business record -- the contract that was in play at the time the
account was charged off. He’s getting ahead of himself as to the
relevancy of the document. But is it a business record attached to a
business[-]record affidavit? Yes. He’s not attacking whether it’s a
business record.
THE COURT: That -- well, that’s hearsay. So I -- I suppose
your assert -- your assertion as to his objection as to relevance is that it’s
relevant because it is the underlying contract that is the part of this suit.
Is that what I’m understanding you to say?
MR. HWANG: I’m sorry. Without the glasses, I’m not too -- are
you asking --
18
THE COURT: No, I’m asking --
MR. HWANG: Sorry.
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: I believe his argument is
whether or not this is the --
THE COURT: Well, I think --
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: -- original contract, the best[-]
evidence rule.
THE COURT: His first objection was relevance. So let’s take up
the relevance first. So your response to his objection as to relevance was
that it’s the contract that is -- creates the underlying cause of action --
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: It --
THE COURT: -- is that correct?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: No, Your Honor. My
statement is it is the contract that was applicable when the breach
occurred --
THE COURT: Okay.
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: -- and when the account was
charged off. It was the applicable contract at that time.
THE COURT: That’s fine. And then as to best evidence?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: I’m not sure how it wouldn’t be
the best evidence, Your Honor, aside from -- I mean, it is the contract
that was in play at the time. I’m not sure how it would be any more best
evidence[] since there’s not a signature on there --
THE COURT: Rebuttal?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: -- with his original signature.
19
MR. HWANG: Yeah. My only problem with it is when we have
documents, the original ones being from 2007, this small business
secured a line of credit, which they’re purporting to be the agreement,
has a copyright in 2011. It cannot be the agreement at all when it says
on its face copyright 2011, and when the business loan was offered in
2007, four years later. And that’s why it’s also best[-]evidence rule.
There should be something copyright 2007.
THE COURT: All right. I think that’s probably more of a
weight and credibility issue, and so I’ll overrule your objection with
regard to relevance and best evidence.
Any other objections as to that, what would be Exhibit 1?
MR. HWANG: Yeah. There is also a document in here that says
[R]ules [G]overning [D]eposit [A]ccounts. Same objection. It says
effective April 16, 2016. But again, the agreement that we had was from
2007. This one is now nine years too late.
THE COURT: Okay. And so your objection is?
MR. HWANG: Again, it is irrelevant and best[-]evidence rule.
THE COURT: Response?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, it’s the business[-]
record affidavit. These are documents from the -- the entity, Capital
One NA. I mean, the account statement showed -- or I’m sorry -- the
payment register shows transactions well after the original account
opened. It makes no sense to say, well, if it wasn’t at the very beginning,
it’s all irrelevant. It’s a business record. And anything that happened on
the account business[-]record-wise, that’s in this affidavit, and that’s
what we’re trying to get in.
THE COURT: Okay. I’m going to overrule your objections as to
relevance and best evidence as to that portion of the exhibit. Any other
objections?
MR. HWANG: Again, there -- there’s another document here
that says Electronic Fund Transfer Agreement and Disclosure for
Personal and Commercial Accounts. Effective November 14[,] 2015,
20
the original line of credit was issued in 2007. So again, irrelevant and
also best[-]evidence rule. None of these documents go back to that --
that time period.
THE COURT: All right. Very good.
Response?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: Same response, Your Honor.
They’re documents from my client that are business records that were
kept in the ordinary course of their potential business[-]record affidavit -
-
THE COURT: And you’re asserting they were the ones in play at
the time of the default?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: Correct, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Very good. Overruled. Any other
objections?
MR. HWANG: Yes. Then there’s another document, the Wire
Funds Transfer Disclosure Statement, and this one is effective, it says,
August 22[,] 2015. Same objection; relevancy and also best[-]evidence
rule[] because the line of credit, again, was signed in 2007, not 2015.
This is eight years later.
THE COURT: Response?
[CAPITAL ONE’S COUNSEL]: Same response, Your Honor.
It’s a business record, which is attached to a business[-]record affidavit,
that were part of the account and in play at the time the account was
charged off.
THE COURT: Overruled.
The trial court ultimately admitted Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1.
21
D. Analysis
On appeal, Hwang argues that “[m]issing documents indicate that the records
[attached to] the affidavit were not used in the ordinary course of business but were
created in anticipation of litigation.” He notes that Capital One did not include the
line-of-credit account agreement from 2007 that was referenced by the Notice of
Loan Approval; the account agreement for the Hwang, P.C. business account from
2007; and the account agreement that he signed when opening his personal account.
Hwang, however, did not object on this ground at trial and therefore did not preserve
this argument for appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). Even assuming that he
preserved such an argument, Hwang cites no authority for his implied proposition
that a plaintiff who files an account-stated claim is required to attach all documents
ever generated regarding the account or related accounts. Moreover, nothing in Texas
Rule of Evidence 803(6) or 902(10)(B) requires a party to produce every record
related to an account. Instead, Capital One had the burden to put on evidence to
prove up its claims, and Capital One was free to choose which documents it wanted
to admit into evidence with its business-records affidavit. According to the business-
records affidavit, Capital One chose forty pages of documents. The trial court found
that the forty pages of documents that Capital One submitted with its business-
records affidavit, along with the testimony of Capital One’s representative, were
22
sufficient to prove its claim.21 The fact that Capital One may have had other
documents in its file that it chose not to introduce did not hamper its ability to prove
its case, nor did it render the documents attached to the affidavit something other
than business records. We therefore overrule this portion of Hwang’s second issue.
Hwang’s second issue also attacks the dates on the documents that were
attached to the business-records affidavit. He complains that the Small Business
Unsecured Revolving Line of Credit and Term Loan Agreement has a copyright date
of 2011,22 instead of 2007 when the line-of-credit account was opened, and that the
2011 document was therefore made four years after the fact and in anticipation of
litigation. As pointed out by Capital One, there is no evidence that the 2011
document was made in anticipation of litigation; the document appears to be a
standard form used by the bank, and suit was not filed until 2018. Moreover, Hwang
acknowledges that Capital One’s representative explained at trial that it used the 2011
agreement instead of the 2007 agreement because the 2011 agreement superseded the
2007 agreement23 and because the 2011 agreement contained the terms and
As discussed in the analysis of Hwang’s first issue, the trial court concluded in
21
conclusion of law 6 that “Plaintiff [had] prove[n] all elements on its account[-]stated
claim.”
For the sake of consistency, we refer to the document as the 2011 document,
22
though we note that the end of the document states “rev. 4/14.”
23
The opening paragraph of the 2011 agreement states,
23
conditions that were applicable at the time the account was charged off. In spite of
that explanation, Hwang argues that Capital One “made no effort to prove the
contents of the 2007 agreement . . . and went straight to the text of the 2011
agreement to support its case.” Hwang ignores that the definition of “supersede” is
“[t]o annul, make void, or repeal by taking the place of.” Supersede, Black’s Law
Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Because the 2007 agreement was annulled, made void, or
repealed by the 2011 agreement, it was therefore proper for Capital One to rely on the
2011 agreement in proving its claim. 24 We overrule this portion of Hwang’s second
issue.
This document is the agreement which governs the terms and conditions
of the Small Business Unsecured Line of Credit or Term Loan from
Lender to Borrower (the “Agreement”). This Agreement supersedes any prior
agreements that may have been furnished to Borrower pertaining to the term loan or
unsecured line of credit to Borrower set forth in the Notice of Loan Approval and this
Agreement. By use of the Advance Checks or otherwise obtaining credit
from Lender, or using the proceeds of any loan funded into Borrower’s
deposit account with Lender, Borrower confirms its agreement to be
bound by the terms and conditions of this Agreement. [Emphasis
added.]
Additionally, Hwang did not enter the 2007 agreements into evidence or
24
attempt to argue how their terms differed from the documents in Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1;
he claimed that he did not have them. And as noted in conclusions of law 16 and 17,
16. [Hwang] did not provide any evidence on the record as to any
contract/terms and conditions that superseded those in Exhibit 1.
17. [Hwang] did not enter any items into evidence that
contradicted Exhibit 1 that was entered by [Capital One].
24
Hwang also argues in his second issue that the documents related to his two
demand accounts (a business account and a personal account) were needed to justify
the offsets.25 Hwang contends that the omission of these documents from the
business-records affidavit creates a gap and “demonstrates that [Capital One’s] files
were not maintained in the course of regularly conducted business but were
engineered in anticipation of litigation.” Hwang cites no authority for this
proposition. As discussed above, the rules of evidence do not require a plaintiff to
include all documents related to an account but rather allow the plaintiff to choose
which documents to admit with a business-records affidavit. Moreover, any question
as to the gap in the dates on the documents that were included with the business-
records affidavit goes to the weight that the trial court could give them, not to their
admissibility. See, e.g., Washington, 2022 WL 16646409, at *3 (“We therefore agree with
the trial court’s conclusion that [appellant’s] attacks go to the weight that a factfinder
can give to the [documents submitted as business records], not to their
admissibility.”). We overrule this portion of Hwang’s second issue.
Hwang additionally argues in his second issue (without citing any authority)
that the business-records affidavit is limited in scope solely to the small-business line-
of-credit account, that the demand accounts are separate from the line-of-credit
account, and that “any record or testimony concerning them are outside the purview
25
To the extent that Hwang challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to reflect
the offsets, that argument is part and parcel of his third issue and is addressed below.
25
of the business[-]records affidavit.” Hwang appears to argue that Capital One was
prohibited from attaching to the business-records affidavit the documents from
Hwang, P.C.’s business account because the affidavit stated that “[a]ttached hereto as
Exhibit A are 40 pages of documents [that] are true and correct copies of regular
accounting records of Capital One National Association [that] pertain to the account of
Stephan D. Hwang (hereinafter, the ‘Records’).” [Emphasis added.] He is correct that
Hwang, individually, and Hwang, P.C. are separate entities and that it was only by
virtue of the guaranty that Hwang, individually, was responsible for the Hwang, P.C.
business account. But the argument that he raises relates to a formal defect in the
affidavit—that the affidavit should have stated that the records pertained to the
Hwang, P.C. business account. Hwang did not object on this ground in the trial
court. See Valent v. Firstmark Credit Union, No. 04-19-00687-CV, 2020 WL 1159057, at
*2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 11, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that because
appellant failed to object to the business-records affidavit’s alleged formal defects
prior to its admittance, appellant had waived the issue and could not complain of it on
appeal). See generally Seim v. Allstate Tex. Lloyds, 551 S.W.3d 161, 166 (Tex. 2018)
(“[W]hen an affidavit suffers from a mere defect in form, that flaw must be objected
to and ruled upon by the trial court for error to be preserved.”). Accordingly, we
overrule this portion of Hwang’s second issue.
In his next-to-last argument in his second issue, Hwang argues that “the way
the documents are included is confus[ing]” because “[t]here is no governing
26
document relating back to the time when [the line-of-credit account] was opened.”
Hwang then goes on to raise arguments, as he did at trial, related to the dates of the
Rules Governing Deposit Accounts, the Electronic Funds Transfer Agreement and
Disclosure for Personal and Commercial Accounts, and the Wire Funds Transfer
Disclosure Statement. He contends that “none of the documents can be said to have
been created at or near the time of any specific event.” Hwang’s argument presumes
that the only applicable documents are those that were created at or near the time that
the line-of-credit account was opened in 2007. As discussed above, Hwang does not
dispute the testimony from Capital One’s representative that the documents in
Exhibit 1 were the governing documents at the time the account was charged off, nor
does he point to any authority to show why Capital One was not allowed to submit
these documents with its business-records affidavit to prove its case. We overrule this
portion of Hwang’s second issue.
At the end of his second issue, Hwang argues that the documents attached to
the business-records affidavit “were documents of convenience” because Capital One
“could not demonstrate when these documents were sent to, delivered to, or received
by the Appellant.” Hwang’s argument comes from his trial testimony in which he
stated that “[the Capital One representative] did not testify at all further that the
agreements from 2011 and 2016 were even sent to [him] or provided to [him]. The
first time [that he] had seen those agreements w[as] when [they were] provided as
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1 during trial.” But at the outset of the trial when the business
27
records were offered into evidence, Capital One’s counsel stated that the business-
records notice had been on file with the trial court since September 2018.26 Later,
Capital One’s counsel explained that Hwang had received the documents “in
disclosures” dated June 21, 2018. The trial court “note[d] for the record that [the
disclosures] do indeed include the same material as the business[-]record[s] affidavit
and its accompanying exhibits.” The record thus demonstrates that the documents
were served on Hwang in disclosures more than three years before the trial
commenced.27 We overrule this portion of Hwang’s second issue.
Having overruled each of the arguments in Hwang’s second issue, we overrule
his second issue in total.
V. Limitations
In his third issue, Hwang argues that the trial court committed error by failing
to dismiss this case under the statute of limitations when Hwang, P.C. defaulted on
the line-of-credit account in 2009. Hwang contends that the suit was filed five years
after the limitations period expired. Hwang bases his argument on the faulty premise
26
Additionally, Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1 contains a document entitled “Plaintiff’s
Notice of Delivery of Business[-]Records Affidavit” giving the court notice that
Capital One had delivered to Hwang a copy of the business-records affidavit by
certified mail on September 7, 2018.
To the extent that Hwang is arguing that the language of the guaranty does
27
not pertain to any document that was not “sent to” him at the time the documents
were revised, this again goes to the weight, not the admissibility, of the documents
that were attached to the business-records affidavit.
28
that the action accrued when he closed the business account on December 7, 2009.28
As discussed below, the governing statute sets the accrual date for a suit on an open
or stated account on the day that the dealings in which the parties were interested
together cease, which was not the date on which Hwang closed the business account
that was used to make payments on the line-of-credit because Hwang was still liable
on the guaranty and had another account from which the bank could and did apply its
right of setoff and withdraw payments, thus extending the dealings in which the
parties were interested together.
A. Applicable Law and Burden of Proof
Whether a cause of action is barred by limitations is a question of law that we
review de novo. Cheatham v. Pohl, No. 01-20-00046-CV, 2022 WL 3720139, at *9
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2022, no pet. h.) (op. on reh’g) (first citing
Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 221 (Tex. 2003), and then
citing Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., 348 S.W.3d 194, 202 (Tex. 2011) (op. on
reh’g)). Statutes of limitations vary by claim as determined by the Texas Legislature.
See generally Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 16.002–.051. Texas Civil Practice
and Remedies Code Section 16.004(c) states that “[a] person must bring suit . . . on an
open or stated account . . . not later than four years after the day that the cause of
action accrues. For purposes of this subsection, the cause of action accrues on the
28
We note that Hwang confuses the guaranty with the primary Hwang, P.C.
obligation throughout his argument.
29
day that the dealings in which the parties were interested together cease.” Id.
§ 16.004(c).
Hwang asserted limitations as a defense to Capital One’s lawsuit, so he had the
burden to prove the defense at trial. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 94; Woods v. William M. Mercer,
Inc., 769 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. 1988). To reverse the trial court’s judgment based on
limitations, Hwang shoulders the burden on appeal to demonstrate that the evidence
conclusively established his limitations defense as a matter of law. See Dow Chem. Co.
v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001).
B. What the Record Shows
During the trial, Hwang agreed that the line-of-credit account was paid for
through automatic drafts from the Hwang, P.C. business account at Capital One.
Hwang does not dispute that he closed the business account in December 2009 and
that Hwang, P.C. thus defaulted on the line-of-credit account. Based on the terms
and conditions in the small-business line-of-credit application and in the line-of-credit
agreement, Capital One then used its right of setoff and withdrew payments from
Hwang’s personal account to cover the payments due on the Hwang, P.C. line-of-
credit account. The account’s transaction detail, which was submitted with the
business-records affidavit, showed that the last payment was posted to the account on
March 8, 2017. The account’s transaction detail also shows that the line-of-credit
account was charged off on July 31, 2017, and Capital One’s representative testified to
this date as well. Hwang put on no evidence to dispute this date. Conclusion of
30
law 10 states, “[Capital One] timely filed this claim within the applicable statute of
limitations.”
C. Analysis
Hwang wants the accrual date to be the 2009 date on which he closed the
business account from which payments on the line-of-credit account were initially
made. In an attempt to establish that the parties’ dealings ceased in 2009, he claims
that the offsets from his personal account from 2009 to 2017 were unlawful because
the agreements did not disclose that Capital One had a right of setoff against all of
Hwang’s Capital One accounts.29 He narrows his focus to a single phrase in the
paragraph with the guarantor’s signature box on the business-loan application:
SIGNATURES OF GUARANTORS
Each of the undersigned (a) jointly, severally, solidarily, and
unconditionally guarantees the prompt payment in full of all obligations
of the Business Applicant to Capital One, due or to become due, now
existing or hereafter arising, (b) agrees to comply with and shall be
jointly, severally, and solidarily bound by the terms and conditions of the
Small Business Unsecured Line of Credit Agreement (if Business
Applicant has applied for an unsecured term loan) or the Capital One
29
To the extent that Hwang’s third issue (or any other issue) can be broadly
read to argue that he did not have notice of Capital One’s right of setoff because he
allegedly did not receive the 2011 and 2016 documents, such argument is refuted by
the record. As set forth in the background section, Capital One’s representative
testified that Hwang called Capital One in 2010 claiming that he would deposit funds
in his personal account as soon as he received payment from clients; thus, he
implicitly acknowledged that he knew that Capital One was drafting payments from
his personal account to pay the line-of-credit account. Additionally, Hwang testified
that he had to make deposits into his personal account to prevent overdraft fees
caused by the automatic withdrawals that Capital One was making from that account
to pay the line-of-credit account.
31
MasterCard BusinessCard Agreement (if Business Applicant has applied for a
MasterCard BusinessCard) that will be sent to the Business Applicant if the credit is
approved, (c) grants to Capital One a security interest in and right of offset
against any and all present and future funds of any of the undersigned on
deposit with Capital One including certificates of deposit and other
deposit accounts in the name of any of the undersigned as security for all
obligations of Business Applicant to Capital One, due or to become due,
now existing or hereafter arising and (d) certifies that all information
contained in this Application or otherwise provided to Capital One is
complete, true, and correct and authorizes Capital One to obtain credit
reports to check the individual and business credit ratings of the
undersigned. If any guarantor is an entity, each person signing on behalf
of such entity certifies that such person is signing in the capacity
indicated below such person’s signature and that such person is
authorized to act in such capacity. [Emphasis added.]
Hwang questioned Capital One’s representative about the application’s
reference to the MasterCard BusinessCard. She explained that the business-loan
application covered other accounts and that Hwang, P.C.’s line-of-credit account did
not have a MasterCard. Removing the italicized portion because it does not pertain to
the line-of-credit account at issue here, the remainder of the text clearly states that
Hwang, who signed as guarantor for his law firm’s line-of-credit account, agreed to be
bound by the Small Business Unsecured Line of Credit Agreement and that he
granted Capital One a right of offset against any funds that he had on deposit with
Capital One.
Additionally, Capital One’s representative explained that the right of setoff was
also set forth in Paragraph 9 of the Small Business Unsecured Revolving Line of
Credit and Term Loan Agreement. Paragraph 9, entitled “Joint, Several[,] and
Solidary Liability; Security,” states that
32
Borrower and each Guarantor shall be jointly, severally, and solidarily
liable for the Loan and shall be jointly, severally, and solidarily liable for
all other obligations of Borrower to Lender, due or to become due, now
existing or hereafter arising. As collateral security for the Loan and all
other obligations of Borrower to Lender, due or to become due, now
existing or hereafter arising (with the exception of any indebtedness
under a consumer credit card account), Borrower and each Guarantor[30]
hereby grant Lender a continuing security interest in any and all present
and future funds on deposit with Lender, or any of Lender’s subsidiaries
or affiliates, including certificates of deposit and other deposit accounts
in which Borrower or any Guarantor is an account holder (with the
exception of IRA, pension, and other tax-deferred deposits). Borrower
and each Guarantor further agree that, should there be a default under the Loan,
Lender may at any time and without prior notice to either Borrower or any and all
Guarantor(s) thereafter apply (set-off) any such funds on deposit with Lender, or any
of Lender’s subsidiaries or affiliates, including certificates of deposit and other deposit
accounts in which Borrower or any Guarantor is an account holder, against the
Loan and any other obligations of Borrower to Lender, due or to
become due, now existing or hereafter arising, without any liability to
you. Lender’s right of set-off any deposit account is in addition to any
other rights and remedies that Lender may have under law or under any
other contractual agreement. [Emphasis added.]
Similarly, the Rules Governing Deposit Accounts also provided Capital One with a
right of setoff against any funds that Hwang maintained on deposit with Capital One.
Because Capital One was allowed to pursue its right of setoff against Hwang’s
personal account from 2009 to 2017, the record demonstrates that the parties’
dealings continued past 2009 when Hwang closed the business account.
Although Hwang, as the proponent of the affirmative defense of limitations,
bore the burden to show when Capital One’s cause of action accrued, the undisputed
evidence at trial showed that the parties ceased doing business together no earlier than
30
As set forth above, Hwang signed as the guarantor on the business-loan
application.
33
July 31, 2017, when Capital One charged off the balance of the line-of-credit account.
See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.004(c); Kaldis v. Crest Fin., 463 S.W.3d 588,
596 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (holding that the undisputed
evidence at trial showed that the parties ceased doing business no earlier than January
2009, which was when the account statement indicated that appellant’s account was
closed by the bank; prior to that, appellant’s account remained open and indicated
expectations of further dealings between the parties); cf. Marshall v. Crown Asset Mgmt.,
LLC, No. 13-17-00115-CV, 2017 WL 6379830, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–
Edinburg Dec. 14, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (using the date of the last statement for
the account stated as the accrual date when the date of last payment was not known).
Capital One was therefore required to file suit within four years of that date or by
July 31, 2021. Capital One filed suit on February 23, 2018, which was well within the
statute of limitations.31 Thus, we hold that the trial court did not err by concluding
that Capital One’s suit, which was filed less than four years after it charged off the
line-of-credit account, was not barred by limitations. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
Ann. § 16.004(c); Kaldis, 463 S.W.3d at 597. Accordingly, we overrule Hwang’s third
issue.
Alternatively, even if we use the date of the last payment that was posted to
31
the account—March 8, 2017—Hwang would still not prevail on his limitations
defense.
34
VI. Conclusion
Having overruled Hwang’s three issues but having modified the judgment to
correct a calculation error and to reflect that the award should be $12,525.96, we
affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified.
/s/ Dabney Bassel
Dabney Bassel
Justice
Delivered: January 12, 2023
35
Stephan D. Hwang v. Capital One National Association
Combined Opinion