People v. Smith

2023 IL App (1st) 210909-U
No. 1-21-0909
FIRST DIVISION
January 23, 2023

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 08 CR 14004
)
MARTEZ SMITH, ) Honorable
) Adrienne E. Davis,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.

JUSTICE PUCINSKI delivered the judgment of the court.
Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment.
Justice Lavin dissented.

ORDER

¶1 Held: We reverse the second-stage dismissal of defendant’s petition under the Post-
Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq.), as defendant’s postconviction
counsel failed to provide the requisite reasonable level of assistance.

¶2 Defendant-appellant Martez Smith appeals from the second-stage dismissal of his pro se

postconviction petition, on the ground that his appointed postconviction counsel failed to render

the requisite level of assistance under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1

et seq. (West 2020)). We agree that postconviction counsel failed to render the requisite reasonable

level of assistance required by the Act, when she belatedly attempted to orally raise new
No. 1-21-0909

constitutional claims without properly presenting them for consideration by the court. We thus

reverse and remand for further second-stage proceedings after the appointment of new

postconviction counsel.

¶3 BACKGROUND 1

¶4 Defendant was charged with counts of attempt first degree murder, aggravated battery with

a firearm, and other offenses related to the shooting of Draivon Dixon in Chicago’s Euclid Park

on the night of July 12, 2008. Defendant was 17 years old at the time of the shooting.

¶5 Before trial, defendant’s trial counsel filed a motion to suppress evidence that sought to

preclude admission of statements defendant made in police custody after his arrest. The motion

alleged that on July 14, 2008, police questioned defendant and obtained an incriminating statement

after defendant had invoked his right to counsel and his right to remain silent. The motion did not

specify the content of the statement but sought to preclude “any and all statements made by the

defendant after his invocation of counsel.”

¶6 Defense counsel later withdrew the motion to suppress, based upon the State’s agreement

not to use defendant’s incriminating statement in its case in chief. Before trial, defense counsel

communicated in open court its understanding “that the State * * * may use that statement in

rebuttal for the purposes of impeaching either the defendant’s testimony or a potential alibi

witness.” At that time, the court addressed defendant: “So [if] you choose to testify or alibi

witnesses choose to testify, the State may be allowed to introduce statements you made to

1
Additional factual background of trial proceedings can be found in our opinion on direct
appeal, People v. Smith, 2012 IL App (1st) 102015-U.

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No. 1-21-0909

authorities regarding your whereabouts at the time of the crime, and that will be given to the jury.

Do you understand that?” Defendant answered “Yes.”

¶7 Defendant’s Trial

¶8 Trial proceeded on charges of attempt first degree murder and aggravated battery with a

firearm. During opening argument, defense counsel told the jury that they would hear testimony

from defendant’s mother, Nicole Williams, that defendant was home at the time of the shooting.

Defense counsel told the jury that Williams would testify that defendant was under a court-ordered

curfew and that she made sure he did not violate the curfew.

¶9 At trial, the State presented testimony from Dixon and two other eyewitnesses to the

shooting, Jason Kemp and Anthony Sayles. Dixon testified that he was 19 years old and was in

high school at the time of the shooting. Dixon, Kemp, and Sayles went to Euclid Park about 10:15

p.m. on July 12, 2008. A short time later they were approached by a group of four males, including

defendant and someone Dixon recognized from school as Denzel Kennedy. 2 Kennedy and

defendant repeatedly asked Dixon if he was in a gang. Dixon said he was not and attempted to

walk toward his car. At one point, Dixon turned and saw defendant holding a gun. Dixon heard a

shot, felt “something warm going down the side of [his] chest” and fell to the ground. Dixon was

treated at a hospital.

¶ 10 On July 13, 2008, Dixon spoke to police and identified defendant in a group of

photographs. On July 14, 2008, he went to the police station and identified defendant in a physical

lineup.

2
The same individual is sometimes referred to in the record as “Denzel Canady.”

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¶ 11 Kemp, Dixon’s half-brother, similarly testified that he was with Dixon and Sayles when

they were approached by a group of males (including defendant), two of whom spoke to Dixon.

Kemp saw defendant point a gun at Dixon and begin shooting. Two days later, Kemp identified

defendant in a physical lineup at a police station. Sayles similarly testified that he, Dixon and

Kemp went to the park at approximately 10 p.m. A short time later, they were approached by a

number of males, including defendant. Sayles wanted to leave and was walking toward Dixon’s

car when he heard shots, turned, and saw defendant shooting at Dixon.

¶ 12 Officer Brandon Rodekohr testified that he spoke to Dixon as part of the investigation into

the shooting. Based on information that Dixon provided, Rodekohr prepared a photo array of six

photographs. Dixon subsequently identified defendant’s photograph and said he was the shooter.

Rodekhohr later arrested Dixon.

¶ 13 Detective James Carlassare testified that each of Dixon, Kemp, and Sayles separately

identified defendant in a physical lineup on July 14, 2008.

¶ 14 Defendant proceeded with an alibi defense. Williams testified that she was defendant’s

mother and that defendant resided with her. At the time of the shooting, defendant was under a

court-ordered curfew requiring him to be home between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m. She explained that she

took steps to ensure that he did not violate the curfew. She also indicated that pre-trial services

would check on defendant a number of times each week, by telephone or in person, to ensure his

compliance. She testified that defendant was in her home at the time of the shooting. On cross-

examination, Williams acknowledged that a curfew violation was entered against defendant on

May 29, 2008. However, she testified the reason was that her telephone was not working when

pretrial services tried to call on that date. She maintained that defendant never violated the curfew.

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¶ 15 In rebuttal, the State recalled Officer Rodekohr. He testified that after he arrested defendant

and gave him Miranda warnings, they had a conversation in which defendant related that “he was

at Euclid Park shooting hoops when he heard some gunshots.” Defendant’s statement was not

recorded.

¶ 16 The State also recalled Detective Carlassare, who testified that he gave defendant Miranda

warnings and spoke with him shortly after the physical lineup. Carlassare testified that defendant

said he was playing basketball in Euclid Park when he heard shots. Defendant initially said he did

not see who was shooting. After Carlassare told defendant he had been identified in the lineup,

defendant then said that he was at the park with two individuals, one of whom was the shooter.

Carlassare acknowledged that this conversation was not recorded.

¶ 17 The jury found defendant guilty of aggravated battery with a firearm and attempt first

degree murder. The jury also made a special finding that defendant discharged a firearm causing

great bodily harm to Dixon. The trial court merged the convictions and sentenced defendant to 34

years’ imprisonment.

¶ 18 Direct Appeal

¶ 19 In December 2012, this court affirmed defendant’s conviction. 2012 IL App (1st) 102015-

U. In that order, we rejected defendant’s contention that the trial court erred in permitting the State

to cross-examine Williams about defendant’s prior curfew violations. Id. ¶ 52. Separately, we

agreed with defendant that the trial court erred in failing to properly admonish and question

prospective jurors pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 431(b). Id. ¶ 63. However, we determined that

this unpreserved error was not first-prong plain error, as the evidence against defendant was not

closely balanced. Id. at ¶¶ 64-67. We thus affirmed the judgment of the trial court.

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¶ 20 Postconviction Proceedings

¶ 21 On May 25, 2015, defendant mailed a motion requesting an extension of time to file a

postconviction petition pursuant to the Postconviction Hearing Act (Act), 725 ILCS 5/122-1 et

seq. That motion was granted on June 30, 2015.

¶ 22 Defendant’s handwritten pro se petition was filed on August 3, 2015. In the petition, he

claimed he was denied effective assistance of trial and appellate counsel in several respects. The

pro se petition contained several numbered sections. The contentions in section 5, which contained

several paragraphs, are most relevant to this appeal.

¶ 23 The first sentence in section 5 stated:

“Defendant first contends that trial counsel did not meet the

Strickland standards [sic] when he failed to request the pretrial

motion Judge to make sufficiently specific findings of fact in

support of the court’s suppression order and thereby frustrated the

defendant in its’s [sic] appeal from that judgment.”

¶ 24 In the ensuing paragraphs of section 5, defendant additionally alleged the failure of his trial

and appellate counsel to challenge the admissibility of his statements to police officers, on the

grounds that he was not given a Miranda consent form and that the statements were not recorded.

Defendant contended:

“Defendant additionally argues that in appellate counsel misplaced

harmless error analysis he challenges the propriety of the

introduction of the statements defendant made to two separate police

officers admitting that he was in the park at the time of the shooting

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No. 1-21-0909

stating that defendant was not given a Miranda consent form to sign

and no audio or video recordings of the statement were made.

[Citation.] Counsel has caused this claim to be waived where he has

simply dumped this issue on the Appellate Court without clear

definition, support by pertinent authority or argument, let alone a

cohesive argument. Supreme Court Rule 341 requires that the

appellant clearly sets out the issues raised and the legal support

therefore with relevant authority.

Defendant next argues that appellate counsel failed to raised

[sic] the ineffectiveness of trial counsel for his failure to object to

the introduction of the statements because defendant was not given

a Miranda consent form to sign and no audio or video recording of

the statement[s] were made. [Citation.]”

¶ 25 In subsequent sections of the petition, defendant also suggested that (1) appellate counsel

failed to raise trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing to preserve the Rule 431 compliance issue

for appellate review; (2) appellate counsel failed to raise trial counsel’s “ineffectiveness for failure

to ask questions surrounding gang bias during voir dire”; (3) trial counsel’s opening statement

“denied him a fair trial” because counsel’s reference to the curfew “opened the door” for the State

to reference his curfew violation in Williams’ cross-examination; (4) it was “objectively

unreasonable” for trial counsel’s opening statement to tell the jury that his mother would testify he

was at home, since “counsel knew that the defendant had made statements to two separate police

officers admitting that he was in the park at the time of the shooting”; and (5) trial counsel should

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not have called his mother to testify as an alibi witness without “fully investigat[ing]” her story

and the curfew records.

¶ 26 In a separate section of the petition, defendant claimed trial counsel caused him to

“involuntarily waive his right to testify” by “incorrectly advising” him. Defendant attached an

affidavit in which he stated that his trial counsel “misinformed” him that if he testified, the jury

would hear gang-related evidence and would learn about a prior offense. Defendant averred that

he twice told counsel he wanted to testify, but eventually “my mother told me not to testify and

listen to my attorney.” Defendant separately alleged the trial court denied his right to confront

witnesses against him by refusing to allow the cross-examination of Dixon and Sayles “concerning

their gang membership.”

¶ 27 On November 2, 2015, the petition was advanced for second-stage proceedings. 3

Defendant’s appointed postconviction counsel first appeared before the court on January 5, 2016.

On August 23, 2016, postconviction counsel told the court she had spoken to defendant by phone

but requested more time to review his case. The record reflects a number of continuances over the

following months.

¶ 28 On July 20, 2017, approximately one and a half years after her first appearance in this

matter, defendant’s postconviction counsel filed a certificate pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 651(c), in which she represented:

“I have consulted with Petitioner, MARTEZ SMITH, by phone,

mail, electronic means or in person to ascertain his contentions of

3
The record includes a “Criminal Disposition Sheet” from that date stating the petition was
“[d]ocketed for 2nd stage hearing.”

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No. 1-21-0909

deprivation of constitutional rights; I have examined the record of

proceedings at the trial; and I have not made any amendments to the

pro se Petition(s) previously filed necessary for an adequate

presentation of Petitioner’s contentions. The pro se Petition(s)

previously filed that is an adequate presentation of Petitioner’s

contentions.”

¶ 29 On June 11, 2018, the State filed a motion to dismiss the pro se petition. As a threshold

issue, the State urged that the petition was untimely and defendant failed to establish a lack of

culpable negligence to excuse the untimeliness. Regarding the petition’s allegation that trial

counsel failed to request specific findings of fact in an order on the motion to suppress, the State

pointed out that there was no such order because trial counsel withdrew the motion.

¶ 30 On October 2, 2018, appointed postconviction counsel told the court that defendant wanted

to hire private counsel. However, the record reflects that the same attorney remained as defendant’s

postconviction counsel for the remainder of postconviction proceedings.

¶ 31 In April 2019, defendant filed a response to the State’s motion. The response urged that

defendant was not “culpably negligent” for the late filing, referencing a supporting affidavit in

which defendant described how his efforts to file the petition were delayed by multiple lockdowns

at his prison. Elsewhere in the response, defendant argued forfeiture should not apply to his claims,

as forfeiture does not apply where “fundamental fairness” requires.

¶ 32 On June 4, 2019, defendant moved for leave to file an affidavit from his mother, Williams,

as an exhibit that was inadvertently omitted from the petition. In the affidavit, Williams stated that

trial counsel told her defendant should not testify “because it will negatively affect the defense that

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No. 1-21-0909

Denzel Canady shot Draivon Dixon and the State will mis-use the gang information against

[defendant] and show he use[s] guns because he w[as] out on bond for unlawful use of a weapon.”

She stated that she later told defendant “not to testify and go with his lawyer[’s] plan.”

¶ 33 On June 12, 2019, defendant filed a “motion for leave to file a supplemental petition,” to

include Williams’ affidavit from the original petition. Postconviction counsel did not otherwise

amend the pro se petition.

¶ 34 On July 17, 2019, the State filed a motion to dismiss the supplemental petition.

¶ 35 On August 15, 2019, the court heard argument on the State’s motion to dismiss. The State

reiterated that, insofar as the petition claimed trial counsel should have sought more specific

findings in an order on the motion to suppress, there was no such order because the motion was

withdrawn.

¶ 36 In her argument, defendant’s postconviction counsel included multiple assertions that were

not in the pro se petition:

“[Y]our Honor, trial counsel was ineffective for not

proceeding with the motion to suppress statements which prejudiced

the petitioner because the failure inhibited him from testifying. This

was not trial strategy, but ineffective assistance of counsel.

Trial counsel was also ineffective for arguing an alibi

defense in opening argument regarding petitioner’s whereabouts

where his alibi witness was impeached by probation curfew records.

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No. 1-21-0909

Also trial counsel was ineffective for compelling him not to

testify and basically trial counsel was ineffective for failing to put

on a defense.

Also petitioner was 17 years old and no guardian was

present when he was questioned, which violated his due process

rights.

Regarding the timeliness issue, petitioner had repeated lock

downs at his correctional facilities. Additionally, he’s not a lawyer,

did not have an attorney’s assistance with his pro se petition. And

fundamental fairness requires that his petition not be dismissed on

this basis.

Petitioner has made a substantial showing of ineffective

assistance of counsel and appellate counsel thereby re[quiring] a

third stage evidentiary hearing.” (Emphases added.)

¶ 37 Over the next two years, the parties appeared before multiple judges pending a ruling on

the State’s motion to dismiss. Although the Hon. Diane G. Cannon presided over defendant’s trial

and the oral argument on the State’s motion to dismiss the postconviction petition, the Hon.

Adrienne E. Davis ruled on that motion after reviewing relevant filings and transcripts.

¶ 38 On July 6, 2021, the trial court granted the State’s motion to dismiss the petition. The court

issued an order in which it found that defendant was not culpably negligent for the delay in filing

the petition, but that each of the petition’s claims lacked merit. On July 16, 2021, defendant filed

a notice of appeal.

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¶ 39 ANALYSIS

¶ 40 On appeal, defendant seeks reversal of the second-stage dismissal of his pro se petition on

the ground that postconviction counsel failed to render a reasonable level of assistance pursuant to

the Act. He first contends that postconviction counsel was unreasonable by failing to amend the

pro se petition to remove the “meritless claim” referencing a non-existent suppression order. He

also suggests counsel rendered unreasonable assistance when she orally asserted two “entirely new

claims” that she failed to include in an amended petition, despite having ample time to investigate

and properly assert them in writing.

¶ 41 With respect to the first of those two new claims, defendant contends it was unreasonable

for postconviction counsel not to amend the petition to argue that trial counsel was ineffective for

withdrawing the motion to suppress. Defendant points out that postconviction counsel made that

assertion to the court at the August 2019 oral argument, yet this was her first mention of that

possible claim, despite having represented defendant for the preceding three and a half years.

¶ 42 In the same manner, defendant also urges that postconviction counsel failed to provide

reasonable assistance when she made no written amendment corresponding to her assertion at oral

argument that defendant “was 17 years old and no guardian was present when he was questioned,

which violated his due process rights.” Defendant emphasizes that this brief statement was

postconviction counsel’s first and only mention of this issue to the court during the entirety of her

representation. Based on these alleged failures by postconviction counsel, defendant requests we

reverse and remand for further second-stage proceedings upon appointment of new postconviction

counsel. For the following reasons, we agree with defendant that postconviction counsel’s conduct

did not demonstrate the requisite reasonable level of assistance.

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¶ 43 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS /122-1 et seq.) provides a “ ‘remedy for

defendants who have suffered a substantial violation of their constitutional rights at trial.” People

v. Milam, 2012 IL App (1st) 100832, ¶ 20 (quoting People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 243-44)

(2001)). At the first stage of proceedings under the Act, “the trial court has 90 days to review a

defendant’s petition and may summarily dismiss the petition if the court finds it frivolous and

patently without merit. [Citations.]” Id. If the petition is not dismissed within 90 days, it must be

docketed for further consideration. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2020).

¶ 44 Here, defendant’s petition proceeded to the second stage of proceedings under the Act, at

which counsel may be appointed for an indigent defendant. 725 ILCS 5/122-4 (West 2020). “The

right to postconviction counsel is statutory, not constitutional. [Citations.]” Milam, 2012 IL App

(1st) 100832, ¶ 21. Because “counsel is afforded in collateral proceedings under the Act only as a

matter of legislative grace”, “criminal defendants seeking relief in postconviction proceedings

have no constitutional right to counsel, effective or otherwise.” People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339,

¶ 30; see also People v. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d. 264, 276 (1992) (“Because the right to counsel in post-

conviction proceedings is derived from statute rather than the Federal or State Constitutions” a

petitioner “cannot claim sixth amendment ineffective assistance of counsel in such proceedings.”)

¶ 45 “[P]etitioners are only entitled to the level of assistance provided for by the [Act].” People

v. Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d 37, 42 (2007). “The required quantum of assistance has been judicially

deemed to be a ‘reasonable level,’ a standard that is significantly lower than the one mandated at

trial by our state and federal constitutions.” Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 30; see also People v.

Kuehner, 2015 IL 117695, ¶ 15 (the required reasonable level of assistance is “lower than the

constitutionally guaranteed level of assistance” at trial.)

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¶ 46 “To assure the reasonable assistance required by the Act, Supreme Court Rule 651(c)

imposes specific duties on postconviction counsel. [Citation.]” People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34,

43 (2007). The Rule states:

“Upon the timely filing of a notice of appeal in a

postconviction proceeding, if the trial court determines that the

petitioner is indigent, the procedures for appointment of counsel and

provision of the report on proceedings shall be governed by Rule

607. In a postconviction proceeding, the appellant or appellant’s

counsel shall, upon written request, be provided the postconviction

report of proceedings and any relevant report of proceedings not

previously provided to the appellant or appellant’s counsel.

The record filed in that court shall contain a showing, which

may be made by the certificate of petitioner’s attorney, that the

attorney has consulted with petitioner by phone, mail, electronic

means or in person to ascertain his or her contentions of deprivation

of constitutional rights, has examined the record of proceedings at

the trial, and has made any amendments to the petitions filed pro se

that are necessary for an adequate presentation of petitioner’s

contentions.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).

The “primary purpose” of the Rule “is to ensure that counsel shapes the petitioner’s claims into

proper legal form and presents those claims to the court.” Kuehner, 2015 IL 117695, ¶ 20 (quoting

Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d at 43-44); see also Milam, 2012 IL App (1st) 100832, ¶ 33 (“Rule 651(c)

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requires that postconviction counsel make any amendments to the pro se petition necessary to

adequately present the defendant’s contentions. [Citations.] To that end, postconviction counsel

must shape the defendant’s pro se claims into ‘appropriate legal form.’ ” (quoting People v.

Johnson, 154 Ill. 2d 227, 237-38 (1993)).

¶ 47 Our supreme court has emphasized that under Rule 651(c), “post-conviction counsel is

only required to investigate and properly present the petitioner’s claims.” (Emphasis in original).

People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 475 (2006) (quoting People v. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149, 164

(1993)); see also Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 32 (postconviction counsel “are required only to certify

that they have ‘consulted with the petitioner * * *’, ‘examined the record’ as needed to shape the

defendant’s pro se claims, and ‘made any amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are

necessary for an adequate presentation’ of those claims (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1,

2017)). Accordingly, “[u]nder Rule 651(c) there is no requirement that postconviction counsel

must amend a defendant’s pro se petition or scour the record to uncover claims that were not raised

by the defendant. [Citations.]” Milam, 2012 IL App (1st) 100832, ¶ 33 (quoting Johnson, 154 Ill.

2d at 237-38). While postconviction counsel “may raise additional issues if he or she so chooses,

there is no obligation to do so.” Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 476.

¶ 48 Further, Rule 651(c) “does not require postconviction counsel to advance frivolous or

spurious claims on defendant’s behalf. If amendments * * * would only further a frivolous or

patently nonmeritorious claim, they are not ‘necessary’ within the meaning of the rule.” People v.

Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 23 (quoting People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 192, 205 (2004)).

¶ 49 Counsel’s compliance with Rule 651(c) is “mandatory” and “may be shown by a certificate

filed by the petitioner’s attorney.” Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d at 50. Completion of a certificate raises a

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rebuttable presumption that counsel complied with the Rule but is not “conclusive of compliance.”

Id. at 53. If postconviction counsel filed a certificate, “[i]t is defendant’s burden to overcome this

presumption by demonstrating his attorney’s failure to substantially comply with the duties

mandated by Rule 651(c). [Citation.]” Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19.

¶ 50 In this case, postconviction counsel filed a Rule 651(c) certificate, “triggering the

presumption of compliance with the rule.” Id., ¶ 31. We review de novo the question of whether

an attorney complied with Rule 651(c). Id. ¶ 17.

¶ 51 Significantly, much of the parties’ arguments in their briefs and at oral argument assume

compliance with Rule 651(c) is conclusive proof that postconviction counsel rendered the requisite

“reasonable assistance” under the Act. We believe this view mistakenly oversimplifies the

relationship between the specific duties set forth in the Rule and the broader responsibility to

provide reasonable assistance under the Act. While there is ample case law discussing counsel’s

duties under Rule 651(c) and the presumption of compliance with the Rule arising from completion

of a Rule 651(c) certificate, supreme court precedent does not indicate that compliance with Rule

651(c) duties necessarily means that counsel rendered the requisite “reasonable” assistance in the

course of his or her representation. Indeed, our supreme court recently recognized: “Our case law

does not treat Rule 651(c) as the exclusive mechanism for ensuring reasonable assistance.

[Citations]” People v. Smith, 2022 IL 126940, ¶ 25; see also People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d 351, 361

(1990) (stating that “section 122-4 of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act and Rule 651 together

ensure that post-conviction petitions will receive a reasonable level of assistance by counsel in

post-conviction proceedings.”). This precedent indicates that, although postconviction counsel’s

compliance with Rule 651(c) is always required, it is not necessarily sufficient to establish that

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counsel rendered the requisite level of reasonable assistance. In other words, postconviction

counsel may satisfy the limited duties of Rule 651(c) yet otherwise fail to render reasonable

assistance in other aspects of his or her representation.

¶ 52 With these principles in mind, we turn to defendant’s specific claims of unreasonable

assistance. There are essentially three ways in which defendant now asserts that postconviction

counsel failed to give the requisite reasonable assistance under the Act: (1) counsel failed to amend

the pro se petition’s meritless allegation referencing a non-existent “suppression order”; (2)

counsel failed to amend the petition to add the new claim (first mentioned at oral argument) that

trial counsel was ineffective for withdrawing the motion to suppress; and (3) counsel failed to

amend the petition to add a new claim corresponding to her assertion at oral argument that

defendant “was 17 years old and no guardian was present when he was questioned, which violated

his due process rights.”

¶ 53 For the reasons that follow, we find that the latter two arguments are convincing and require

reversal and remand. The record shows that postconviction counsel belatedly attempted to assert,

in conclusory fashion, two new substantive claims at oral argument. This was counsel’s first

mention of either claim, despite having filed a certificate over two years earlier stating she had

reviewed the record but found no need to amend the petition. We recognize that Rule 651(c)

imposes no specific obligation with respect to new claims not included in the pro se petition, and

that counsel in this case completed a Rule 651(c) certificate. Nevertheless, we cannot say that

counsel’s conduct demonstrated “reasonable” assistance. To the contrary, the record indicates a

disturbing likelihood that she identified two new issues she believed had arguable merit, yet she

failed to properly present them for the court’s consideration. Alternatively, she may have simply

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asserted the claims in conclusory fashion at oral argument, without adequate factual investigation

or legal research to support them. In any event, the record shows that postconviction counsel did

not render a “reasonable” level of assistance, at least with respect to either of the new claims. This

requires reversal, regardless of whether counsel otherwise complied with Rule 651(c).

¶ 54 Postconviction Counsel Was Unreasonable In Belatedly Asserting a Claim That Trial

Counsel Was Ineffective for Withdrawing the Motion to Suppress

¶ 55 First, we agree with defendant’s contention that postconviction counsel was unreasonable

because, “after examining the record, post-conviction counsel should have amended the petition

to argue that defense counsel was ineffective for withdrawing the motion to suppress in the first

place.” Defendant points out that his trial counsel’s decision to withdraw the motion undermined

his alibi defense, insofar as it allowed the State to impeach his mother’s testimony with defendant’s

post-arrest statements to police admitting he was in the park at the time of the shooting. He argues

that, since trial counsel put on an alibi defense, he should have proceeded with the motion to

suppress that, if granted, could have precluded the “fatal impeachment of his alibi witness.”

Defendant suggests that postconviction counsel was unreasonable for failing to amend the petition

to add a corresponding claim. He emphasizes that postconviction counsel was undoubtedly aware

of this potential claim, since she asserted at the August 2019 oral argument that “trial counsel was

ineffective for not proceeding with the motion to suppress statements.” Defendant points out that,

despite having represented defendant for the prior three and a half years, postconviction counsel

(1) made no prior mention of the issue in an amended petition and (2) provided no supporting law

or facts when she first mentioned it at oral argument on the State’s motion to dismiss. Defendant

posits that to “offhandedly reference [this issue] for the first and only time in court, without

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fleshing out her argument and without including it in [defendant’s] written petition, was

unreasonable assistance.”

¶ 56 On this point, the State emphasized in its brief and at oral argument that under Rule 651(c),

postconviction counsel is only required to properly present claims raised by the petitioner and is

not required to raise new issues. 4 At oral argument, the State contended that compliance with Rule

651(c) is equivalent to providing the requisite “reasonable assistance” under the Act. Thus, the

State essentially argues that Rule 651(c) controls the outcome of this appeal.

¶ 57 In his reply brief and at oral argument, defendant concedes that the issue of trial counsel’s

failure to withdraw the motion to suppress was a “new” claim not contained in his pro se petition.

Nevertheless, he contends that postconviction counsel acted unreasonably by merely stating the

claim for the first time at oral argument, without attempting to “flesh out the claim” or include it

in an amended petition. That is, defendant asserts that postconviction “counsel provided

unreasonable assistance because she raised this new claim but failed to take the necessary steps to

do so properly.”

¶ 58 At this point, we note our disagreement with the dissent’s suggestion that postconviction

counsel’s reference at oral argument to the motion to suppress was not a new claim but instead

was an attempt to argue defendant’s pro se allegations of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness. We

acknowledge that it is impossible to know exactly what postconviction counsel was thinking when

she argued that “trial counsel was ineffective for not proceeding with the motion to suppress

4
At oral argument before this court, the State alternatively suggested that postconviction counsel’s
remarks may not have indicated an intent to raise any new claims, but that perhaps postconviction counsel
was simply “inarticulate” in her oral argument on the State’s motion to dismiss. That suggestion is
contradicted by the record, which makes clear that postconviction counsel orally raised new contentions
that were simply not contained anywhere in the defendant’s pro se petition.

- 19 -
No. 1-21-0909

statements which prejudiced the petitioner because the failure inhibited him from testifying.”

However, the pro se petition simply never referenced a “motion to suppress,” other than to state

that trial counsel “failed to request the pretrial motion Judge to make sufficiently specific findings

of fact in support of the Court’s suppression order.” Of course, there was no such suppression

order and so (as the dissent elsewhere acknowledges) that particular pro se contention is meritless.

The dissent is correct in noting that the petition referred to trial counsel’s “failure to object to the

introduction of the statements,” yet that pro se claim specified that it was based on the fact that

“defendant was not given a Miranda consent form” and that there were no audio or video

recordings of the statements. That pro se claim is different from postconviction counsel’s oral

contention that trial counsel should have maintained the motion to suppress based on defendant’s

prior invocation of his right to remain silent and his right to counsel. And while the pro se petition

alleged that trial counsel “incorrectly advis[ed]” him and his mother regarding his right to testify,

that portion of the petition made no reference to counsel’s decision to withdraw the motion to

suppress. The pro se petition did not claim, as postconviction counsel orally argued, that the

withdrawal of the motion to suppress “inhibited him from testifying.” Thus, we remain convinced

(and neither party has disputed) that postconviction counsel sought to assert a new claim regarding

withdrawal of the motion to suppress.

¶ 59 We recognize that Rule 651(c) does not require postconviction counsel to raise new claims.

Our supreme court has emphasized that Rule 651(c) imposes “limited duties” that concern

presentation of the petitioner’s claims. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 32 (postconviction counsel “are

required only to certify that they have ‘consulted with the petitioner * * *,’ ‘examined the record’

as needed to shape the defendant’s pro se claims, and ‘made any amendments to the petitions filed

- 20 -
No. 1-21-0909

pro se that are necessary for an adequate presentation’ of those claims.”); Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at

475 (2006) (“ ‘[P]ost-conviction counsel is only required to investigate and properly present the

petitioner’s claims.’ ” (Emphasis in original) (quoting People v. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149, 164

(1993)). Similarly, we recognize that postconviction counsel is not required to “scour the record

to uncover claims that were not raised by the defendant.” Milam, 2012 IL App (1st) 100832, ¶ 33.

¶ 60 Nevertheless, although Rule 651(c) does not require counsel to raise new claims, that does

not preclude scrutiny of postconviction counsel’s attempt to do so. We emphasize that the

governing inquiry under the Act is whether counsel rendered a “ ‘reasonable’ level of assistance.”

Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d at 42. At oral argument, the State suggested that compliance with Rule 651(c)

is equivalent to providing reasonable assistance. However, our supreme court has clarified that

Rule 651(c) is not “the exclusive mechanism for ensuring reasonable assistance.” Smith, 2022 IL

126940, ¶ 25. Thus, compliance with Rule 651(c)—whose duties concern presentation of the

petitioner’s pro se claims—does not foreclose the possibility that postconviction counsel otherwise

failed to render a reasonable level of assistance with respect to new claims.

¶ 61 We recognize that the statutorily-required “reasonable” level of assistance is “significantly

lower than the one mandated at trial by our state and federal constitutions.” Custer, 2019 IL

123339, ¶ 30. We also recognize that completion of a Rule 651(c) certificate gives rise to a

rebuttable presumption that postconviction counsel provided reasonable assistance. Profit, 2012

IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19. Nevertheless, the record here shows that postconviction counsel acted

unreasonably in attempting to belatedly assert a new claim. At the August 2019 hearing,

postconviction counsel raised a new claim that “trial counsel was ineffective for not proceeding

with the motion to suppress.” Plainly, counsel thought this new claim had at least some arguable

- 21 -
No. 1-21-0909

merit, or she would have not mentioned it at all. Yet, there is no reasonable explanation why she

raised it for the first time at that point, which was approximately three and a half years after her

appointment as postconviction counsel, and approximately two years after representing to the court

in her Rule 651(c) certificate that she had reviewed the record and conferred with defendant.

Apparently, at some point in her representation she came to believe this was a potentially viable

constitutional claim. Yet, inexplicably, she never attempted to properly raise that claim by

submitting an amended petition. And when she did mention it belatedly at oral argument, she

offered no supporting facts or case law. Nor did she ask for an opportunity at that late point to

submit an amended petition or supplemental briefing to support the new claim. Finally, counsel

made no further mention of the claim in a motion to reconsider the dismissal order.5

¶ 62 Even applying a minimal standard of competency, the record compels the conclusion that

counsel was unreasonable in attempting to raise this new substantive claim for the first time at oral

argument. We note that postconviction counsel has been found unreasonable when counsel fails

to adequately preserve one of defendant’s pro se arguments. See People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 404,

414 (1999) (postconviction counsel failed to amend a pro se petition to add allegation of ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel to avoid waiver of underlying claim); People v. Schlosser, 2012 IL

App (1st) 092523, ¶ 25 (postconviction counsel’s oral assertion of appellate counsel’s

ineffectiveness at argument on State’s motion to dismiss did not function to amend petition to

avoid dismissal on waiver); People v. Kirk, 2012 IL App (1st) 101606, ¶ 31 (relying on Schlosser

5
At oral argument, the State pointed out that after the trial court granted the State’s motion to
dismiss, postconviction counsel failed to point out to the court that the dismissal order made no mention of
the new claims that she sought to raise at oral argument. The State suggested this indicates that counsel did
not, in fact, intend to raise any new issues. However, we think it is just as likely that this simply shows
postconviction counsel’s repeated failure to make reasonable efforts to properly bring the new claims to the
court’s attention.

- 22 -
No. 1-21-0909

to find postconviction counsel rendered unreasonable assistance by failing to amend petition to

include claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel that postconviction counsel first raised

at oral argument). We recognize that these cases discussed counsel’s duty to adequately present

the petitioner’s claims, which is specifically set forth in Rule 651(c). Nonetheless, they support

the more general principle that when postconviction counsel undertakes to present a claim, he or

she must do so in a procedurally correct manner. Indeed, we fail to see how counsel can be

considered to have rendered “reasonable” assistance with respect to a new claim, if counsel does

not present that claim in a way so that it can be properly considered and ruled upon by the court.

¶ 63 In this case, postconviction counsel inexplicably attempted to raise at oral argument a new

claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, having failed to present it in three-plus years of

postconviction representation. Regardless of whether such a claim would have ultimately been

found meritorious had it been properly presented, the haphazard way in which it was raised is clear

evidence that postconviction counsel did not render the reasonable level of assistance required by

the Act.

¶ 64 Postconviction Counsel’s Assertion of a New Due Process Claim at Oral Argument

¶ 65 We similarly agree with defendant’s contention that postconviction counsel rendered

unreasonable assistance by attempting to raise a second new substantive claim for the first time at

oral argument, when she told the court that “petitioner was 17 years old and no guardian was

present when he was questioned, which violated his due process rights.” Defendant points out that

counsel did not include this claim in a written amendment and that she did not provide “additional

legal or factual support” for a due process claim, either orally or in writing. He asserts that

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No. 1-21-0909

postconviction counsel’s attempt to raise a due process issue through a single sentence at oral

argument constituted unreasonable assistance.

¶ 66 In response, the State claims that the record “does not demonstrate that this one utterance

was an attempt to raise a new post-conviction claim.” The State otherwise emphasizes the

previously-mentioned precedent establishing that the requisite level of assistance under the Act is

less than the constitutional standard for trial counsel, and that postconviction counsel is not

obligated to raise new claims.

¶ 67 Nevertheless, the record convinces us that postconviction counsel acted unreasonably with

respect to this attempted due process claim, for largely the same reasons discussed with counsel’s

failed attempt to assert a new claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness. First, it is clear that counsel

did, in fact, attempt to raise a new due process claim based on defendant’s age and lack of a

guardian during police questioning. Contrary to the State’s suggestion at oral argument,

postconviction counsel’s comment cannot simply be disregarded as an inarticulate attempt to argue

a pre-existing pro se claim. The pro se petition made no mention of the fact that defendant was 17

years old at the time of his arrest, nor did it mention whether he had a parent, guardian or other

concerned adult present during questioning by police. Thus, it is plain that postconviction counsel

sought to raise a new due process argument at the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss.

¶ 68 We recognize that since it was a new claim, postconviction counsel did not have an

obligation to raise it, at least not under the text of Rule 651(c). Nonetheless, counsel was still

obligated by the Act to give a “reasonable” level of assistance, including with respect to any new

claim that she elected to raise in her professional judgment. It is clear that she did not do so.

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No. 1-21-0909

¶ 69 Apparently, counsel thought there was some arguable merit to the new “due process” claim,

or she would not have brought it to the court’s attention at oral argument. 6 Nevertheless, she

inexplicably failed to make any prior mention of this claim, through written amendment or

otherwise, at any point in over three years of representing defendant, during which she certified

that she had met with defendant and examined the trial record. And when she finally did try to

raise the claim, she did not attempt to cite any legal authorities or seek leave to amend the petition.

We believe that “reasonable” representation entails that, if counsel wishes to present a new claim,

he or she must so in a procedurally correct manner, i.e., through a written amendment. See People

v. Rodriguez, 2015 IL App (2d) 130994 (reversing and remanding where postconviction counsel

had on several prior occasions stated to the court there was an issue of defendant’s fitness to stand

trial, yet inexplicably failed to present a corresponding claim in an amended petition). 7 Clearly,

counsel did not act reasonably in this case, with respect to either of the new claims first mentioned

at oral argument, as they were never properly presented for consideration by the trial court.

6
We note that the claim appears not to have had merit, because at the time of defendant’s 2008 arrest,
the Juvenile Court Act applied only to minors under the age of 17. See 705 ILCS 405/5-120 (West 2008).
Defendant had already reached age 17 by the time of his arrest. Effective January 1, 2014, the Juvenile
Court Act was amended to apply to minors under age 18, but the amendment specified that it was not
retroactive. 705 ILCS 405/5-120 (West 2014); People v. Richardson, 2015 IL 118255(rejecting defendant’s
challenge to provision of the amendment that excluded application of the Juvenile Court Act to 17-year-
olds who allegedly committed offenses before the amendment’s effective date.) Postconviction counsel’s
apparent failure to research this issue only further convinces us that her representation did not meet the
minimal level of reasonable assistance.

7
At oral argument, the State cited Rodriguez to argue that the record must show something more
than postconviction counsel’s statements at oral argument before we may conclude that postconviction
counsel actually intended to raise a new claim, as opposed to merely making an inartful argument. We
disagree where, as here, the record makes plain that counsel referenced specific facts in support of a “due
process” argument that were contained nowhere in the pro se petition. Indeed, the fact that postconviction
counsel did not bring a potential due process claim to the court’s attention at any other point simply supports
the conclusion that she did not render reasonable assistance with respect to this new claim.

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No. 1-21-0909

¶ 70 Response to Dissent

¶ 71 Before we conclude, we pause to address the dissent’s contentions that, notwithstanding

any unreasonable conduct by postconviction counsel, reversal is not warranted because neither of

the claims at issue had merit. With respect to the first claim, the dissent reasons that while

postconviction counsel could have amended the petition to “more clearly state” a claim of

ineffective assistance pertaining to the withdrawal of the motion to suppress, we should not find

this was unreasonable because the underlying ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim lacks

merit. Specifically, the dissent concludes that there was no potentially viable ineffective assistance

claim based on trial counsel’s withdrawal of the motion to suppress, because even a successful

motion would make no difference in the trial outcome, given the other evidence of defendant’s

guilt. 8

¶ 72 With respect to postconviction counsel’s “due process” argument, the dissent does not

dispute that postconviction counsel tried to assert a new claim based on the fact that defendant was

17 years old without a guardian present when he was questioned. However, the dissent reasons

that because that new claim was meritless, it does not form a basis to reverse due to postconviction

counsel’s unreasonable assistance.

¶ 73 We disagree with the dissent’s suggestion that we cannot reverse due to postconviction

counsel’s unreasonable assistance absent a showing that defendant was prejudiced, i.e., that one

8
The dissent also points out that the motion to suppress stated that the defendant invoked his
Miranda rights on July 14, 2008, whereas Officer Rodekohr testified that defendant made an incriminating
statement shortly after his arrest the previous day, July 13. Thus, the dissent assumes that the motion only
sought to suppress the subsequent statement to Officer Carlassere after the physical lineup. However,
because the motion was withdrawn, defendant never had an opportunity to testify whether he invoked his
right to remain silent and right to counsel immediately after his arrest, or if he only did so the following
day. That is, we recognize the distinct possibility that trial counsel erred in drafting the motion to withdraw
so as not to encompass all post-arrest statements.

- 26 -
No. 1-21-0909

of the underlying claims actually had merit. Our supreme court has rejected the need for such a

showing by specifically declining to hold that postconviction counsel’s failure to comply with Rule

651(c) may be excused as “harmless error” where the underlying claim lacks merit. People v.

Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d 37 (2007). Suarez and the other supreme court precedent cited therein indicate

that, where postconviction counsel has not complied with Rule 651(c) or otherwise given the

reasonable level of assistance required by the Act, remand is appropriate regardless of the merits

of the claims.

¶ 74 In Suarez, defendant filed a pro se petition under section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil

Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401) asserting that his sentence violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530

U.S. 466 (2000). Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d at 40-41. The circuit court treated the filing as a postconviction

petition under the Act and appointed counsel. Postconviction counsel did not complete a Rule

651(c) certificate but filed a supplemental petition that added a new claim along with the original

Apprendi claim. Id. at 41. After the circuit court granted the State’s motion to dismiss, defendant

on appeal sought remand on the ground that postconviction counsel “failed to file a certificate of

compliance and the record failed to demonstrate compliance.” Id. at 41. The appellate court

“concluded that the failure to comply was harmless error because defendant’s postconviction

claims were without merit as a matter of law.” Id.

¶ 75 Our supreme court, however, concluded that remand was warranted regardless of whether

the pro se or supplemental petitions raised potentially meritorious issues. The first portion of our

supreme court’s analysis rejected the State’s contention that the record showed postconviction

counsel’s compliance with Rule 651(c), notwithstanding counsel’s failure to file a certificate. Id.

at 43-44. The court found that, although postconviction counsel filed a supplemental petition, this

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No. 1-21-0909

did not give rise to a presumption of compliance and “nothing in the supplemental petition suggests

that counsel consulted with defendant in preparing the petition.” Id. at 44.

¶ 76 Our supreme court then turned to the appellate court’s conclusion that postconviction

counsel’s failure to comply with Rule 651(c) was “harmless error” because the petition’s claims

were meritless. Id. The Suarez court proceeded to reject the “harmless error” approach, explaining

that remand was required regardless of whether the petition’s underlying claims were meritorious.

Citing several prior supreme court decisions, Suarez explained: “This court has consistently held

that remand is required where postconviction counsel failed to fulfill the duties of consultation,

examining the record, and amendment of the pro se petition, regardless of whether the claims

raised in the petition had merit. [Citations.]” Id. at 47.

¶ 77 The supreme court noted that, in 1969, it had “rejected the State’s argument that the circuit

court properly dismissed the petition because its allegations were insufficient to raise a

constitutional issue and it could not be made sufficient through amendment.” Id. at 47 (citing

People v. Jones, 43 Ill. 2d 160, 162 (1969)). The supreme court in Jones stated: “We have held it

to be error to dismiss a post-conviction petition on the pleadings * * * where there has been

inadequate representation by counsel, though the [p]ro se petition itself fails to present a substantial

constitutional claim. [Citations.]” Jones, 43 Ill. 2d at 162.

¶ 78 Our supreme court in Suarez also noted that, in 1999, it rejected a similar argument by the

State that prejudice was required before reversing due to postconviction counsel’s conduct:

“[I]n People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406 (1999), this court rejected the

State’s argument that the postconviction petitioner was not

prejudiced by his counsel’s deficiencies because the claims in the

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No. 1-21-0909

pro se petition lacked merit. We held that, ‘[o]n a more fundamental

level, it is improper to affirm the dismissal of a post-conviction

petition when this court finds that post-conviction counsel’s

performance was so deficient that it amounts to virtually no

representation at all.’ Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 415-16. Counsel in that

case had not consulted with petitioner, examined pertinent portions

of the record, or amended the pro se petition. This court rejected the

State’s harmless error argument, refusing to speculate on whether

the circuit court would have dismissed the petition without an

evidentiary hearing had counsel adequately performed his duties

under Rule 651(c). [Citation.]” Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d at 48.

¶ 79 The Suarez court noted that the supplemental petition filed by postconviction counsel

contained a new claim whose merits were not discussed by the parties’ briefs. Id. at 51.

Nevertheless, our supreme emphasized that the potential merit of any claim was irrelevant:

“Our analysis * * * does not depend upon whether the pro se or

supplemental petition in this case did nor did not contain potentially

meritorious issues. Our Rule 651(c) analysis has been driven, not by

whether a particular defendant’s claim is potentially meritorious,

but by the conviction that where postconviction counsel does not

adequately complete the duties mandated by the rule, the limited

right to counsel conferred by the Act cannot be fully realized.

[Citations.] We have consistently declined the State’s invitation to

- 29 -
No. 1-21-0909

excuse noncompliance with the rule on the basis of harmless error.”

(Emphasis added.) Id. at 51.

Suarez “decline[d] to hold that noncompliance with Rule 651(c) may be excused on the basis of

harmless error,” stating “[s]uch compliance must be shown regardless of whether the claims made

in the pro se or amended petition are viable.” Id. at 52 (remanding to the circuit court “for the

purpose of demonstrating compliance with Rule 651(c)).”)

¶ 80 We think Suarez makes clear the supreme court’s view that, once it has been determined

that postconviction counsel has not complied with Rule 651(c) or otherwise rendered reasonable

assistance require by the Act, remand is required regardless of whether the underlying claims had

merit.

¶ 81 As the dissent notes, certain decisions of our court have limited Suarez’s application based

on the fact that counsel in Suarez did not file a Rule 651(c) certificate giving rise to a rebuttable

presumption of compliance. See, e.g., People v. Landa, 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶¶ 56-58;

People v. Gallano, 2019 IL App (1st) 160570, ¶¶ 29-30; People v. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st)

101307, ¶¶ 20-23. Those decisions have reasoned that, where postconviction counsel has

completed a Rule 651(c) certificate, whether petitioner’s underlying pro se claims “had merit is

crucial to determining whether counsel acted unreasonably by not filing an amended petition.”

Gallano, 2019 IL App (1st) 160570, ¶ 30 (quoting Profit, 2012 IL App 101307, ¶ 23). In other

words, they suggest that if a Rule 651(c) certificate has been completed, “the defendant must show

not only how the [postconviction] attorney’s performance was deficient or unreasonable but also

what prejudice resulted from that deficiency.” Landa, 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶ 58. We disagree

with this proposition. Although we recognize that a Rule 651(c) certificate raises a rebuttable

- 30 -
No. 1-21-0909

presumption of reasonable assistance, once that presumption has been rebutted (as we believe it

was here), we do not see why the existence of a Rule 651(c) certificate additionally requires a

defendant to show “prejudice” based on the merits of the underlying claims.

¶ 82 We note that we are not bound to follow other decisions of this district. See O’Casek v.

Children’s Home and Aid Society, 229 Ill. 2d 421, 440 (2008) (“[T]he opinion of one district,

division, or panel of the appellate court is not binding on other districts, division, or panels.

[Citation.]”) We respectfully depart from the above-referenced decisions, insofar as they decline

to apply Suarez or hold that counsel cannot be found unreasonable unless there was some merit to

the underlying pro se allegations. We are unaware of any supreme court precedent requiring

defendant to show that “prejudice” resulted from postconviction counsel’s unreasonable

assistance, based on the merits of an underlying pro se claim or a claim added by counsel. 9 That

is, we believe that Suarez is the controlling authority.

¶ 83 Notably, Suarez’s analysis does not suggest that its rejection of the State’s “harmless error”

argument depends on whether counsel completed a Rule 651(c) certificate. Nothing in the Suarez

decision explicitly limited its holding in this manner. Nor did Suarez suggest that a defendant is

required to show that “prejudice” resulted from his postconviction counsel’s unreasonable

assistance. Rather, Suarez makes clear that, once it has been determined that postconviction

counsel failed to fulfill his or her duties, the State cannot resort to a “harmless error” argument to

avoid remand by arguing that the substantive claims were meritless.

9
Our supreme court is considering an appeal in which defendant contends that his appointed
postconviction counsel failed to provide reasonable assistance by failing to plead an essential element of a
claim that counsel added in amending the pro se petition. People v. Agee, No. 128413 (September 28, 2022)
(granting petition for leave to appeal from People v. Agee, No. 2-20-0748 (Dec. 23, 2021) (unpublished
summary order under Rule 23(c))). The parties in that case have not yet completed their briefs in the
supreme court.

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No. 1-21-0909

¶ 84 To be sure, there was no presumption of compliance in Suarez because counsel had not

filed a certificate. Yet, once our supreme court concluded that the record did not show compliance,

it made clear that defendant was entitled to remand regardless of the merit of either the pro se

claim or the new claim in the supplemental petition: “Our Rule 651(c) analysis has been driven,

not by whether a particular defendant’s claim is potentially meritorious, but by the conviction that

where postconviction counsel does not adequately complete the duties mandated by the rule, the

limited right to counsel conferred by the Act cannot be fully realized. [Citation.]” 224 Ill. 2d at

51. This is consistent with the principle that “it is improper to affirm the dismissal of a post-

conviction petition when this court finds that post-conviction counsel’s performance was so

deficient that it amounts to virtually no representation at all.” Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 415-16

(rejecting State’s argument that petitioner needed to demonstrate prejudice).

¶ 85 We further observe that reversing rather than delving into a “prejudice” inquiry of the

potential merit of an underlying substantive claim is consistent with a general principle of appellate

court competence—that this court should avoid potentially speculative analysis on questions for

which the factual record was not adequately developed. See People v. Veach, 2017 IL 120649, ¶

46 (noting that while ineffective assistance of counsel claims must be brought on direct appeal “if

apparent on the record,” such claims “may sometimes be better suited to collateral proceedings but

only when the record is incomplete or inadequate for resolving the claim.”). A prejudice analysis

as to whether a postconviction claim had merit would hinge on the facts apparent from the record,

yet in many instances such analysis could be unduly speculative because postconviction counsel

(in failing to provide reasonable assistance) did not ensure the necessary factual development to

assess that underlying claim.

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No. 1-21-0909

¶ 86 In our view, Suarez and the cited precedent therein establish that, once it has been

determined that counsel did not provide the reasonable assistance required by the Act, remand is

required regardless of whether the underlying claims had merit. In this case, we have found that

the record—namely, postconviction counsel’s assertion of two new arguments without any effort

to properly assert them—rebuts the presumption of reasonable assistance. Pursuant to Suarez, we

need not additionally review of the merits of the underlying claims. 224 Ill. 2d at 51-52 (“We have

consistently declined the State’s invitation to excuse noncompliance with the rule on the basis of

harmless error.”). Rather, our finding that postconviction counsel failed to render the requisite

reasonable assistance is all that is required to warrant reversal.

¶ 87 Finally, we take no issue with the dissent’s comments regarding the defendant’s argument

that postconviction counsel failed to amend or delete the meritless pro se contention regarding a

non-existent “suppression order.” We merely point out that our decision to reverse and remand is

not based on that particular argument.

¶ 88 CONCLUSION

¶ 89 In sum, we emphasize that the Act requires a “reasonable” level of representation,

regardless of the specific enumerated duties in Rule 651(c). That is, whereas Rule 651(c) may be

limited to duties with respect to the initial pro se claims, the Act nonetheless generally requires

postconviction counsel to exhibit a minimum reasonable level of assistance in representing a

petitioner, in all aspects of the representation. Postconviction counsel are not immunized from this

standard simply by filling out a generic Rule 651(c) certificate. If postconviction counsel

determines there are new arguable claims that should be brought to the court’s attention, he or she

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No. 1-21-0909

must raise them in a reasonable, procedurally correct manner, regardless of whether he or she

otherwise complied with Rule 651(c).

¶ 90 Here, the record shows postconviction counsel believed there were two new potentially

viable constitutional claims, yet she inexplicably took no action to properly raise them, despite

having ample time to do so. We thus conclude that postconviction counsel failed to render the

requisite reasonable level of assistance, with respect to both of the new claims that were not

brought to the court’s attention until argument on the State’s motion to dismiss.10

¶ 91 Our precedent indicates that, where postconviction counsel did not provide the requisite

level of assistance, the proper remedy is reversal and remand for new second-stage proceedings,

upon appointment of new postconviction counsel “with leave to amend and add supporting

documentation, as he or she deems necessary.” People v. Schlosser, 2017 IL App 150355, ¶ 32;

see also People v. Kelly, 2012 IL App (1st) 101521, ¶¶ 40-41 (remanding “for further second-stage

proceedings with the appointment of new counsel.”)

¶ 92 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County

and remand for further second-stage postconviction proceedings with the appointment of new

postconviction counsel.

¶ 93 Reversed and remanded.

¶ 94 PRESIDING JUSTICE LAVIN, dissenting:

10
As we reverse on this ground, we need not discuss defendant’s argument for reversal premised
on postconviction counsel’s failure to amend the pro se allegation suggesting trial counsel was ineffective
with respect to a non-existent “suppression order.”

- 34 -
No. 1-21-0909

¶ 95 Here, by virtue of postconviction counsel filing a Rule 651(c) certificate, a rebuttable

presumption arose that defendant received reasonable assistance. See People v. Smith, 2022 IL

126940, ¶ 29. I agree with the majority that even after this filing and notwithstanding the

presumption that arises from it, “if postconviction counsel performs unreasonably” a petitioner

still may pursue “a claim that counsel failed to provide a reasonable standard of representation.”

Id. ¶ 38; see supra, ¶ 51. Nonetheless, it remains a petitioner’s burden to overcome the presumption

(People v. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19), and here he “must show not only how the

attorney’s performance was deficient or unreasonable but also what prejudice resulted from that

deficiency” (People v. Landa, 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶ 58). Because I do not believe defendant

has made such a showing on this record, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 96 First, notwithstanding the parties’ characterizations, the record demonstrates that

postconviction counsel’s argument regarding ineffective assistance of trial counsel was not a new

constitutional claim. Rather, it was grounded in the petition, when liberally construed, as is

required at the second stage of proceedings. See People v. Hall, 217 Ill. 2d 324, 334 (2005).

¶ 97 In his petition, defendant wrote that trial counsel did not satisfy Strickland as to the pretrial

motion because he did not obtain specific findings on the suppression order. He also alleged

appellate counsel was ineffective for not highlighting trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing “to

object to the introduction of statements.” Defendant attached the portion of the trial court record

wherein his counsel noted he had withdrawn the suppression motion in exchange for the State not

using defendant’s statement in its case in chief. Additionally, in the petition, defendant alleged that

trial counsel provided deficient advice, which forced him to waive his right to testify. At oral

arguments on the petition, postconviction counsel asserted that “trial counsel was ineffective for

- 35 -
No. 1-21-0909

not proceeding with the motion to suppress statements which prejudiced the petitioner because the

failure inhibited him from testifying.” Rather than raising a new constitutional claim, I believe

counsel was arguing the contents of defendant’s postconviction petition. This guts the majority’s

reasoning that counsel was unreasonable for raising a new claim at oral argument not reflected in

defendant’s pro se postconviction petition.

¶ 98 Second, while postconviction counsel could have amended the petition to more clearly

state the ineffective assistance of trial counsel, specifically as to the motion to suppress, I don’t

think it was unreasonable that she chose not to do so.11 This is because I don’t believe the

ineffective assistance claim had any merit on this record. See People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 192, 205

(2004) (noting, postconviction counsel need not advance frivolous or spurious claims); Profit,

2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶¶ 23, 25 (noting, with the 651(c) certificate filed, “the question of

whether the pro se allegations had merit is crucial to determining whether counsel acted

unreasonably by not filing an amended petition.”). In order to establish prejudice resulting from

defense counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress — or in this case, the withdrawal of the

motion — a defendant must show a reasonable probability that (1) the motion to suppress would

have been granted and (2) the outcome of the trial would have been different had the evidence

been suppressed. People v. Brickhouse, 2018 IL App (3d) 150807, ¶ 40.

¶ 99 Here, the proposed motion to suppress prepared by trial counsel asserted that police violated

defendant’s fourth amendment rights by questioning him after he invoked his right to counsel and to

11
Defendant in his appellate brief relies on several cases wherein the postconviction attorneys failed
to amend the petition to include, for example, ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, which is
considered a “routine amendment” needed to overcome the procedural bar of waiver. See, e.g., People v.
Milam, 2012 IL App (1st) 100832, ¶¶ 35-36. I do not believe the amendments defendant’s now pointing to
are analogous. Here, as set forth, nothing postconviction counsel did or did not do prevented the circuit
court from reaching the merits of defendant’s petition or directly contributed to the petition’s dismissal.

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No. 1-21-0909

remain silent. According to a handwritten declaration signed by defendant and his attorney, he asserted

his right to counsel and to remain silent around 2 p.m. on July 14. Yet, it appears that the day before,

around 11 p.m. on July 13, when defendant was arrested and then transferred to the police department,

he had already made a statement to police that he was at Euclid Park, where he heard the gunshots and

saw people running. Thus, the motion focused on statements given following the physical lineup,

around 6 p.m. on July 14, wherein defendant acknowledged again being at the park but with two friends

and stated that one of them had the gun.

¶ 100 Significantly, even had his 6 p.m. statements been suppressed, I don’t think the trial outcome

would have been different given that three people identified defendant without any hesitation as the

shooter from a physical lineup presented two days after the shooting and, per his statement prior to

invoking counsel and silence, defendant admitted being at the park, which was within a half mile of

defendant’s home. 12 The alibi defense consisted only of defendant’s mother vouching for his

whereabouts at their home (which she described as “quite a distance” from the park) during the time

of the shooting due to a previous court-ordered curfew. See People v. Mullen, 313 Ill. App. 3d 718,

729 (2000) (the trier of fact is not required to accept alibi testimony over the positive identification of

an accused, particularly where the alibi testimony is from biased witnesses). Her testimony that

defendant abided by this curfew was impeached by the State’s rebuttal witness who testified to the

contrary and also noted that no curfew checks occurred on the night in question. As this court found

on direct appeal, the evidence against defendant “was overwhelming.” People v. Smith, 2012 IL App

12
The victim also identified defendant as the shooter from a photo array that police showed him.
Furthermore, the majority points out that, according to appellate counsel, defendant’s alibi was undermined
insofar as his mother’s testimony was impeached by defendant’s admissions to being in the park. See supra,
¶¶ 55, 62-63. However, had trial counsel proceeded with the motion to suppress, it’s quite possible the State
would have then used defendant’s statement made prior to July 14, at 6 p.m., wherein he admitted to being
in the park, for impeachment and in the State’s case in chief. This would have been more prejudicial.

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(1st) 102015-U, ¶ 67. Because I believe the suppression motion would have been futile, there was no

point in postconviction counsel amending the petition in that regard. 13 See Brickhouse, 2018 IL App

(3d) 150807, ¶ 40.

¶ 101 The same can be said for postconviction counsel’s argument that defendant, as a 17-year-

old, was entitled to a guardian being present at police questioning. The majority finds this argument

had no merit, so I don’t believe counsel should have been required to amend the petition to include

it. See supra, ¶ 68, fn 6.

¶ 102 While some would argue that this latter point is a sign counsel provided unreasonable

assistance, I think the record in this case is too speculative to draw that conclusion, especially

where a postconviction attorney is not obligated to raise additional issues. See People v. Pendleton,

223 Ill. 2d 458, 476 (2006). It is not unheard of that an attorney thinking on her feet before the

court might add extra flourishes or arguments to persuade the judge. Certainly, I don’t think this

record alone is sufficient to overcome the presumption established by Rule 651(c) of reasonable

assistance. Cf. Landa, 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶¶ 59-70; see Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307,

¶ 18 (substantial compliance with Rule 651(c) is sufficient).

¶ 103 This same reasoning applies to defendant’s contention that his postconviction counsel was

unreasonable for failing to amend his pro se petition to delete a meritless claim. There is no such

statutory or supreme court rule requirement, nor should there be. Given the number of claims some

pro se petitioners raise, which can include hundreds of pages, requiring postconviction attorneys

13
Defendant also arguably acquiesced to the withdrawal of the suppression motion. When the court
notified him prior to trial of the significance of withdrawing the motion — that the State could introduce
his statements made to the police about his whereabouts if he or his alibi witness testified —, defendant
stated he understood. See People v. Harding, 2012 IL App (2d) 101011, ¶ 17 (under the doctrine of invited
error, a defendant may not request to proceed in one manner and later contend that the course of action was
in error). He can hardly complain of counsel’s strategy when he acquiesced to it.

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No. 1-21-0909

to perform such a task is nonsense. Moreover, it does not aid defendants in presenting their meritorious

claims, which is the entire point of Rule 651(c).

¶ 104 For the reasons stated, I therefore dissent.

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