COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges O’Brien, Causey and Friedman
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
JOSEPH RYAN ALVEY
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0194-22-1 JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN
JANUARY 31, 2023
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
John W. Brown, Judge
Michelle C.F. Derrico, Senior Assistant Public Defender (Virginia
Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Susan Hallie Hovey-Murray, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S.
Miyares, Attorney General; Robin M. Nagel, Assistant Attorney
General, on brief), for appellee.
Joseph Ryan Alvey appeals from the judgment of the trial court revoking his previously
suspended sentences and imposing two years and six months of active incarceration. Alvey
contends that the trial court abused its discretion by revoking his suspended sentences and
resuspending only five years and six months. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
“In revocation appeals, the trial court’s ‘findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed
unless there is a clear showing of abuse of discretion.’” Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App.
529, 535 (2013) (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81, 86 (1991)). “The evidence is
considered in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below.” Id.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
In 2014, as part of a written plea agreement, Alvey pleaded guilty to two counts of forgery.
The trial court convicted Alvey and sentenced him to a total of ten years’ incarceration with eight
years suspended.
In October 2019, Alvey’s probation officer reported that Alvey violated the terms and
conditions of his suspended sentences by failing to report to appointments with his probation officer
and by travelling to North Carolina without permission. Additionally, Alvey told his probation
officer that he was receiving substance abuse treatment but never reported to the treatment center.
Alvey admitted that he used cocaine and heroin, and on two occasions, tested positive for cocaine
and opiates.
During Alvey’s probationary period, a North Carolina court convicted Alvey of financial
card fraud and possession of stolen goods.1 In addition, the Circuit Court of the City of Virginia
Beach convicted Alvey of petit larceny and obtaining money by false pretenses, third offense.2 On
November 1, 2019, the trial court issued a capias for Alvey’s arrest.
At the January 20, 2022 revocation hearing, Alvey admitted to violating the terms of his
suspended sentences. Alvey proffered that he never moved to North Carolina, he was living in
Virginia Beach, had family in the area, and only travelled to North Carolina to work. During
allocution, Alvey stated that he had never participated in any drug rehabilitation program and
1
Alvey entered an Alford plea to the possession of stolen goods charge. “An individual
accused of crime may voluntarily, knowingly, and understandingly consent to the imposition of a
prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to admit his participation in the acts constituting
the crime.” North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37 (1970). Alford pleas allow “criminal
defendants who wish to avoid the consequences of a trial to plead guilty by conceding that the
evidence is sufficient to convict them, while maintaining that they did not participate in the acts
constituting the crimes.” Carroll v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 641, 644-45 (2010) (quoting
Parson v. Carroll, 272 Va. 560, 565 (2006)).
2
The Circuit Court of the City of Norfolk also charged Alvey with attempting to obtain
money/property by false pretenses, two counts of obtaining money/property by false pretenses,
and three counts of uttering.
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requested that the trial court order him to attend drug court. He further stated that he took full
responsibility for his actions, had been “straight” for two years, and was “trying to turn over a new
leaf in [his] life.”
The Commonwealth asked the trial court to consider the discretionary sentencing guidelines
prepared under the law in effect when Alvey first violated his probation.3 Alvey requested that the
trial court sentence him to the low end of the discretionary sentencing guidelines that were prepared
according to the law in effect at the time of the revocation hearing.
The trial court found Alvey had violated the terms of his suspended sentences and revoked
them in their entirety. In departing from the discretionary sentencing guidelines, the trial court
found that the “guidelines [were] too low,” noting Alvey’s new offenses and his “terrible prior
record.” The trial court resuspended five years and six months of the sentences, imposing an active
sentence of two years and six months. This appeal followed.4
ANALYSIS
Alvey argues that the trial court abused its discretion by revoking his previously suspended
sentences and imposing an active sentence of two years and six months. He asserts that the trial
3
In 2021, the legislature enacted Code § 19.2-306.1, which modified the calculation of
recommended sentences in discretionary sentencing guidelines. See 2021 Va. Acts Spec. Sess. I
ch. 538. In this case, the discretionary sentencing guidelines prepared before July 1, 2021,
recommended a sentencing range between two years and three years. The discretionary
sentencing guidelines prepared after July 1, 2021, recommended a sentencing range between six
months and one year and six months. The trial court’s sentencing revocation report suggests that
the latter guidelines were employed but that the court departed from them.
4
We note that the Commonwealth submitted supplemental authority regarding the adequacy
of Alvey’s notice of appeal on the eve of oral argument. “The doctrine of judicial restraint dictates
that we decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest ground available.’” Commonwealth v. Swann, 290
Va. 194, 196 (2015) (quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 620, 626 n.4 (2010)). We find
that “resolution of the merits constitutes the best and narrowest ground” for decision in this case.
McDaniel v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 299, 317 n.6 (2021) (quoting Abdo v. Commonwealth, 64
Va. App. 468, 473 n.1 (2015)). Thus, pursuant to Rule 5A:4A, we decline to consider the
supplemental authority contained in the Commonwealth’s eleventh-hour filing in this matter.
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court “fail[ed] to give proper weight to mitigating evidence,” including maintaining employment
during his probation, his support from his family, and the two years he abstained from drug use
while he was incarcerated. Alvey also asserts that the trial court did not properly consider that he
successfully completed five months of probation and that this was his first violation. He concludes
that the trial court abused its discretion because it “placed too much weight” on his past record,
“gave improper weight to expired guidelines,” and failed to consider “current sentencing
guidelines.”
After suspending a sentence, a trial court “may revoke the suspension of sentence for any
cause the court deems sufficient that occurred at any time within the probation period, or within the
period of suspension fixed by the court.” Code § 19.2-306(A). Under the revocation statute in
effect when this revocation proceeding began, once the trial court found that Alvey had violated the
terms of the suspension, it was obligated to revoke the suspended sentences. Code § 19.2-306(C)(ii)
(Cum. Supp. 2020).5 The trial court was permitted—but not required—to resuspend all or part of
the sentences. Id.; Alsberry v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 314, 320 (2002).
Alvey admitted that he violated the terms of his suspended sentences. Thus, the trial court
had sufficient cause to revoke the suspended sentences. See Code § 19.2-306(A), (C). In
considering whether to resuspend some or all of the revoked sentences, it was within the trial
court’s purview to weigh any mitigating factors Alvey presented, including his assumption of
5
Although Code § 19.2-306(C) was amended effective July 1, 2021, Alvey does not
argue that the statutory amendment applied in his case and this Court recently held that it did not
apply when, as here, the probation violations occurred and the revocation proceeding began
before the effective date of the amendment. See Green v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 69, 84
n.4 (2022). Moreover, the record establishes that Alvey violated his probation by incurring new
criminal charges and convictions in various jurisdictions. The new statutory framework, like the
old, grants the trial court discretion to impose the balance of a previously suspended sentence
when, during the suspension period, a probationer “has violated another condition other than (i) a
technical violation or (ii) a good conduct violation that did not result in a criminal conviction.”
See 2021 Va. Acts Spec. Sess. I ch. 538; Code § 19.2-306.1(B).
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responsibility for his misconduct, his five months of successful probation, and the two years
during which he abstained from substance abuse while incarcerated. Keselica v. Commonwealth,
34 Va. App. 31, 36 (2000). Alvey also provided that he was employed during his probation and
had strong family support in the Virginia Beach area. Balanced against those mitigating
circumstances, however, was Alvey’s failure to report to his probation officer, his decision to
travel to North Carolina without his probation officer’s permission, and his four new criminal
convictions. The trial court considered that Alvey failed to report for substance abuse treatment
and was dishonest with his probation officer about obtaining such treatment. Meanwhile, Alvey
continued using controlled substances as evidenced by testing positive for opiates and cocaine
and admitting to using cocaine and heroin.
“The statutes dealing with probation and suspension are remedial and intended to give the
trial court valuable tools to help rehabilitate an offender through the use of probation, suspension of
all or part of a sentence, and/or restitution payments.” Howell v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 737, 740
(2007). Considering Alvey’s multiple violations of the conditions of his suspended sentences,
the trial court reasonably concluded that he was not amenable to rehabilitation. “When coupled
with a suspended sentence, probation represents ‘an act of grace on the part of the Commonwealth
to one who has been convicted and sentenced to a term of confinement.’” Hunter v.
Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 582, 587 (2010) (quoting Price v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 443,
448 (2008)).
“For probation to have a deterrent effect on recidivism, real consequences must follow a
probationer’s willful violation of the conditions of probation.” Price, 51 Va. App. at 449. Alvey
repeatedly failed to make productive use of the grace that had been extended to him. Having
reviewed the record, we hold that the sentence the trial court imposed was not an abuse of
discretion under the circumstances of this case. See Alsberry, 39 Va. App. at 322 (finding that
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the court did not abuse its discretion by imposing the defendant’s previously suspended sentence
in its entirety “in light of the grievous nature of [the defendant’s] offenses and his continuing
criminal activity”); see also Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 520 (2009) (affirming
the court’s imposition of a five-year sentence with three years suspended for third offense
larceny because the sentence was “not excessive on its face”).
The probation violation guidelines, like the standard sentencing guidelines, “are not binding
on the trial judge; rather, the guidelines are merely a ‘tool’ to assist the judge in fixing an
appropriate punishment.” Belcher v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 44, 45 (1993). The trial court
explained its departure from the guidelines on the worksheet using the new guidelines. The court
specifically noted Alvey’s “terrible prior record” and new convictions. Alvey contends that the
trial court wholly ignored his mitigating evidence. Much of this mitigating evidence focused on
Alvey’s drug addiction and need for treatment. The trial court, however, specifically addressed
this factor in its ruling, which contradicts Alvey’s claims that mitigating evidence went
unconsidered.
Finally, to the extent Alvey argues that his sentence was disproportionate, this Court
declines to engage in a proportionality review in cases that do not involve life sentences without the
possibility of parole. Cole v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 642, 653-54 (2011). We noted in Cole
that the Supreme Court of the United States “has never found a non-life ‘sentence for a term of
years within the limits authorized by statute to be, by itself, a cruel and unusual punishment’ in
violation of the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 653 (quoting Hutto v. Davis, 454 U.S. 370, 372 (1982)
(per curiam)). Cf. Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 243 (2016) (rejecting Eighth
Amendment challenge to 133-year active sentence because the sentence was imposed for “eighteen
separate crimes”).
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CONCLUSION
Upon review, we hold that the sentence imposed represents a proper exercise of the trial
court’s discretion. The trial court properly considered the discretionary sentencing guidelines and
the evidence before it in making its judgment. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
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