20-3049
USA v. Gibson
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3 ------
4 August Term, 2021
5 (Argued: November 23, 2021 Rehearing Decided: February 21, 2023)
6 Docket No. 20-3049
7 _________________________________________________________
8 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
9 Appellant,
10
11 - v. -
12 VINCENT GIBSON,
13 Defendant-Appellee.
14 _________________________________________________________
15 Before: KEARSE, LOHIER, and LEE, Circuit Judges.
16 Petition by the United States for a panel rehearing of this Court's decision
17 in United States v. Gibson, 55 F.4th 153 (2d Cir. 2022), and for an amended opinion
18 stating that the ruling that the 2015 removal of naloxegol from the federal controlled
1 substances schedules rendered those schedules categorically narrower than the
2 relevant New York drug schedules was nonprecedential. The petition for a panel
3 rehearing is granted; the request for an amended opinion is denied.
4 Tiffany H. Lee, Assistant United States Attorney,
5 Attorney, for Trini E. Ross, United States
6 Attorney for the Western District of New York,
7 Buffalo, New York.
8 PER CURIAM:
9 The government petitions for a panel rehearing of so much of our
10 decision in United States v. Gibson, 55 F.4th 153 (2d Cir. 2022), as ruled that the 2015
11 removal of naloxegol from the federal controlled substances schedules promulgated
12 under the Controlled Substances Act ("CSA"), 21 U.S.C. §§ 801-971, rendered those
13 schedules categorically narrower than the New York drug schedules applicable to
14 Gibson's 2002 state-law conviction. The government's petition suggests that that
15 ruling in our opinion ("Opinion") was dictum rather than a holding, and asks that we
16 issue an amended opinion so stating. We grant rehearing in order to note the
17 government's various positions on the comparability of the state and federal drug
2
1 schedules, and to flag some defects in the petition's characterizations of the record;
2 we deny the request for an amended opinion.
3 To begin with, we note that the government's petition repeatedly
4 confuses this appeal with the case as a whole. It states, for example, that our Opinion
5 "explained that the disparity issue was not presented at all in this case." (Government
6 Petition (or "Petition") at 10 (emphases added).) Our Opinion instead stated that "this
7 appeal presents fewer issues than might have been raised." Gibson, 55 F.4th at 158
8 (emphasis added). The Opinion proceeded to note, inter alia, that the government had
9 "not argue[d] that the New York law was not broader than the current federal
10 schedules" "in response to Gibson's contention" in the district court that New York law
11 was broader than federal law. Id. at 158-59 (emphasis added). And while the
12 government characterizes the Opinion as saying that "the Government was bound in
13 this case not to contest the disparity issue" (Petition at 9 (emphasis added)), the
14 Opinion instead noted that "[t]he government is correct that it 'is constrained from
15 arguing on appeal that the drug schedules are comparable even after the 2015
16 amendment removing naloxegol,' having made no such argument in the district
17 court." Gibson, 55 F.4th at 160 (quoting Government's reply brief on appeal at 12
18 (emphasis ours)). As we stated, "[t]he issue raised by Gibson's central contention--
3
1 that the state and federal schedules diverged--did not remain unresolved by the
2 government's refusal to address it." Gibson, 55 F.4th at 160. We did not indicate that
3 any prior holding of this Court--or anything in the record of this case--could warrant
4 the government's claiming to have been "bound" or "constrained" from contesting--in
5 light of the federal delisting of naloxegol--the comparability issue in the district court.
6 Nor can we credit the government's notions that "th[e] argument" "that
7 'federal law [is] categorically narrower than the state-law counterpart' based on the
8 [federal-law] descheduling of naloxegol" "was . . . no[t] before the district court"
9 (Government Petition at 4 (emphasis added)), and that the "issue"--i.e., whether "state
10 law at the time of [Gibson's 2002 drug] offense" was broader than current federal law-
11 -"was not briefed [on appeal] by either party" (id. at 3 (emphasis added)). In Gibson's
12 appellate brief, pages 10-14 discussed that issue. (See, e.g., Gibson brief on appeal
13 at 12 (under "the categorical approach in the present case, the district court properly
14 determined that [New York Penal Law] § 220.39(1) reaches conduct that would not
15 be criminalized federally"); id. ("New York's definition of 'narcotic drug' is broader
16 than the federal schedules."); id. at 13 ("Simply put, federal law controls 'any . . .
17 derivative . . . of opium or opiate,' subject to certain exceptions, among them
18 naloxegol. New York has no such exception. Naloxegol is an opiate derivative.").)
4
1 And in the district court, Gibson had made these points in opposing the government's
2 contention that his sentence should be enhanced pursuant to Guidelines § 4B1.1 on
3 the basis of his two prior New York convictions, one of which was his 2002 drug
4 offense. Gibson had immediately pointed out that New York law governing that
5 offense was broader than current federal law; he argued that while two predicate
6 offenses are required for application of § 4B1.1, the court should find one of his two
7 prior convictions relied on by the government--his prior drug conviction--is not a
8 proper predicate because the current federal schedules of controlled substances are
9 narrower than New York's 2002 drug schedules. See, e.g., Gibson, 55 F.4th at 156-57.
10 The government argued that Gibson's "argument is without merit" because the court
11 should look at the federal schedules only as they existed at the time of Gibson's prior
12 New York drug offense in 2002, not as they exist currently. (Government's Response
13 in Opposition to Defendant's Memorandum of Law, dated December 2, 2019
14 ("Government's December 2 Mem."), at 4.)
15 The implicit premise of the government's timing argument was that the
16 New York schedules under which Gibson was convicted in 2002 were broader than
17 the current federal schedules. Although the government suggests in its petition that
18 it has some question as to whether naloxegol was within the New York controlled
5
1 substance schedules (see Petition at 13-14), it did not contest during the proceedings
2 in the district court (see, e.g., Government's December 2 Mem. at 4), that naloxegol was
3 a federally controlled substance in 2002 but after January 2015 was no longer federally
4 controlled, see Schedules of Controlled Substances: Removal of Naloxegol From
5 Control, 80 Fed. Reg. 3468, 3468 (Jan. 23, 2015). And knowing that the federal
6 schedules in 2002 included naloxegol, the government repeatedly represented to the
7 district court that the New York schedules under which Gibson was convicted in 2002
8 were coextensive with federal law at that time: It stated that the "New York schedule
9 of substances in 2002 correlate[d] with the CSA schedules in place in 2002" (Government's
10 December 2 Mem. at 5 (emphasis added)); that "the state and federal schedules in 2002
11 mirror[ed] each other" (id. at 6 (emphasis added)); that Gibson "was convicted at a time
12 where [sic] the schedules were exactly the same" (Motion Hearing Transcript January 31,
13 2020, at 3 (emphasis added)). The unspoken impetus for the government's insistence
14 that the court should look only to the 2002 federal schedules, and not to the current
15 federal schedules (which exclude naloxegol), was that the New York law applicable
16 to Gibson's 2002 conviction was broader than current federal law. If the New York
17 schedules were not broader, there would have been no reason to insist that the court
18 not look to the current federal schedules.
6
1 The government's implicit recognition that the New York schedules
2 governing Gibson's 2002 conviction were broader than current federal law became
3 explicit in the government's opening brief on appeal. It stated:
4 While the state and federal drug schedules aligned in 2002, a 2015
5 amendment to the Controlled Substances Act ("CSA") removed
6 naloxegol as a federally controlled substance, rendering New York
7 State Penal Law § 110/220.39-1 broader than its federal
8 counterpart.
9 (Government brief on appeal at 6 n.2 (emphasis added).) The government argued
10 that the nature of the state-law drug offense of which Gibson was convicted in 2002
11 was not affected by the fact "[t]hat the drug schedules diverged 13 years [there]after." (Id.
12 at 11 (emphasis added).)
13 Although the government sought, in its reply brief, to retreat from the
14 explicit statements it made in its main brief as to New York drug laws' greater
15 breadth than current federal law (see Government reply brief on appeal at 11-13)--
16 arguing that "[a]ny substantive argument on whether the schedules have diverged should
17 be handled first at the district court level upon remand for resentencing" (id. at 12-13
18 (emphases added))--that argument made no sense. If, as the government urged, the
19 case were remanded because the 2002 federal drug schedules were the proper frame
7
1 of reference, the issue of whether the state law is broader than current federal law
2 would be irrelevant.
3 Regardless of the manner in which the government chose to support its
4 argument for the imposition of an enhanced sentence on Gibson under Guidelines
5 § 4B1.1, the question of the comparability of the state drug schedules applicable to
6 Gibson's 2002 conviction and the current federal schedules was in fact an issue in the
7 case and was in fact "handled" in the district court. A district court is required to
8 "begin all sentencing proceedings by correctly calculating the applicable [advisory]
9 Guidelines range." Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 49 (2007). The government
10 argued that the proper Guidelines imprisonment range for Gibson was 151 to 188
11 months pursuant to § 4B1.1; Gibson contended that his prior drug conviction was not
12 a proper predicate for the application of § 4B1.1 because (a) a defendant is to be
13 sentenced under the version of the Guidelines currently applicable to him, (b) the
14 Guidelines incorporate the federal drug schedules, and (c) the current federal
15 schedules are narrower than the New York drug schedules, see Gibson, 55 F.4th
16 at 156-57. Plainly, the parties disputed whether Gibson's 2002 drug conviction was
17 a proper predicate for an enhancement under § 4B1.1 of the Guidelines; and a
18 comparison of the state and federal drug schedules was essential to the resolution of
8
1 that dispute. As the government correctly says at the outset of its petition, in order
2 to decide "[w]hether a prior conviction qualifies as a 'controlled substance offense,'
3 U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b)," the courts must "determine whether [a] state statute" relied on
4 by the government "is categorically broader than its federal counterpart: if it is
5 broader, the state conviction is not a controlled substance offense; if it is not broader,
6 the state conviction is a controlled substance offense." (Government Petition at 1.)
7 As described in Gibson, 55 F.4th at 157-58, the district court concluded,
8 citing United States v. Townsend, 897 F.3d 66 (2d Cir. 2018), that it was required to
9 assess the comparability of the state and federal drug schedules under current federal
10 law. It thus could not rule as it did--i.e., that Gibson's 2002 conviction was not a
11 proper § 4B1.1 predicate, see, e.g., Gibson, 55 F.4th at 159-60--without concluding that
12 the 2002 New York drug schedules were broader than the current federal drug
13 schedules. The fact that the government elected not to contest the divergence did not
14 mean that "the issue" did not exist or that the district court was relieved of its normal
15 obligation to calculate the applicable Guidelines range.
16 Our Opinion stated that we were "[r]eviewing the district court's
17 Guidelines interpretations and legal rulings de novo," Gibson, 55 F.4th at 161. As to the
9
1 respective contents of the 2002 New York drug schedules and the current federal
2 schedules, we observed, inter alia, that
3 [a]s relevant here, th[e] schedule II(b) list of controlled substances
4 [in New York's drug schedules] includes--as it apparently did in
5 2002--"[o]pium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or
6 preparation of opium or opiate." N.Y. Pub. Health Law § 3306
7 Schedule II(b)(1) (McKinney 2002) ("New York schedule II(b)(1)")
8 (emphases added). Naloxegol is an opium alkaloid derivative.
9 See generally Schedules of Controlled Substances: Removal of
10 Naloxegol From Control, 80 Fed. Reg. 3468, 3468 (Jan. 23, 2015)
11 ("Naloxegol Delisting Rule") ("Prior to the effective date of this
12 rule, naloxegol was a schedule II controlled substance because it
13 can be derived from opium alkaloids.").
14 Gibson, 55 F.4th at 156 (last two emphases ours). And we concluded that the district
15 court had correctly ruled that "[f]ederal criminal law--both at the time of [Gibson's
16 2017] conduct and at the time of sentencing for it--was narrower than the state law
17 that governed Gibson's 2002 conviction," id. at 155, and that the court had correctly
18 concluded that § 4B1.1 was thus "inapplicable to Gibson for lack of a necessary
19 predicate," id. at 167.
20 Plainly, the comparability of the New York's 2002 drug schedules and the
21 current federal drug schedules was an issue that the district court was required to,
22 and did, decide in order to make a determination as to what Gibson's Guidelines
23 sentence would be. This Court was required to, and did, determine whether the
10
1 district court's decision was correct. The government's request for an amended
2 opinion suggesting that these rulings were not holdings is denied.
11