NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS
APPEALS COURT
21-P-856
COMMONWEALTH
vs.
JAY B. CHOUTE.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0
After a jury trial in the District Court, the defendant was
convicted of unlawfully carrying a loaded firearm, G. L. c. 269,
§ 10 (n); unlawfully carrying a firearm, G. L. c. 269, § 10 (a);
and possession of psilocybin mushrooms, G. L. c. 94C, § 34.1
Concluding that the search of the automobile was supported by
1 The jury also convicted the defendant of unlawful possession of
ammunition. On the defendant's motion, the trial judge entered
a required finding of not guilty after the jury verdict on that
charge pursuant to Mass. R. Crim. P. 25 (b) (2), as amended, 420
Mass. 1502 (1995). The trial judge provided no explanation for
this, nor could there be sufficient evidence that the defendant
knowingly carried a loaded firearm but insufficient evidence
that defendant knowingly possessed ammunition. To the extent
that the judge was motivated by the fact that the conviction of
ammunition possession was duplicative of the conviction for
unlawfully carrying a loaded firearm, the proper remedy was to
set aside the verdict and dismiss the charge. See Commonwealth
v. Johnson, 461 Mass. 44, 54, 59 (2011). Accord Commonwealth v.
Grayson, 96 Mass. App. Ct. 748, 749 n.1 (2019). In any event,
the Commonwealth neither objected nor appealed, so the issue is
not before us.
probable cause to find evidence of a larceny, the indicia of
drug distribution were properly admitted to show the defendant's
knowledge that the firearm was loaded, and the prosecutor did
not misstate the evidence, we affirm.
1. The motion to suppress. "In reviewing the denial of a
motion to suppress, we '[a]ccept[] the judge's subsidiary
findings of fact absent clear error, give[] substantial
deference to the judge's ultimate findings and conclusions of
law, but independently review[] the correctness of the judge's
application of constitutional principles to the facts found.'"
Commonwealth v. Quinones, 95 Mass. App. Ct. 156, 158-159 (2019),
quoting Commonwealth v. Lujan, 93 Mass. App. Ct. 95, 100 (2018).
The defendant's motion to suppress was properly denied, as
the search was supported by "probable cause to believe that a
motor vehicle parked in a public place and apparently capable of
being moved contain[ed] . . . evidence of a crime."
Commonwealth v. Bostock, 450 Mass. 616, 624 (2008). The search
here occurred after the defendant stole a smart tablet from the
victim's apartment, threatened her, and then fled. In reporting
the theft to the police, the victim identified the defendant by
name, provided the license plate number of his getaway vehicle,
and also reported that, prior to the theft, the defendant had
shown her a gun that he kept in a silver lockbox and which was
in the vehicle with him. Shortly after dispatch relayed these
2
facts to patrolling officers, officers found the defendant in a
parking lot standing behind the open trunk of the vehicle that
the victim had described. These "facts and circumstances within
the officer's knowledge," id., quoting Commonwealth v. Miller,
366 Mass. 387, 391 (1974), gave them probable cause to search
the vehicle for evidence of the theft that took place minutes
earlier. See Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 473 Mass. 379, 384
(2015) ("officers . . . appropriately concluded that the vehicle
. . . contained evidence of [a] crime" where, among other
things, "vehicle match[ed] the exact description of the vehicle
used in [an] armed robbery"). See also Bostock, supra (probable
cause existed where, inter alia, defendant matched witnesses'
descriptions and was found "within minutes of the crimes").
We are not persuaded by the defendant's argument that there
was no probable cause to continue the search after the officers
found the tablet. The tablet was not the only evidence of the
theft. The report that the police received (and what was
relayed to responding officers) was that the defendant
threatened the victim and stole the tablet after having shown
her a firearm that he kept in a silver lockbox. The lockbox and
firearm both corroborated the victim's report and explained why
the defendant's threat was credible. Accordingly, the officers
had probable cause to continue their search of the vehicle for
them, which search permissibly included opening the unlocked
3
lockbox. See Hernandez, 473 Mass. at 383-384 (probable cause to
search vehicle for evidence justifies searches of closed
containers therein). There was no error.
2. Evidence of drug distribution. "Whether evidence is
relevant and whether its probative value is substantially
outweighed by its prejudicial effect are matters entrusted to
the trial judge's broad discretion and are not disturbed absent
palpable error." Commonwealth v. Odgren, 483 Mass. 41, 63
(2019), quoting Commonwealth v. Keown, 478 Mass. 232, 242
(2017). Because the defendant moved in limine to exclude this
evidence and objected to its admission at trial, the issue is
preserved. See Commonwealth v. Gonsalves, 488 Mass. 827, 836
(2022).
The trial judge acted within her discretion in admitting
evidence of the defendant's drug dealing, notwithstanding the
fact that the defendant was not being tried for distribution.2
See Gonsalves, 488 Mass. at 836. The defendant was charged with
possessing a loaded firearm, an element of which is the
defendant's knowledge that the firearm was loaded. See
Commonwealth v. Brown, 479 Mass. 600, 601 (2018). Evidence that
the defendant was distributing drugs was relevant to his
2 Although the defendant was initially charged with possession
with the intent to distribute in violation of G. L. c. 94C,
§ 32A, a nolle prosequi was entered with respect to that charge.
4
knowledge that the firearm was loaded and his motive for
possessing the firearm. Cf. Commonwealth v. Gomes, 475 Mass.
775, 783 (2016) (drug evidence relevant to defendant's
"knowledge, motive, or intent"); Commonwealth v. Young, 382
Mass. 448, 463 (1981) (evidence of drug dealing relevant to
motive). Where the Commonwealth offered the evidence for these
permissible purposes, it was admissible unless "its probative
value [wa]s outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice."
Gonsalves, supra, quoting Commonwealth v. Crayton, 470 Mass.
228, 249 (2014).
We are not persuaded by the defendant's argument that the
trial judge did not conduct that balancing thoroughly enough and
thus erred in admitting the evidence. The transcript reveals an
engaging discussion between the parties and the judge about the
evidence's probative value and prejudicial effect, and the judge
ultimately denied the motion and overruled the defendant's
objections because she found the evidence "relevant, and not
overly prejudicial." The defendant's objections also provided
the judge with opportunities to consider the issue anew. We
discern no error in the judge's exercise of her discretion.
Furthermore, the judge appropriately instructed the jury
that this evidence was relevant "solely on the limited issue of
the Defendant's knowledge and motive" and that they could not
consider it "for any other purpose," including "as proof that
5
the Defendant has any kind of criminal personality or bad
character." Because we presume that the jury properly followed
this instruction, any potential prejudice was sufficiently
neutralized. See Commonwealth v. Bryant, 482 Mass. 731, 737
(2019).3
3. The opening statement and closing argument. The
defendant primarily takes issue with the prosecutor's statements
concerning what the defendant was doing when the police arrived
and the defendant's reactions to that arrival.4 The defendant
objected, and so we review for prejudicial error. See
Commonwealth v. Cash, 101 Mass. App. Ct. 473, 480 (2022).
The prosecutor's remarks about the defendant's actions when
the police arrived were fairly supported by the evidence. In an
opening statement, a prosecutor "may reference anything that
[the prosecutor] reasonably believes in good faith will be
proved by [the] evidence." Commonwealth v. DePina, 476 Mass.
614, 627 (2017). Here, the prosecutor stated in opening that
3 The defendant relatedly contends that the judge should also
have given a limiting instruction when the evidence was
admitted. Although this may have been the "[b]est practice," it
was not required, as "[t]he timing of a limiting instruction is
. . . ultimately in the discretion of the trial judge." Bryant,
482 Mass. at 737.
4 The defendant also argues that the prosecutor misstated
evidence in arguing that a housing rental application bearing
the defendant's name was found in a backpack. This argument is
without merit, as the prosecutor's statement mirrored officer
testimony that the document was found "in the main compartment
of the backpack."
6
the defendant was "standing at the back of the vehicle with the
trunk open, his hands in the trunk, and a backpack." This
remark was in fact supported by a video exhibit of the
defendant's interaction with the officers, which shows the
events unfolding as the prosecutor described. This same
evidence also supports the prosecutor's closing argument
questioning whether the defendant's actions "look[ed] like a
person who's not digging through a backpack." See Commonwealth
v. Rutherford, 476 Mass. 639, 643 (2017).
Similarly, we discern no error in the prosecutor's closing
argument remark that the defendant appeared "surprised" when the
police arrived because he had been caught "red-handed." The
video footage shows that the defendant appeared flustered upon
noticing the police -- with his gaze shifting between responding
officers before ultimately turning to access the trunk again.
Accordingly, the prosecutor's remark reflects a "reasonable and
7
possible" inference from the evidence. Commonwealth v. Parker,
481 Mass. 69, 74 (2018).
Judgments affirmed.
By the Court (Milkey,
Ditkoff & Englander, JJ.5),
Clerk
Entered: February 23, 2023.
5 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.
8
Commonwealth v. Jay B. Choute.
Combined Opinion