Botelho v. Buscone

United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit

No. 22-9001

IN RE: MARY E. BUSCONE, d/b/a FroYo To Go,

Debtor,

ANN TRACY BOTELHO,

Appellee,

v.

MARY E. BUSCONE,

Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT

Before

Gelpí, Lynch, and Thompson,
Circuit Judges.

David G. Baker, for appellant.

Thomas C. LaPorte, with whom LaPorte Law Group, PLLC was on
brief, for appellee.

February 22, 2023
 THOMPSON, Circuit Judge. A tale as old as commerce:

Two friends, next door neighbors in fact, enter, and exit, business

together, leaving behind unmet expectations and financial

acrimony. Sprinkle in a default judgment or two, alongside a

tortured discovery dispute, and we reach today's appeal. At issue

is an adversary proceeding1 brought by Appellee Ann Tracy Botelho

("Ann") against Mary E. Buscone ("Mary") during Mary's bankruptcy

proceedings.2 Ann sought a determination by the bankruptcy court

that her claim against Mary was excepted from Mary's discharge

because it was procured by fraud; the litigation ultimately

resulted in a default judgment for Ann excepting her claim of

$91,673.45 from Mary's discharge.

For the reasons we get into below, we affirm the

bankruptcy court's rulings. We begin by describing the chronology

of events leading to this appeal, as well as its broader context

within bankruptcy law, before analyzing the merits of Mary's claims

now before us. Throughout, we are mindful of the Bankruptcy

Appellate Panel's ("BAP") opinion, which largely affirmed the

bankruptcy court's holdings when it considered this appeal in the

1 "[A]n adversary proceeding is a subsidiary lawsuit within
the larger framework of a bankruptcy case." In re Fin. Oversight
& Mgmt. Bd. for P.R., 872 F.3d 57, 63 (1st Cir. 2017) (quoting
Kowal v. Malkemus (In re Thompson), 965 F.2d 1136, 1140 (1st Cir.
1992)); see also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7001.
2 Given the similarities between both parties' last names, we

refer to them by first name to avoid confusion. We mean no
disrespect in doing so.

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first instance.3 See Botelho v. Buscone (In re Buscone), 634 B.R.

152 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2021).

I. Background

A. The Underlying Dispute

In 2012, neighbors Mary and Ann decided to open a frozen

yogurt shop together. Unfortunately, the business ceased

operations in 2014, and Ann filed for bankruptcy later that year.4

Of import to this case, Ann listed no claims against Mary on her

bankruptcy schedules. Ann received a Chapter 7 discharge soon

after, which liquidated the assets included in her schedules, other

than those deemed exempt, to a trustee to be distributed to

creditors.5

The years passed without note, until Ann sued Mary in

state court in 2018.6 For reasons unknown, Mary failed to respond

3 While we appreciate the BAP's detailed and rigorous
analysis, "we accord no particular deference to determinations
made by the [panel] but, rather, focus exclusively on the
bankruptcy court's determinations." In re Cancel, 7 F.4th 23, 28
(1st Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).
4 Our apologies for the legalese we will inevitably deploy as

we attempt to describe these bankruptcy proceedings. Given the
somewhat unique premises and purposes of bankruptcy law, as well
as the specialized terminology it relies on, we provide a primer
in the next section for clarity.
5 The trustee found that there was no property available for

distribution from the estate over and above what was exempted by
law, and, accordingly, discharged the pending claims against her
without payment.
6 According to her verified complaint filed with the Middlesex

Superior Court, Ann brought claims of breach of contract, breach
of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, breach of implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing, and fraud against Mary.

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to the suit, resulting in a default judgment of $91,673.45 for

Ann.7 In order to execute the judgment, the state court attached

a lien for that amount plus interest to Mary's home. Soon

thereafter, Mary commenced her own Chapter 7 case in which she

listed in her schedules Ann's claim against her in the default

judgment amount. While Mary pursued her bankruptcy, Ann initiated

an adversary proceeding seeking a determination that her claim

against Mary was non-dischargeable for the purposes of Mary's

bankruptcy. Ann filed her complaint under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A)

-- which states that a bankruptcy discharge "does not discharge an

individual debtor from any debt . . . for money, property, [or]

services . . . to the extent obtained by—false pretenses, a false

representation, or actual fraud" -- and § 523(a)(4), which states

that a discharge does not include debts "for fraud or defalcation

while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny[.]"

Ann alleged that her claim represented damages accrued

as a result of Mary's false and fraudulent representations in the

course of their business dealings. Specifically, Ann claimed that

she had contributed $31,000 from her savings to pay for startup

The record does not include the state court's default
7

judgment, but the state court docket indicates that this amount
was awarded. See United States v. Mercado, 412 F.3d 243, 247 (1st
Cir. 2005) (holding that the court may take judicial notice of
state court records); see also Stevenson v. TND Homes I, LP (In re
Stevenson), 583 B.R. 573, 575 n.3 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2018) (taking
judicial notice of a relevant state court docket).

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costs for the yogurt shop and had loaned the partnership she and

Mary had created another $95,000 to cover outstanding business

obligations. She further alleged that she had withdrawn the rest

of her savings to defray these obligations and that Mary, rather

than repaying her as agreed, had used partnership funds to pay for

Mary's daughter's tuition. This debt procured through fraud, she

contended, was not appropriate for discharge.

B. Mary's Motion for Summary Judgment

Per Mary's thinking, there was a wrinkle in Ann's plan

to foreclose discharge of Mary's debt -- judicial estoppel. Ann's

failure to list her claim against Mary in her 2014 bankruptcy

schedules, the reasoning went, barred her from now bringing a non-

dischargeability claim against Mary concerning the debt. In a

motion to dismiss raising this theory in the form of an affirmative

defense, Mary argued as much. Ann countered Mary's motion by

contending that her failure to disclose Mary's debt had been made

"inadvertently and through mistake, as well as a lack of

understanding as to what [the relevant bankruptcy schedule] called

for." Ultimately, after converting the motion to dismiss to one

for summary judgment, the bankruptcy court denied Mary's motion

for reasons we'll detail shortly.8

8 Over Ann's objections, the bankruptcy court removed the lien
in the course of granting Mary's discharge -- a removal contingent
upon the resolution of any pending adversary claims. And indeed,
Ann's complaint was outstanding.

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 C. The Discovery Dispute

What followed next was a prolonged discovery dispute,

eventually resulting in yet another default judgment against Mary

-- this time as a sanction for her failure to comply with the

court's discovery orders. Given the alleged discovery issues

raised here on appeal, we necessarily detail what transpired. The

discovery troubles seem to have begun in earnest when a deposition

of Mary was suspended when she was a no-show. Things went downhill

from there; discovery spats culminated in Ann reporting to the

court that Mary had failed to respond to multiple interrogatories

and requests for production of documents. Given these failures,

the court authorized Ann to file additional discovery motions, and

she did.

Frustrated by Mary's persistent discovery breaches, Ann

filed her first motion to compel. Through it, she sought a

reimbursement of attorneys' fees, along with other sanctions, for

Mary's and her attorney's (David Baker's)9 failure to comply with

their discovery obligations.

Following a telephonic hearing, the bankruptcy court

granted the motion and entered an order directing Mary to "serve

a written response that fully complies with [Rule] 34 . . . to

9 From here, Baker becomes a main character in this story due
to his central role in the discovery controversy at the heart of
this case. Thus, we identify him by name throughout our retelling
of the events that follow.

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[Ann's] request for production of documents #10-14 and to produce

any and all documents responsive to such requests" within seven

days.10 Further, because Mary had failed to timely respond to

Ann's legitimate discovery requests even after the motion was

filed, the court, as a sanction, deemed any objections to the

requests waived. Finding that Mary's failure to respond was not

substantially justified, and that Ann had attempted in good faith

to resolve the discovery dispute without court involvement, the

court granted Ann's request for fees incurred because of the

violations. The court called for Baker, whom it found responsible

for many of the discovery transgressions, to pay stenographer and

attorneys' fees for the deposition that Mary had missed.

The order's issuance prompted Mary to urge the court to

reconsider,11 but the court declined Mary's invitation to re-

litigate the sanction order. From there the underlying neglect

continued as Mary, even after getting hit with discovery sanctions,

10 Ann had requested copies of Mary's tax documents, loan
applications, resumes or curricula vitae, and documents related to
efforts to collect payment for her tax or creditor obligations, as
well as a signed authorization to obtain Mary's credit report.
11 In its order, the court had also sought a response from

Mary on the reasonableness of the $13,500 in fees Ann had requested
for having to pursue her sanction motions. While Mary primarily
responded by challenging the discovery order in its entirety, she
did suggest a lower award. Specifically, she argued that a fee
award would be unjust -- claiming, contrary to the court's
findings, that Ann had not made any good faith attempts to resolve
the matter without court action and that Mary's failure to comply
with discovery amounted to excusable neglect.

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still failed to serve the requested responses within the time frame

set by the order.

What followed was a second motion to compel which sought

additional sanctions.12 Notably heightening the stakes, Ann, in

addition to requesting reimbursement for the additional attorneys'

fees she had incurred, asked for the entry of a default judgment

in her favor due to the "flippant, but willful" conduct of Mary

and/or Baker. Then, after a contentious hearing on Ann's motion13

which included an acrimonious exchange between the court and

Baker,14 the court found that Baker had failed to comply with the

discovery obligations mandated in its first order. A few weeks

later, the court issued an order finding that default judgment in

12 In it, Ann lamented that she had yet to receive any
responses to her remaining discovery requests and had received
multiple non-responsive and inappropriate answers to her second
set of interrogatories.
13 There, Ann argued that Mary had failed to comply with the

court's prior order. Ann's representative argued that certain
responses "violated the spirit of [the] order" -- such as one where
Mary noted that she did not "feel" that the requested documents
"appl[ied] in this matter," despite the court's ruling that Mary
had waived objections to the discovery requests. Ann's attorney
further argued that some responses were "evasive" and "sarcastic"
-- such as Mary's response to a supplemental interrogatory where
she simply stated "I have no idea what you're talking about." Most
importantly, Ann's counsel pointed out that Baker had still failed
to produce the documents ordered by the court.
14 At one point, the court directly confronted Baker, asking:

"[W]hy shouldn't I enter a default judgment against your client
. . . under Rule 37 for a failure to abide by clear orders of the
Court?" What followed was a long back and forth in which Baker
repeatedly insisted he had complied. After some prying by the
court, and obfuscation by Baker, he ultimately conceded that he
had failed to serve a response compliant with the order.

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Ann's favor was warranted. In its ruling, the court recognized

the seriousness and infrequency of imposing a sanction as harsh as

entry of default judgment but reasoned that doing so here was

appropriate given Mary's complete flaunting of the court's

discovery orders, along with the fact that lesser sanctions had

already failed to motivate compliance. As for prejudice to Ann,

the court stated: "Plaintiff cannot be expected to prosecute a

case in which she has the burden of proof where the Defendant and

her counsel have failed to respond to discovery for many months

and then obfuscated the issues when called upon to answer for this

avoidance." That same day, the court issued an order granting the

default judgment and excepting Mary's debt to Ann -- amounting to

$91,673.45 (plus interest and costs) -- from Mary's discharge.15

D. Mary's Motion to Reconsider

Undeterred, Mary filed a motion asking the bankruptcy

court to reconsider. She urged the court to rescind its orders

granting Ann's second motion to compel and to reassess and grant

her motion for summary judgment.

15In granting Ann's second motion to compel, the bankruptcy
court also quantified the attorneys' fees awarded in its first
order and granted additional fees for expenses incurred
afterwards. The court found that Baker was responsible for Mary's
discovery failures that gave rise to both motions and ordered him
to pay Ann's attorneys' fees totaling $9,163.60 for work done
towards them.

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 It did not. Rather in a curt order, the court, taking

issue with Mary's motion in both style and substance, again sided

with Ann and adopted her argument that the sanctions, including

the default judgment, were quite fitting in light of Mary's failure

to comply with what the court "very clearly, on the record,

ordered." In its ruling, the court noted, critically, that Mary

hadn't even bothered to cite to the relevant Bankruptcy Rules in

making her request, nor had she asserted grounds sufficient to

warrant reconsideration. In the court's view and as the rules

demand, Mary had failed to establish any "newly discovered evidence

or a manifest error of fact or law." In re Wedgestone Fin., 142

B.R. 7, 8 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1992). Finally, the court rejected

Mary's newly raised argument challenging the court's

quantification of Mary's debt to Ann, which listed an amount that

had not been raised in the litigation but had been sua sponte

determined by the court in its order entering the default judgment.

Responding to her jurisdictional and substantive challenges to the

amount listed in the order, the court, citing Chen v. Huang (In re

Huang), 509 B.R. 742 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2014), maintained that it

had the jurisdiction to so act and added that "[i]n any event, the

amount listed in the [d]efault judgement . . . is [also] the amount

listed in [Mary's] Schedule E/F as undisputed."

Unsuccessful before the bankruptcy court, Mary turned to

the BAP for relief. But we need not detail its findings here --

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it is enough to say, as we previewed earlier, that the BAP largely

affirmed the bankruptcy court's rulings. See In re Buscone, 634

B.R. at 158. And here we are. Before us, Mary now challenges:

(1) the bankruptcy court's denial of her motion for summary

judgment; (2) the default judgment entered against her as a

discovery sanction (framing her argument as a three-pronged attack

challenging the sanction itself, the bankruptcy court's

jurisdiction to list a specific monetary amount alongside it, and

the manner in which the court arrived at the amount that it did);

and (3) the court's denial of her motion to reconsider. We take

each in turn, pointing out the appropriate standards of review

along the way. But before we plunge into the summary judgment

dispute, we provide a legal primer touching upon bankruptcy

principles, and their interplay with judicial estoppel, so that

the gentle reader will better understand our reasoning.

II. Analysis

A. The Legal Context

1. Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

"The principal purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to grant

a 'fresh start' to the 'honest but unfortunate debtor.'" Marrama

v. Citizens Bank of Mass., 549 U.S. 365, 367 (2007) (quoting Grogan

v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286-87 (1991)). One mechanism for doing

so is Chapter 7 bankruptcy, which permits "an insolvent individual

to discharge certain unpaid debts toward that end" by authorizing

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"a discharge of prepetition debts following the liquidation of the

debtor's assets by a bankruptcy trustee, who then distributes the

proceeds to creditors." Id.

In other words, "[w]hen a debtor files for bankruptcy,

[her] interests in property are either compiled into the bankruptcy

'estate' from which (to the extent the estate can afford) [her]

creditors will be paid, or those interests are exempted from the

estate for the debtor to keep." Rockwell v. Hull (In re Rockwell),

968 F.3d 12, 17 (1st Cir. 2020); see also 11 U.S.C. § 541. "When

the estate is created, a combination of federal and state law

determines which of the debtor's assets are exempted (and will

remain safe from creditor collection) and which belong to the

estate (and will be lost to the debtor)." In re Rockwell, 968

F.3d at 17-18; see also 11 U.S.C. § 522(b).

In order to determine the size and scope of the estate,

as well as how it will be distributed to creditors, a bankruptcy

court relies on an individual's bankruptcy "schedules." When

filing for bankruptcy, debtors are obligated to fully disclose the

extent of their assets and debts, including their contingent claims

against others and those held against them, in such schedules.

"The successful functioning of the bankruptcy code hinges both

upon the bankrupt's veracity and [her] willingness to make a full

disclosure." Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Mass. (In re Marrama),

430 F.3d 474, 482 (1st Cir. 2005) (quoting Boroff v. Tully (In re

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Tully), 818 F.2d 106, 110 (1st Cir. 1987)), aff'd, 549 U.S. 365

(cleaned up). Accordingly, "[t]he bankruptcy court is entitled to

demand utmost good faith and honesty from debtors in the

preparation of their schedules and statements of affairs." Id.

2. Judicial Estoppel in Bankruptcy

As raised here, countless courts have confronted the

question of how best to deal with cases where the debtor has failed

to make the full requisite disclosure in her initial bankruptcy

petition. One adverse repercussion has been, in many instances,

to bar the debtor from subsequently making claims that conflict

with her prior disclosures. This bar is known as judicial estoppel

-- a doctrine which courts rely upon "to prevent a litigant from

pressing a claim that is inconsistent with a position taken by

that litigant either in a prior legal proceeding or in an earlier

phase of the same legal proceeding." Rockwood v. SKF USA Inc.,

687 F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 2012) (quotations omitted).

Courts have developed and applied the doctrine of

judicial estoppel for one paramount purpose: "'to protect the

integrity of the judicial process,' by 'prohibiting parties from

deliberately changing positions according to the exigencies of the

moment.'" New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749-50 (2001)

(first quoting Edwards v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 690 F.2d 595, 598

(6th Cir. 1982); then quoting United States v. McCaskey, 9 F.3d

368, 378 (5th Cir. 1993)). In pursuit of this principle, the

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Supreme Court has stressed that the doctrine is equitable, and

"invoked by a court at its discretion." Id. at 750 (quoting

Russell v. Rolfs, 893 F.2d 1033, 1037 (9th Cir. 1990)).

Accordingly, our judicial superiors have cautioned that "the

circumstances under which judicial estoppel may appropriately be

invoked are probably not reducible to any general formulation of

principle," id. (quoting Allen v. Zurich Ins. Co., 667 F.2d 1162,

1166 (4th Cir. 1982)), and have therefore declined to "establish

inflexible prerequisites or an exhaustive formula for determining

the applicability of [the doctrine]." Id. at 751; see also Alt.

Sys. Concepts, Inc. v. Synopsys, Inc., 374 F.3d 23, 33 (1st Cir.

2004) (noting that "[t]he contours of [judicial estoppel] are hazy,

and there is no mechanical test for determining its

applicability"). Still, the Court has asserted two baseline

factors which, when met, afford a court the discretion to estop a

party from asserting a legal position. "First, a party's . . .

position must be clearly inconsistent with their earlier

position," and second, they must have "succeeded in persuading a

court to accept [their] earlier position." New Hampshire, 532

U.S. at 750.

However, a court's judicial estoppel inquiry does not

end there; as the high Court has stressed, "[a]dditional

considerations may inform the doctrine's application in specific

factual contexts." Id. at 751. For example, the Court highlighted

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that "[a] third consideration is whether the party seeking to

assert an inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage

or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not

estopped." Id.; see also Alt. Sys. Concepts, 374 F.3d at 33

(noting that "courts frequently consider a third factor: absent

an estoppel, would the party asserting the inconsistent position

derive an unfair advantage?"). After weighing the relevant

factors, a court may exercise its discretion and apply judicial

estoppel should it believe that "a litigant is playing fast and

loose with the courts" or that "intentional self-contradiction is

being used as a means of obtaining unfair advantage." Patriot

Cinemas, Inc. v. Gen. Cinemas Corp., 834 F.2d 208, 212 (1st Cir.

1987) (cleaned up).

In the bankruptcy context, this has often meant that a

debtor, "having obtained judicial relief on the representation

that no claims existed, can not now resurrect them and obtain

relief on the opposite basis." Payless Wholesale Distribs., Inc.

v. Alberto Culver (P.R.) Inc., 989 F.2d 570, 571 (1st Cir. 1993).

In other words, an individual who has received a discharge based

on schedules that failed to list an asset, such as a claim they

had for credit from another, may not go ahead and pursue the claim

in a subsequent proceeding. We have previously acknowledged that,

in its worst form, attempting to do so amounts to a strategy of

"palpable fraud" on the court: "[c]onceal your claims; get rid of

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your creditors on the cheap, and start over with a bundle of

rights." Id.

This appeal raises the distinct problem of whether a

court is bound to reason so, and apply judicial estoppel at summary

judgment, regardless of the factual circumstances at issue and in

the face of allegations that a prior omission was inadvertent and

may be remedied. Under the law of some of our sister circuits,

this question implicates a reasonably common "exception" to

judicial estoppel, under which "parties who fail to identify a

legal claim in bankruptcy schedules may escape the application of

judicial estoppel if they can show that they 'either lacked

knowledge of the undisclosed claims or had no motive for their

concealment.'" Guay v. Burack, 677 F.3d 10, 20 (1st Cir. 2012)

(citing Fifth, Sixth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuit cases that have

adopted this exception) (cleaned up).

Courts range in how they've applied this and other

defenses to judicial estoppel;16 for our part, in Guay, we pointed

Courts have grafted a range of intentionality requirements,
16

and inadvertence defenses, to their judicial estoppel
jurisprudence when considering whether or not the doctrine should
bar a debtor's subsequent inconsistent claims. See, e.g., Slater
v. U.S. Steel Corp., 871 F.3d 1174, 1180 (11th Cir. 2017) (en banc)
(requiring the debtor to have "intended to make a mockery of the
judicial system"); White v. Wyndham Vacation Ownership, Inc., 617
F.3d 472, 476 (6th Cir. 2010) (requiring the debtor to have acted
in bad faith); Zinkand v. Brown, 478 F.3d 634, 638 (4th Cir. 2007)
(holding that "[w]ithout bad faith, there can be no judicial
estoppel").

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out that "[w]e have never recognized such an exception and have

noted that deliberate dishonesty is not a prerequisite to

application of judicial estoppel." Id. at 20 n.7. Here, Mary

asks us to confront the exception head on, and nip it in the First

Circuit's bud once and for all. However, once again the

appropriate vehicle for resolving the question evades us, as this

Within this group, some courts have taken an objective
approach to assessing a debtor's intentions underlying their prior
omission of a claim. Examples include considering an omission
inadvertent only if the debtor neither knew about the claim nor
had motive to conceal it, or attaching a presumption of bad faith
if the debtor had such knowledge or motive. See, e.g., Eastman v.
Union Pac. R.R., 493 F.3d 1151, 1157 (10th Cir. 2007); Krystal
Cadillac-Oldsmobile GMC Truck, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 337 F.3d
314, 321 (3d Cir. 2003); In re Coastal Plains, Inc., 179 F.3d 197,
210 (5th Cir. 1999). Other courts have taken a subjective
approach, calling for the estoppel analysis to consider the
circumstances of the omission and any explanations provided by the
debtor. See, e.g., Martineau v. Wier, 934 F.3d 385, 393 (4th Cir.
2019); Slater, 871 F.3d at 1180.
As some courts in the latter group have pointed out, the
ability to escape estoppel under the objective approach may be
illusory, as a debtor generally has motive to conceal a claim from
their schedules in order to shield it from creditors. See Ah Quin
v. Cnty. of Kauai Dep't of Transp., 733 F.3d 267, 271 (9th Cir.
2013) (noting that the common "interpretation of 'inadvertence' is
narrow in part because the motive to conceal claims from the
bankruptcy court is, as several courts have explained, nearly
always present").
We note that in this circuit, our precedent has occasionally
invoked the language of "intentional self-contradiction" when
describing instances where judicial estoppel should apply. See,
e.g., Patriot Cinemas, 834 F.2d at 212 ("Judicial estoppel should
be employed when . . . 'intentional self-contradiction is being
used as a means of obtaining unfair advantage in a forum provided
for suitors seeking justice.'" (quoting Scarano v. Central R.R. of
N.J., 203 F.2d 513 (3d Cir. 1953)). However, our case law has yet
to examine what, if anything, might distinguish such self-
contradiction from an unintentional mistake, and we decline to do
so today.

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case terminated before the bankruptcy court had the opportunity to

fully litigate the applicability of judicial estoppel in the first

instance and the question of whether an equitable exception should

be recognized and applied. Therefore, we once again leave the

question for another day, and based upon the particular facts of

this case, we instead hold only that the bankruptcy court did not

abuse its discretion in denying Mary's summary judgment motion.

That is so because Mary failed to meet her burden of convincing

the bankruptcy court that the undisputed facts here mandated

application of judicial estoppel, and on appeal fails to

demonstrate how the court's denial constituted an abuse of

discretion. Our reasoning follows.

B. Mary's Motion for Summary Judgment

De novo review guides our analysis and we reverse only

if we find that there was no genuine dispute of material fact and

Mary was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a); see also Desmond v. Varrasso (In re Varrasso), 37

F.3d 760, 762-63 (1st Cir. 1994) ("In bankruptcy, summary judgment

is governed in the first instance by Bankruptcy Rule 7056," which

"incorporates into bankruptcy practice the standards of Rule 56

. . . ."). Within this analysis, however, we afford deference to

the bankruptcy court's underlying determinations regarding

judicial estoppel. Rockwood, 687 F.3d at 10. As we have noted,

"[e]videntiary rulings have the potential to shape and winnow the

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scope of the summary judgment inquiry, and a trial court should

have as much leeway in dealing with those matters at the summary

judgment stage as at trial." Alt. Sys. Concepts, 374 F.3d at 31–

32. Because "judicial estoppel fits neatly into this taxonomy,"

id., "[w]e apply the deferential abuse of discretion standard to

judicial estoppel rulings" even within our de novo review of the

court's summary judgment decision, Rockwood, 687 F.3d at 10. Such

deference to the trial court is central to judicial estoppel

review; "abuse of discretion is a flexible standard, and the

amorphous nature of judicial estoppel places a high premium on

such flexibility." Alt. Sys. Concepts, 374 F.3d at 31 (cleaned

up). Therefore, "we will not lightly substitute our judgment for

that of the [trial] court, and will reverse only if we are left

with a definite and firm conviction that the court below committed

a clear error of judgment." Guay, 677 F.3d at 16 (cleaned up).

1. Denial of Judicial Estoppel

We start with Mary's primary focus on appeal, the court's

estoppel ruling, because it gave way to the rest of the litigation

now before us. That is, had the bankruptcy court been in legal

agreement with Mary at the summary judgment stage, the discovery

dispute, the default judgment, and the exclusion of Ann's claim

from Mary's discharge would never have arisen. We begin by

highlighting the events preceding the summary judgment ruling,

which created, in the eyes of the bankruptcy court, a material

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factual dispute. Responding to Mary's request for dismissal on

the basis of judicial estoppel, Ann submitted an affidavit that

called into question whether the doctrine should apply, by stating

that her prior omission was inadvertent. She stated she had no

idea that her claim -- according to her, a loan regularly being

repaid by Mary at the time -- should have been listed in her

schedules. In her affidavit she further outlined her intention to

reopen and correct her 2014 Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings (which

she did by adding a contingent claim against Mary).17 Having

accepted the affidavit and converted Mary's initial motion to

dismiss into one for summary judgment, the court authorized Mary

to submit any additional material she deemed pertinent to her

motion.18 Mary responded with legal arguments and a primary

contention that Ann's affidavit was "implausible . . . since her

attorney was a well known and highly competent attorney, who is

now a chapter 7 panel trustee."

17 The record indicates that in re-processing her bankruptcy
petition Ann requested the appointment of a trustee, who reported
that he would not pursue the claim.
18 On appeal, Mary urges us to consider an affidavit from Anne

White, who served as Ann's bankruptcy counsel in 2014, as evidence
of the implausibility of Ann's affidavit. However, this affidavit
was submitted at a later stage, in support of Mary's motion to
reconsider. We need not opine on the evidentiary value of this
submission, as it was not before the court when it made the summary
judgment ruling.

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 The court did not agree with Mary's assessment of the

record as then extant, and here we think it best to quote its own

words more fully:

[T]he motion being based on an affirmative defense; the
party bearing the burden of proof as to the defense
having submitted no evidence; the Court being bound for
purposes of summary judgment to view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party, which in
this instance would require the Court to assume that the
omission in question was unknowing and not intended to
deceive and the standard for judicial estoppel being
less than wholly settled and, in any event, involving
considerable judicial discretion; the Motion . . . is
hereby denied.

In making this ruling, it is clear to us that the bankruptcy court

was reserving final resolution of the estoppel issue for trial --

on the record before it, the court deemed summary judgment

inappropriate pending further factual development that might

factor into the judicial estoppel calculus.19

On appeal, Mary continues to challenge the plausibility of
19

Ann's affidavit. However, we see no error in the court assuming
the veracity of Ann's representations for the purpose of summary
judgment. Summary judgment leaves "no room for the judge to
superimpose his own ideas of probability and likelihood (no matter
how reasonable those ideas may be)." Fed. Refin. Co. v. Klock,
352 F.3d 16, 30 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting Greenburg v. P.R. Mar.
Shipping Auth., 835 F.2d 932, 936 (1st Cir. 1987)). Rather, the
court "must accept the facts most favorable to the nonmoving party
. . . and draw all reasonable inferences to that party's behoof."
Id. While courts "need not, however, give credence to mere
allegations, or draw inferences where they are implausible or not
supported by specific facts," Sheinkopf v. Stone, 927 F.2d 1259,
1262 (1st Cir. 1991) (cleaned up), we do not view the court as
having done so here.

- 21 -
 In support of her challenge to the bankruptcy court's

decision, Mary urges that our judicial estoppel case law has been

consistent as well as pellucid -- claiming that our general rule

requires estoppel of a claim inconsistent with a previously

accepted bankruptcy schedule. See Guay, 677 F.3d at 17 ("[A]

failure to identify a claim as an asset in a bankruptcy proceeding

is a prior inconsistent position that may serve as the basis for

application of judicial estoppel, barring the debtor from pursuing

the claim in a later proceeding."). Therefore, she argues that

judicial estoppel should have applied here due to Ann's prior

inconsistent statement and success in relying on that statement in

her previous bankruptcy proceedings. She further leans on Payless,

and quotes the case in order to speculate that Ann unacceptably

"'played fast and loose with the facts'; concealed her claim

against [Mary] by not disclosing it; got rid of [Mary] as a

creditor via the discharge; then started over with a 'bundle of

rights[.]'" Yet Mary misrepresents the totality of our case law

and Supreme Court precedent on this issue: It is not as rigid as

she would have us hold.

We reiterate that, according to the Supreme Court, there

are no "inflexible prerequisites or . . . exhaustive formula[s]

for determining the applicability of judicial estoppel." New

Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 751; see also Brooks v. Beatty, No. 93-

1891, 1994 WL 224160, at *2 (1st Cir. May 27, 1994) ("Judicial

- 22 -
estoppel is an equitable device which does not lend itself to

reflexive application."). Our case law on judicial estoppel has

emphasized that, while it is "widely agreed that, at a minimum,

two conditions must be satisfied before judicial estoppel can

attach[,]" "[e]ach case tends to turn on its own facts." Alt.

Sys. Concepts, 374 F.3d at 33. This language echoes the Supreme

Court's cautionary note that, in addition to these requirements,

"[a]dditional considerations may inform the doctrine's application

in specific factual contexts." New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 751

(emphasis added). As we read it, the Court acknowledged the fact-

intensive nature of the inquiry when it explicitly suggested a

third consideration20 for courts ruling on whether to apply

judicial estoppel -- prompting them to ask, even if the

requirements were met, "whether the party seeking to assert an

inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage or impose

an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped." Id.

This comports with the purpose of the doctrine –- not to impose a

reflexive bar to certain claims, but rather to safeguard the

integrity of the courts by estopping litigants believed to be

"playing fast and loose with the courts," and using "intentional

20 As noted earlier and worth stressing again, while the
Supreme Court discussed a third consideration, it expressly
declined to establish "an exhaustive formula for determining the
applicability of judicial estoppel." New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at
751.

- 23 -
self-contradiction . . . as a means of obtaining unfair advantage."

Patriot Cinemas, 834 F.2d at 212.

In light of the doctrine's construction, we observe no

abuse of discretion in the court's decision to deny Mary's request

for judicial estoppel at summary judgment. We need not adopt any

doctrinal exception to reason so; like the Supreme Court, we simply

"do not question that it may be appropriate to resist application

of judicial estoppel 'when a party's prior position was based on

inadvertence or mistake.'" New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 753 (quoting

John S. Clark Co. v. Faggert & Frieden, P.C., 65 F.3d 26, 29 (4th

Cir. 1995)). Essentially, what the case before us underscores is

the reality that factual circumstances drive the estoppel

analysis, and that declining to apply judicial estoppel might be

reasonable in those instances where further factual development

will better inform the ultimate decision, and where it is not

immediately clear that estoppel would advance the doctrine's

primary purpose of safeguarding the integrity of the courts.21

We are also in agreement with the bankruptcy court's view
21

of the procedural posture of this case. As the bankruptcy court
observed, judicial estoppel is an affirmative defense that Mary
had the burden of proving. See U.S. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Selman, 70
F.3d 684, 691 (1st Cir. 1995) ("[T]he usual rule, honored by . . .
most jurisdictions, is to place the burden of proving affirmative
defenses on the party asserting them."); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1)
(listing estoppel as an affirmative defense); Fed. R. Bankr. P.
7008 (applying Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 to adversary
proceedings in bankruptcy). We see no abuse of discretion in the
bankruptcy court's conclusion that Mary failed to meet that burden.

- 24 -
 This decision seems reasonable in light of the limited

evidence before the bankruptcy court. Although Mary demonstrated

the minimum requirements for judicial estoppel –- pointing to Ann's

successful reliance on a prior inconsistent position -- her filings

did little to demonstrate how, as a matter of law, the

circumstances favored the court exercising its discretion to apply

the doctrine to Ann's claims.

In so holding, we do not write on a blank slate. Our

reasoning parallels that deployed in Brooks v. Beatty, 1994 WL

224160, a comparable bankruptcy case involving judicial estoppel.

There we concluded that

[a]n examination of the evidence adduced on summary
judgment below indicates that [the defendant]
established a genuine issue of material fact concerning
her bona fides in failing to schedule . . . an asset in
her chapter 7 case . . . . [B]ecause the issue arose on
summary judgment we must credit the . . . affidavit as
a plausible basis for . . . a possible defense against
a finding of bad faith. The conflicting evidentiary
signals simply illustrate that the judicial estoppel
issue was inappropriate for summary disposition under
Rule 56.22

In response to Ann's affidavit claiming inadvertence, Mary argued
that the explanation was implausible and, in any event, irrelevant.
Regarding implausibility, the court did not agree and pointed to
the dearth of evidence presented by Mary refuting Ann's claim.
Regarding the relevance of Ann's affidavit, the court reserved
that question for further factual development at trial.
22 We pause to clarify that at no point in Brooks did the

court adopt an "exception" to judicial estoppel or hold that an
ultimate showing of inadvertence would allow the debtor to escape
judicial estoppel. Instead, like the bankruptcy court here, the
appellate panel determined that the factual dispute at issue made

- 25 -
Id. at *3 (emphasis omitted). Like in Brooks, here we affirm that

the bankruptcy court was not required to resolve the estoppel issue

-- which, as the bankruptcy court put it, "involv[es] considerable

judicial discretion" -- at summary judgment on the facts that were

presented below.

But not so fast, says Mary. On appeal, she points to

two cases she says support her claim of error, Payless and Guay.

Yet in pointing to these cases, she does little to grapple with

why the debtor's actions (as found by the court) in both cases

favored the application of judicial estoppel, and whether the same

could be said here. As Ann counters, in both cases this court

named and took offense with specific aspects of the debtor's

conduct that supported the legal conclusion that they were playing

"fast and loose with the courts." In Payless, the court argued

that "[e]ven a cursory examination of the claims shows that [the

creditors] should have figured in [the bankruptcy] proceedings,

the judicial estoppel question inappropriate for resolution on
summary judgment. Like what happened here, the Brooks court
"permit[ted] [the debtor] to reopen her chapter 7 proceeding and
amend her schedule of assets to include the [omitted] action,
permit[ting] the bankruptcy court to afford notice thereof to [a
chapter 7 trustee] . . . to sell or abandon the [previously
omitted] action or to intervene in the pending district court
action." 1994 WL 224160, at *3. The Brooks court held that,
should the debtor ultimately proceed with her previously omitted
claim, "the district court should resolve the judicial estoppel
issue on the merits following an evidentiary hearing." Id. As we
describe, the default judgment awarded to Ann terminated the
litigation before the merits of Mary's judicial estoppel claim
could be reached.

- 26 -
and that [the debtor] could not have thought otherwise." 989 F.2d

at 571. Further, the Payless court took issue with the "brazenness

of [the debtor's] ambivalence[,]" as "illustrated by [the

debtor's] . . . assertion that the statute of limitations

[governing the previously omitted claims] had not run because it

had been tolled by the pendency of [the bankruptcy proceedings]."

Id. And even the Payless court's holding was limited to "the facts

[t]here present," thus clearly recognizing the need for a full and

fact-sensitive digest. Id. at 572. Similarly, in Guay the court,

when it "turn[ed] to the equities," homed in on multiple facts

evidencing deceit by noting that: "in addition to neglect of their

general duty to disclose newly acquired assets, the [debtors] twice

represented to the bankruptcy court that no such assets existed";

their discharge "occurred months after the [debtors] became aware

of their claims and the obligation to amend the schedules had

arisen"; and "[the debtor's] repeated denial of the existence of

the claims t[ook] on added significance." 677 F.3d at 18, 20

(emphasis omitted).

These observations both underscore the fact intensive

nature of the estoppel inquiry and distinguish the cases from

Mary's appeal today. In contrast to the litigants in Guay and

Payless, Mary, who had the burden of proof on her summary judgment

motion, presented no comparable evidence showing that Ann engaged

in intentional conduct that posed a threat to "the integrity of

- 27 -
the courts by . . . manipulating the machinery of the judicial

system," or that she was "playing fast and loose with the courts."23

Id. at 16 (quoting Alt. Sys. Concepts, 374 F.3d at 33). Nor was

there indication that Ann stood to gain an "unfair advantage."24

Given these deficiencies, we cannot hold that the court was

obligated to apply the discretionary doctrine at summary judgment.

23 We acknowledge Mary's argument that certain facts within
Ann's complaint support Mary's conclusion that Ann knew she had a
claim in 2014 –- namely, that Mary had agreed to (and apparently
had made) some payments to Ann around the time she was filing for
bankruptcy. We will not displace the bankruptcy court's judgment
that these facts did not sufficiently make Mary's case that
estoppel need apply. We contrast Mary's speculation with other
forms of evidence that might have helped the court in its ultimate
factual determination –- such as the transcript from the "341
meeting" of creditors, during which Ann would have been examined
under oath by the trustee about her actual or contingent claims.
11 U.S.C. § 341(d).
24 In her brief, Ann argues that her willingness to reopen and

correct her 2014 petition means "judicial integrity was not
undermined." We pause to flag that our case law strongly cautions
that reopening will not necessarily be viewed as a favorable
factor. "[A]llowing . . . a debtor to 'back-up, re-open the
bankruptcy case, and amend his bankruptcy filings, only after his
omission has been challenged by an adversary, suggests that a
debtor should consider disclosing potential assets only if he is
caught concealing them. This so-called remedy would only diminish
the necessary incentive' for the debtor 'to provide the bankruptcy
court with a truthful disclosure of his assets.'" Guay, 677 F.3d
at 21 (quoting Moses v. Howard Univ. Hosp., 606 F.3d 789, 800 (D.C.
Cir. 2010)). But see Martineau, 934 F.3d at 395–96 ("[W]e 'see no
good reason why, when determining whether a debtor intended to
manipulate the judicial system, a district court should not
consider' a bankruptcy court's decision 'to allow the debtor to
amend his disclosures or reopen his bankruptcy case' without
imposing any sanction." (quoting Slater, 871 F.3d at 1187)).
Because Ann's reopening of her bankruptcy case does not figure
into our analysis of Mary's appeal, we give no more consideration
to it.

- 28 -
See Torres Vargas v. Santiago Cummings, 149 F.3d 29, 35 (1st Cir.

1998) ("The party who has the burden of proof on a dispositive

issue cannot attain summary judgment unless the evidence that he

provides on that issue is conclusive."). Or put differently, on

this summary judgment record we do not fault the court for not

determining that Ann's conduct was "an unacceptable abuse of

judicial proceedings." Guay, 677 F.3d at 20 n.8; Payless, 989

F.2d at 571.25

We end with an important coda before departing appellate

issue number one. In affirming the bankruptcy court's ruling

today, it is not our intention to undermine the fundamental

bankruptcy tenet that "[a] bankruptcy court is entitled to demand

utmost good faith and honesty from debtors in the preparation of

their schedules and statements of affairs." In re Marrama, 430

F.3d at 482. We also reiterate our precedential caution that "a

party is not automatically excused from judicial estoppel if the

earlier statement was made in good faith." Thore v. Howe, 466

F.3d 173, 184 n.5 (1st Cir. 2006) (emphasis added). Rather, what

we express here is our unwillingness to hold, on these facts, that

25 We also note that it does not seem Ann was unfairly
advantaged by the court's deferred resolution of the factual
dispute until trial. Rather, the real fix Mary finds herself in
-- to wit, her inability to discharge Ann's debt -- is due to the
problems stemming from what happened after the court entered its
interlocutory order. Because of her self-inflicted wounds, the
case terminated in default judgment before the court had the
opportunity to definitively resolve the estoppel controversy.

- 29 -
the bankruptcy court lacked the discretion to deny summary judgment

when it concluded that the issue of judicial estoppel's application

needed to be more thoroughly litigated at trial.

We soldier on.

C. Ann's Default Judgment Award

After losing at summary judgment, next came Mary's and

Baker's chain of discovery violations, which ultimately led to

Ann's second motion to compel and resultant default judgment award.

Mary timely appealed the orders, attacking them on three fronts,

and we now consider the merits of her arguments.

1. Default Judgment as a Discovery Sanction

Mary raises several challenges to the court's imposition

of discovery sanctions, which we review for abuse of discretion

even when they concern a sanction as severe as entry of default

judgment. United States v. Klimavicius, 847 F.2d 28, 32 (1st Cir.

1988). In describing her litigation conduct, Mary argues that she

"did the best she could to comply with discovery requests" even

though they were, in her view, "abusive."26 Challenging the default

26She also attempts to challenge the attorneys' fees ordered
by the court to be paid by Baker due to his discovery abuses. The
BAP held that Baker had failed to bring the appeal properly in his
name, and that Mary lacked standing to challenge the sanctions
ordered against Baker. In re Buscone, 634 B.R. at 166. The BAP
further noted that Mary's briefing failed to address the propriety
of the sanctions anyway. Id. at 166-67.
Mary's appellate brief to this court takes issue with this
characterization but still fails to present any arguments that

- 30 -
judgment, she claims that the bankruptcy court made no "principled

analysis" of the motion to compel requesting the sanction, nor of

the principles underlying default judgment as a discovery

sanction.27 Ann counters these claims, arguing that Mary's

multiple discovery violations appropriately led to the default.

We note that, under our abuse of discretion standard, "[t]he choice

of sanction lies in the purview of the district court."

AngioDynamics, Inc. v. Biolitec AG, 780 F.3d 429, 435 (1st Cir.

2015). "As we have observed in the past, 'this standard of review

address the fees or provide us with any insight into why she
believes the court erred in awarding them. In this absence, we
bypass the standing question in order to affirm the bankruptcy
court on the grounds that we observe no abuse of discretion here.
See First State Ins. Co. v. Nat'l Cas. Co., 781 F.3d 7, 10 n.2
(1st Cir. 2015) (noting that "[w]e may continue to bypass thorny
jurisdictional issues and resolve cases on the merits where, as
here, those jurisdictional issues implicate only statutory or
prudential considerations"); Nisselson v. Lernout, 469 F.3d 143,
151 (1st Cir. 2006) (noting that "[t]he determination of who may
maintain an otherwise cognizable claim turns on a question of
prudential standing, not one of Article III standing"); see also
Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S.
118, 127 n.3 (2014) (declining to decide whether limitations on
third-party standing are constitutional or prudential).
27 Mary also argues that the default judgment was "especially

an abuse of discretion since it is indisputable that [Ann's] cause
of action was barred by the statute of limitations." However, she
does not identify any statute of limitations related to Ann's
bankruptcy cause of action. We observe that, according to her
motion to reconsider, Mary believes Ann's claims were barred by
the statute of limitations for actions alleging a breach of
fiduciary duties. However, Ann's breach claim was litigated in
state court, and Mary should have raised her challenges to it
there. Because it is irrelevant to the bankruptcy litigation,
which solely concerned the dischargeability of Mary's debt to Ann,
the bankruptcy court committed no error in failing to address it.

- 31 -
is not appellant-friendly -- and a disgruntled litigant bears a

heavy burden in attempting to show that an abuse occurred.'" Id.

(quoting Tower Ventures, Inc. v. City of Westfield, 296 F.3d 43,

46 (1st Cir. 2002)).

In reviewing the default judgment sanction, we consider

the totality of circumstances surrounding its imposition. Hooper-

Haas v. Ziegler Holdings, LLC, 690 F.3d 34, 38 (1st Cir. 2012).

To aid in our analysis, we look to a non-exhaustive list of

factors, including: "the severity of the violation, the legitimacy

of the party's excuse, repetition of violations, deliberateness

[or not] of the misconduct, mitigating excuses, prejudice to the

other side and to the operations of the court, and the adequacy of

lesser sanctions." Robson v. Hallenbeck, 81 F.3d 1, 2 (1st Cir.

1996). We also consider "whether the [bankruptcy] court gave the

offending party notice of the possibility of sanctions and the

opportunity to explain its misconduct." AngioDynamics, 780 F.3d

at 435.

Unfortunately for Mary, these factors cut strongly in

favor of affirming the bankruptcy court's default judgment.

Throughout the discovery litigation, Mary and Baker's discovery

violations increased in severity. What began as a missed

deposition quickly snowballed into a pattern of discovery abuses

-- including multiple failures to produce or respond to discovery

requests, arguably sarcastic and evasive responses to

- 32 -
interrogatories, and an overall unwillingness to appropriately

engage with opposing counsel and follow the rules of discovery.

Most concerningly, these violations continued even after the

bankruptcy court had ordered Mary's attorney to comply with certain

requests and had already imposed the lesser sanction of fees for

earlier abuses. See Tower Ventures, 296 F.3d at 46 (noting that

"disobedience of court orders, in and of itself, constitutes

extreme misconduct" worthy of severe sanction).

During the second motion to compel hearing, and in his

filings, appearances, and correspondences prior to it, Baker, as

the bankruptcy court rationally concluded, failed to provide any

legitimate, let alone mitigating, excuses for his discovery

violations. At most, he referenced his confusion about the

numbering of Ann's requests, which he had apparently failed to

secure clarity on before the hearing. Further flouting the first

order's ruling that Baker had waived any objections to the

discovery requests, his attempts at explanation mostly amounted to

expressing disagreement with the requests, which he described in

his objection to the second motion as "grossly disproportionate

and irrelevant." His attempts to argue similarly on appeal remain

unpersuasive; these self-serving characterizations do not mitigate

his discovery violations and are certainly not acceptable reasons

for failing to comply with a court order.

- 33 -
 Baker was clearly on notice about the severity of his

misconduct and the possibility of receiving a default judgment

sanction prior to, and unquestionably during, the second motion to

compel hearing. Notice began with the bankruptcy court's

scheduling and pre-trial order, which stated that failure to

strictly comply with discovery orders and deadlines "may result in

the automatic entry of a dismissal or a default, or sanctions, as

the circumstances warrant in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 16

and 37." As the order cited, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

37(b)(2)(A)(vi) empowers courts to sanction a noncompliant party

by entering a default judgment against them. See also Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 7037 (applying Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 to

adversary proceedings); Hooper-Haas, 690 F.3d at 37 ("A court faced

with a disobedient litigant has wide latitude to choose from among

an armamentarium of available sanctions. The entry of a default

is one of these sanctions." (citation omitted)).

Notice continued with the court's order granting Ann's

first motion to compel, which found that Mary had committed

discovery abuses warranting the sanction of attorneys' fees to be

paid to Ann. After failing to comply with the first order, Ann's

second motion to compel put Mary and Baker on crystal clear notice

by expressly requesting that the court enter default judgment

against Mary due to Baker's conduct throughout discovery.

- 34 -
 This reached an apex during the hearing, when the

bankruptcy court asked Baker point blank why it should not enter

default judgment against his client under Rule 37, for failure to

abide by clear orders of the court. Baker provided no meaningful

response -- instead, he insisted he had complied until he was

ultimately pushed to admit otherwise. While Baker denied that he

was intentionally obfuscating, either way he failed to provide any

legitimate reasons for his noncompliance.

Contrary to Mary's claims otherwise, what followed was

a thoughtfully reasoned analysis by the bankruptcy court. The

court acknowledged the severity of the default judgment sanction,

noting that it was "highly reluctant" to "enter such a serious

sanction" and had "rarely, if ever[,] done so." However, after

considering the legal and factual factors highlighted above, the

court found that default judgment was "fully warranted" in light

of the totality of the circumstances -- including Ann's clear

notice that she was seeking default judgment and Baker's failure

to argue for the adequacy of lesser sanctions. The court deemed

lesser sanctions inadequate anyway, given Mary's and Baker's

failure to provide any creditable argument for not complying with

the court's first order, repeated failures to respond to discovery

requests, attempts to obfuscate issues before the court, and

continued noncompliance despite the fact that the court had already

- 35 -
imposed the lesser sanction of shifting fees to them for their

discovery violations.

"We have said before, and today reaffirm, that a party

who flouts a court order does so at its own peril." Hooper-Haas,

690 F.3d at 37. "Although entry of default judgment is a drastic

sanction, it nonetheless provides a useful remedy where . . . a

litigant is confronted by an obstructionist adversary."

Angiodynamics, 780 F.3d at 436 (cleaned up). We see no abuse of

discretion in the bankruptcy court concluding so here, and thus

affirm the court's grant of default judgment against Mary.

2. The Bankruptcy Court's Jurisdiction to Quantify its Judgment

Mary next challenges the amount listed in the bankruptcy

court judgment, charging that the court exceeded its jurisdiction

when it deemed $91,673.45 -- representing Mary's debt to Ann --

non-dischargeable in Mary's bankruptcy. We review this question,

and the bankruptcy court's conclusion that it had jurisdiction, de

novo. Samaan v. St. Joseph Hosp., 670 F.3d 21, 27 (1st Cir. 2012);

see also United States v. Santiago-Colón, 917 F.3d 43, 49 (1st

Cir. 2019) ("Jurisdiction is a question of law subject to de novo

review." (quoting United States v. W.R. Grace, 526 F.3d 499, 55

(9th Cir. 2008))).

We observe at the outset, as Mary does not dispute, that

the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to determine the

dischargeability of her debt to Ann. This jurisdiction is

- 36 -
conferred under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1), which authorizes bankruptcy

courts to "hear and determine . . . all core proceedings . . . and

. . . enter appropriate orders and judgments." Among the core

proceedings within a bankruptcy court's purview are

"determinations as to the dischargeability of particular debts."

Id. § 157(b)(2)(I). In granting a default judgment to Ann and in

declaring her debt non-dischargeable, the court clearly acted in

exercise of its core authority. While Mary has no jurisdictional

quibble with those decisions, she insists "the court exceeded its

jurisdiction in determining the amount of [her] debt." According

to her, the court did not have the jurisdiction to list this

amount, which had not been raised by either party throughout the

litigation. However, she does not meaningfully explain why she

believes this was a jurisdictional overstep, or why we should

arrive at the same conclusion.

Instead, she hangs her hat overwhelmingly on Cambio v.

Mattera (In re Cambio), a case where this circuit's BAP held that

"the bankruptcy court did not have jurisdiction to enter a money

judgment on the nondischargeable debt under the circumstances of

this case." 353 B.R. 30, 34-35 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2004). However,

she also appropriately acknowledges bankruptcy cases within this

circuit that have arrived at the opposite conclusion, such as

Boudreau v. United States (In re Boudreau), where the BAP reasoned

that "the determination of the amount of any nondischargeable debt

- 37 -
(as well as the extent of the debtor's liability on that debt)

[is] an essential element of the matter to be determined by, and

within the jurisdiction of, the bankruptcy court." 622 BR 817,

826 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2020) (quoting In re Huang, 509 B.R. at 754).

Mary provides us with no jurisdictional framework for why she

believes (in her words) In re Cambio's analysis is right and In re

Boudreau is wrong.28 29

28 In our efforts to piece together her primary argument, we
take it to be that In re Boudreau "is wrong because in a no-asset
chapter 7 case where there will be no distribution to creditors,
determination of the amount of the debt is a noncore, state-law
matter that could only be determined on consent of the parties, or
possibly by making a report and recommendations to the district
court." This claim, which she grounds on Stern v. Marshall, 564
U.S. 462 (2011), and Wellness International Network, Ltd. v.
Sharif, 575 U.S. 665 (2015), lacks legal foundation. In Stern,
the Supreme Court concluded that bankruptcy courts lack "the
constitutional authority to enter a final judgment on a state law
counterclaim that is not resolved in the process of ruling on a
creditor's proof of claim." 564 U.S. at 503. In Sharif, the Court
clarified that such "Stern claims" may still be litigated in
bankruptcy court on consent of the parties. Sharif, 575 U.S. at
669. These holdings do not speak to the bankruptcy proceedings
here; as we describe more fully below, Ann's state law claims were
resolved in state court, and she secured final judgment on them
there.
While Mary also suggests that the In re Boudreau panel erred
by failing to cite to In re Cambio, a precedential opinion, we
need not probe this claim any further because it does nothing to
advance her argument that the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction
here.
29 In light of the absence of meaningful engagement, we decline

to wade into the broader jurisdictional divide among courts
reflected by the diverging approaches adopted by our BAP in In re
Cambio and In re Boudreau on the question of whether bankruptcy
courts have jurisdiction to enter money judgments on non-
dischargeable debts. We note that, generally, courts have favored
In re Boudreau's expansive jurisdictional approach and concluded

- 38 -
 Nonetheless, she does cite to a case, In re Huang, 509

B.R. 742, that nimbly discusses and makes effort to reconcile the

seeming In re Cambio/In re Boudreau divergence and which we find

helpful for informing and simplifying our analysis here. There,

the bankruptcy court contemplated the scope of its jurisdiction to

issue money judgments in non-dischargeability proceedings. Within

its analysis, the court acknowledged the noteworthy ambiguity

surrounding the term "money judgment," pointing out that "it has

become obvious that the term . . . means different things to

different parties and different courts." Id. at 749. The court,

while holding that bankruptcy courts lacked the jurisdiction to

issue "money judgments" enforceable by execution, concluded that

it had the jurisdiction to "determine the amount of a debt and the

debtor's liability in connection with a dischargeability

proceeding." Id. at 749-50. We find this distinction instructive

that bankruptcy courts have the power to enter such money
judgments. See In re Boudreau, 622 B.R. at 824-27 (applying the
expansive jurisdictional approach); see also In re Cambio, 353
B.R. at 32 ("Indeed, every circuit to address the issue has held
that there is federal bankruptcy jurisdiction to liquidate and
enter a judgment on a nondischargeable debt." (collecting circuit
court cases)). However, some courts have opted for In re Cambio's
limited approach -- concluding that, at least in certain cases, an
entry of money judgment is outside of the scope of a bankruptcy
court's jurisdiction. See In re Cambio, 353 B.R. at 33-35
(applying the limited approach and collecting cases holding
similarly). As we describe below, our holding today simply affirms
the authority of the bankruptcy court here to have issued the
judgment as we understand it.

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and are confident the bankruptcy court had it in mind when it

entered the default judgment as it did.

The bankruptcy order stated, in relevant part: "The

court hereby orders, adjudges, and declares that the judgment debt

of the defendant and debtor, [Mary], to the plaintiff, [Ann], in

the principal amount of $91,673.45, plus all interest and costs

due thereunder, is excepted from discharge." Unlike a judgment

for execution, the order here is best understood to be a simple

recognition and acceptance of the state court's judgment which

established, for non-dischargeability purposes, the amount of the

debt (at least as it stood on the day the judgment was entered).

Or put differently, the order judicially noticed a state court

judgment. In fact, the court's later order denying Mary's motion

to reconsider strengthens this interpretation, as there the

bankruptcy court cited In re Huang, which declared the bankruptcy

court's jurisdiction to enter a non-executable non-dischargeable

figure, to support its "view that it may determine the amount of

a claim in a nondischargeability action." Narrowly viewed as

such,30 we cannot conclude that the bankruptcy court's judgment

exceeded its jurisdiction.

Other than maintaining that (without explaining why) In re
30

Cambio's analysis is right, Mary presents no arguments in support
of her belief that the bankruptcy court's judgment was a
jurisdictional overstep. Her cursory citations do not get her
far; as we reiterate, In re Cambio held that "the bankruptcy court

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 3. The Amount Quantified

With that clarified, we next consider Mary's substantive

challenge to the judgment amount, where she charges that even if

the court had the requisite jurisdiction, it erred in arriving at

the figure it did. Likening the court's actions to a due process

violation, she states that she did not receive sufficient notice

and opportunity to be heard prior to the court's determination

that her debt to Mary equaled $91,673.45. Recall, at the second

motion to compel proceeding, that the bankruptcy court, in essence,

took the default judgment matter under advisement and it was only

later on that the court filed orders granting the motion and

quantifying the amount excepted from discharge. In Mary's view,

the court should have conducted an evidentiary hearing to solicit

recommendations from the parties, rather than sua sponte relying

on her bankruptcy schedules to make the determination.

did not have jurisdiction to enter a money judgment on the
nondischargeable debt under the circumstances of this case[.]" In
re Cambio, 353 B.R. at 34-35 (emphasis added). Because she does
not examine In re Cambio's analysis, nor contemplate how the
circumstances of that case mirror the circumstances here, we need
not either. We also acknowledge the In re Huang court's belief
that its holding necessarily conflicts with In re Cambio, by
inferring that the "money judgments" prohibited by In re Cambio
include amount determinations like those endorsed in In re Huang.
In re Huang, 509 B.R. at 752-55. Because Mary acknowledges this
disagreement but does not weigh in on its substance, we merely
note that we do not necessarily read the two cases to be in conflict
and leave our substantive analysis of the two for another day.

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 We believe Mary's reconsideration motion preserved her

challenge to the court's monetization ruling; therefore, we review

this question for abuse of discretion. AngioDynamics, 780 F.3d at

436; see also HMG Prop. Invs., Inc. v. Parque Indus. Rio Canas,

Inc., 847 F.2d 908, 919 (1st Cir. 1988) ("We review a determination

that a hearing was not compulsory under Rule 55(b) only for abuse

of discretion."). Here, we see none.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2) provides that

a court "may conduct hearings . . . when, to enter or effectuate

judgment, it needs to" conduct an accounting, determine the amount

of damages, establish the truth of any allegation by evidence, or

investigate any other matter. See also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7055

(applying Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 to adversary

proceedings). Litigants are not entitled to such hearings; "[i]t

is settled that, if arriving at the judgment amount involves

nothing more than arithmetic—the making of computations which may

be figured from the record—a default judgment can be entered

without a hearing of any kind." HMG Prop. Invs., 847 F.2d at 919.

Mary has not made it clear why a hearing was needed in this case,

nor does she explain how one would have altered the bankruptcy

court's calculation.

On appeal, Mary presents two arguments. First, she

attempts to distinguish her scheduling from one of a debt -- citing

11 U.S.C. § 101 in order to demonstrate that "[t]he term 'debt'

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means liability on a claim," whereas "[t]he term 'claim' means --

right to payment, whether or not such right is . . . disputed."

11 U.S.C. §§ 101(5)(a), 101(12). This is a distinction without a

difference here. As we mentioned, Ann has a final judgment against

Mary in state court which, according to the state court docket,

Mary has never attempted to vacate.

As for Mary's second argument, where she cautions

against relying on the state court judgment because "it is a

default judgment, and Massachusetts ordinarily does not accord

collateral estoppel liability status to default judgments," we

find it a non-starter. In support of this proposition, she cites

to Smith Barney, Inc. v. Strangie (In re Strangie), 192 F.3d 192

(1st Cir. 1999). However, this misrepresents the reasoning in In

re Strangie, where the court took issue with providing preclusive

effect to a prior judgment because it was not final. Id. at 194.

Here, to repeat, Ann's state court judgment against Mary is final.

Moreover, her argument also misrepresents the proceedings below.

Contrary to Ann's assertions, the bankruptcy court did not apply

collateral estoppel.31 Rather, once Ann's dischargeability claim

31 Collateral estoppel "precludes relitigation of issues in
prior actions between the parties or those in privity with those
parties, provided the issues were actually litigated in the first
action, and determined by a 'final judgment on the merits.'" In
re Stanley-Snow, 405 B.R. 11, 18 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2009).
While "[i]t is within a court's discretion to apply collateral
estoppel to a default judgment," Mary is correct that in

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was "litigated" -- admittedly, through yet another default

judgment -- the bankruptcy court included in its judgment the

amount Mary listed in her schedules which reflected the damages

awarded to Ann by the state court.32 33 Therefore, we hold that

the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in declining to

provide an evidentiary hearing, and we affirm its determination

excepting Ann's $91,673.45 claim against Mary from discharge.

We briefly note, however, that this amount may no longer

reflect the debt owed to Ann. By Ann's admission, Mary has made

some payments toward the debt, and as the bankruptcy court

suggested by holding the "interest and costs due thereunder" non-

dischargeable, state law provides for interest to accrue post-

judgment. See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 231, §§ 6B, 6C, 6H (establishing

annual interest rates for damages awarded by Massachusetts state

Massachusetts "default judgments are generally not given
collateral estoppel effect on an issue in a subsequent action
because the issues have not been actually litigated." Id. at 19.
However, as we describe, we do not observe the bankruptcy court to
have applied the doctrine here, as Mary was not estopped from
litigating Ann's federal claims.
32 Regardless of whether Mary chose to characterize Ann's

demand as a claim or a debt, the judgment is the judgment.
33 Given this conclusion, we need not discuss Mary's argument

that "the evidentiary value of schedules in this context is de
minimus." See Am. Express Bank, FSB v. Askenaizer (In re Plourde),
418 B.R. 495, 505 n.13 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2009) ("Generally, a
bankruptcy court may properly consider a debtor's petition,
schedules and statement of affairs as evidentiary admissions made
by the debtor. Therefore, a debtor's schedules may be admissible
as nonhearsay evidence to establish the validity and ownership of
a claim against a debtor when the debtor is the party objecting to
the claim." (citation omitted)).

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courts). Because the Commonwealth court is best suited to make a

precise calculation as to what is owed and how the state judgment

can be executed, we leave it to the parties to sort out the contours

of the debt in state court.

D. Mary's Motion to Reconsider

We now review Mary's last challenge wherein she claims

the bankruptcy court erred in denying her request for relief from

its prior orders. In doing so, we defer to the bankruptcy court

as we review its denial of Mary's motion to reconsider; denials

are reviewed for "manifest abuse of discretion" due to the

significant discretion granted to trial courts when deciding

reconsideration motions. ACA Fin. Guar. Corp. v. Advest, Inc.,

512 F.3d 46, 55 (1st Cir. 2008).

To begin, we consider Mary's motion -- filed fourteen

days after the bankruptcy court granted Ann's second motion to

compel -- to be brought under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure

9023.34 See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9023 (setting a fourteen-day deadline

The bankruptcy court took issue with Mary's failure to cite
34

Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 9023 or 9024 within the
motion. We appreciate the lack of clarity in the filing -- even
Mary's brief before us imprecisely claims that the motion was
captioned in "obvious reference" to Bankruptcy Rule 9024. However,
given the timing of the motion and the relief requested, we
consider it under Rule 9023.

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for filing a motion to alter or amend a judgment and making Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 59 largely applicable to such motions).35

Relief under a motion for reconsideration is granted

sparingly. Biltcliffe v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 772 F.3d 925, 930

(1st Cir. 2014); see also Ramirez Rosado v. Banco Popular de P.R.

(In re Ramirez Rosado), 561 B.R. 598, 607 (1st Cir. B.A.P. 2017).

Such motions are "generally denied because of the narrow purpose

for which they are intended." In re Ramirez Rosado, 561 B.R. at

608. They are "not the venue to undo procedural snafus or permit

a party to advance arguments it should have developed prior to

judgment, nor [are they] a mechanism to regurgitate old arguments

previously considered and rejected." Biltcliffe, 772 F.3d at 930

(cleaned up). Rather, relief is granted "only when the original

judgment evidenced a manifest error of law, if there is newly

discovered evidence, or in certain other narrow situations." Id.

We discern no manifest abuse of discretion by the

bankruptcy court, given that Mary's original motion, and arguments

on appeal, primarily regurgitate arguments previously rejected by

the court. Her brief makes little mention of how precisely the

Perplexingly, Mary primarily argues that the court should
35

have considered her motion for reconsideration under the motion to
dismiss standard. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 US 662, 678 (2009)
("To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face."). This is incorrect. The
bankruptcy court applied the correct standard -- Mary's motion was
not a complaint and should not have been reviewed as one.

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court erred in denying her motion to reconsider. Instead, it is

littered with objections to the legitimacy of the court-ordered

discovery items and attempts at defending her and Baker's actions

throughout the discovery litigation. Any meritorious arguments in

this vein either had been considered, or should have been raised,

far earlier on in the discovery dispute, and neither a motion for

reconsideration, nor an appeal from its denial, are appropriate

vehicles for attempting to relitigate them.

Accordingly, we affirm the court's order denying Mary's

motion for reconsideration.

III. Conclusion

For the reasons outlined above, we affirm the bankruptcy

court's orders denying Mary's motion for summary judgment,

granting Ann's second motion to compel, and denying Mary's motion

for reconsideration. Accordingly, costs are awarded to Ann. See

Fed. R. App. P. 39.

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