Filed 3/13/23 LaCasse v. USANA Health Sciences, Inc. CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
MEGAN LACASSE, C094406
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No.
34202000278413CUOEGDS)
v.
USANA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC.,
Defendant and Respondent.
Plaintiff Megan LaCasse appeals from an order of dismissal entered in favor of
defendant USANA Health Sciences, Inc. (USANA) after the trial court granted
USANA’s motion to dismiss based on forum selection clauses in LaCasse’s employment
agreements. LaCasse argues: (1) the evidence was insufficient to show that she assented
to an agreement containing a forum selection clause; (2) the trial court erred in finding
the forum selection clause to be mandatory, rather than permissive; and (3) USANA had
the burden of showing that enforcing the forum selection clause would not diminish her
substantive rights under California law. We will reject these arguments and affirm.
1
I. BACKGROUND
LaCasse commenced this action by filing a putative class action complaint against
USANA in May 2020. The complaint alleges that LaCasse, an individual residing in
California, was employed by USANA, an entity organized and existing in Utah, as an
independent contractor or “Associate” from August 2015 to January 2017. The
complaint asserts a single cause of action against USANA for violations of California’s
unfair competition law (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200, et seq.; UCL) based on alleged
failures to properly calculate and pay overtime wages (Lab. Code, §§ 510 and 1198),
provide meal breaks and rest periods (Lab. Code, §§ 226.7 and 512, subd. (a)), pay
minimum wages (Lab. Code, §§ 1194, 1197, and 1197.1), and reimburse business
expenses (Lab. Code, §§ 2800 and 2802).
A. USANA’s Motion
USANA moved to stay or dismiss the action on the ground of forum non
conveniens. (Code Civ. Proc., § 410.30.)1 The motion argued that LaCasse was bound
by forum selection clauses making Utah the exclusive forum for litigation between the
parties. The motion relied on a short form agreement entitled, “U.S. Associate
Application & Agreement” (Associate Agreement) and a longer document entitled,
“USANA Policies & Procedures / Compensation Plan” (USANA Policies).
The Associate Agreement contains a forum selection clause that provides as
follows: “Venue and Jurisdiction for any action pertaining to this agreement or any
disagreement or claim between the parties hereto shall be in Salt Lake County, State of
Utah or in the United States District Court in and for the District of Utah, except where
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2
the laws of your state expressly require the application of its laws. This agreement shall
be governed by the laws of the state of Utah.”
The Associate Agreement incorporates the USANA Policies by reference. The
USANA Policies contain another forum selection clause, which provides as follows:
“The exclusive jurisdiction and venue for all disputes, claims, and actions relating to the
Associate Agreement or the interpretation thereof, or any dispute, claim or action
between the parties hereto shall be Salt Lake County, State of Utah, or in the United
States District Court in and for the District of Utah, unless the laws of the state in which
the Associate resides expressly require otherwise. By signing the Associate Application
and Agreement, all Associates consent to jurisdiction within these two forums. The law
of the State of Utah shall govern disputes relating to the Associate Agreement.”
The motion was supported by the declaration of Daniel Whitney, “Vice President
of Ethics and Market Expansion” for USANA (Whitney Declaration). The Whitney
Declaration attaches copies of the Associate Agreement and USANA Policies. Neither
the Associate Agreement nor the USANA Policies contain LaCasse’s name or bear her
signature. However, the Whitney Declaration avers they were effective at the time
LaCasse became an independent contractor in 2015. The Whitney Declaration further
avers that LaCasse digitally signed the Associate Agreement through USANA’s online
registration portal on August 13, 2015, indicating her assent to be bound by it. The
Whitney Declaration attaches a printout of the digital signature as an exhibit. The
printout reflects LaCasse’s name, identification numbers, and the time and date of
signature. The printout does not identify the document LaCasse is said to have signed.
B. LaCasse’s Opposition
LaCasse opposed USANA’s motion to stay or dismiss. LaCasse argued the forum
selection clauses were unenforceable for lack of mutual assent. Specifically, she argued
the Whitney Declaration failed to show she was ever presented with the Associate
Agreement or USANA Policies, much less agreed to be bound by their terms. LaCasse
3
also argued the forum selection clauses in the Associate Agreement and USANA Policies
were permissive, rather than mandatory, such that USANA had the burden to show that a
stay or dismissal would be appropriate under the “traditional” forum non conveniens
analysis. Even assuming the forum selection clauses were mandatory, LaCasse
continued, USANA would have the burden to show that litigating her claims in Utah
would not diminish her unwaivable rights under the Labor Code. (See Verdugo v.
Alliantgroup, L.P. (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 141, 154-155 (Verdugo).) LaCasse also
argued the forum selection clauses were unreasonable and ran afoul of Labor Code
section 925. LaCasse did not submit any evidence in support of her opposition.
C. USANA’s Reply
USANA submitted a reply brief in further support of the motion to stay or dismiss.
The reply brief argued the Whitney Declaration adequately established that LaCasse
digitally signed the Associate Agreement, and thus agreed to be bound by its terms. The
reply brief also argued that: (1) LaCasse accepted the terms of the Associate Agreement
by her conduct; (2) the Associate Agreement incorporated the USANA Policies by
reference; (3) the forum selection clauses in the Associate Agreement and USANA
Policies were mandatory; (4) the UCL does not create an unwaivable right and does not
shift the burden of proof to USANA; and (5) Labor Code section 925 does not apply.
The reply brief was accompanied by a declaration from Jeff Benedict, “Executive
Director of Application Development” for USANA (Benedict Declaration). The
Benedict Declaration describes the online process by which an interested person or
“enrollee” becomes an USANA associate. That process requires the enrollee to confirm
that he or she has read the Associate Agreement and USANA Policies and submit an
electronic signature indicating his or her assent. The Benedict Declaration explains that
enrollees also have an option to indicate that they intend to sign later.
According to the Benedict Declaration, LaCasse began the online enrollment
process on August 10, 2015, and opted to sign later. She returned to USANA’s online
4
portal on August 13, 2015, using a user ID and secure password generated during the
initial enrollment process. She then submitted an electronic signature, which was stored
in a secure database for such signatures.
D. The Trial Court’s Tentative and Final Rulings
The trial court issued a tentative ruling denying USANA’s motion to stay or
dismiss on May 19, 2021. The tentative ruling found that the forum selection clauses
were mandatory, not permissive. Accordingly, the tentative ruling found that the
traditional forum non conveniens analysis did not apply, and LaCasse had the burden to
show the forum selection clauses were invalid or enforcement of them would be
unreasonable.
The tentative ruling accepted and considered the Benedict Declaration, over the
apparent objections of LaCasse.2 The tentative ruling found the Whitney Declaration and
Benedict Declaration were together sufficient to show that the Associate Agreement
and/or USANA Policies had been presented to LaCasse, and LaCasse electronically
signed the Associate Agreement on August 13, 2015. The tentative ruling further found
that the USANA Policies were effectively incorporated into the Associate Agreement,
and Labor Code section 925 did not apply, as the parties’ contractual relationship was not
entered into, modified, or extended on or after that statute’s January 1, 2017 effective
date.
However, the tentative ruling also found that LaCasse’s UCL cause of action was
based on unwaivable rights provided by the Labor Code, which shifted the burden to
USANA to show that enforcing the forum selection clauses would not diminish those
rights. (See Verdugo, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 150.) The tentative ruling concluded
2We have not been provided with a copy of LaCasse’s objections to the Benedict
Declaration.
5
that USANA had not carried that burden. Accordingly, the trial court tentatively denied
the motion to stay or dismiss.
Following argument, the trial court reversed the tentative ruling and granted the
motion. The trial court incorporated by reference the factual and legal analysis set forth
in the tentative ruling. However, the trial court concluded that the determination in the
tentative ruling that LaCasse’s UCL cause of action was based on unwaivable rights had
been incorrect. Relying on Ryze Claim Solutions LLC v. Superior Court (2019) 33
Cal.App.5th 1066 (Ryze), the trial court reasoned that Labor Code section 925 was
inapplicable, and thus could not provide a public policy basis on which to refuse to
enforce the forum selection clauses. (Ryze, supra, at p. 1072.) Accordingly, the trial
court concluded that LaCasse retained the burden to show she was prosecuting
unwaivable rights under the UCL or that enforcement of the forum selection clauses
would be unreasonable. The trial court further concluded that LaCasse failed to carry
that burden, and therefore granted the motion. This appeal timely followed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Legal Principles and Standard of Review
Forum non conveniens is an equitable doctrine under which a trial court has
discretion to decline to exercise jurisdiction over a transitory cause of action that it
believes may be more appropriately and justly tried elsewhere. (Stangvik v. Shiley Inc.
(1991) 54 Cal.3d 744, 751 (Stangvik).) California has codified this principle in section
410.30, which provides: “When a court upon motion of a party or its own motion finds
that in the interest of substantial justice an action should be heard in a forum outside this
state, the court shall stay or dismiss the action in whole or in part on any conditions that
may be just.” (§ 410.30, subd. (a); see also § 418.10.)
In determining whether to grant a motion based on forum non conveniens, courts
usually apply a two-step process. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751.) In the first step,
the court must determine whether the alternate forum is a suitable place for trial. (Ibid.)
6
If it is, the next step is to decide whether the private and public interests, on balance,
favor retaining the action in California. (Ibid.; see also Animal Film, LLC v. D.E.J.
Productions, Inc. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 466, 473.) The motion is addressed to the trial
court’s discretion and the court retains a “ ‘flexible power’ to consider and weigh all the
factors.” (Intershop Communications AG v. Superior Court (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 191,
198 (Intershop).) The moving party bears the burden of proof. (Stangvik, supra, at p.
751.)
A motion based on a forum selection clause, however, is a special type of forum
non conveniens motion. (Berg v. MTC Electronics Technologies Co. (1998) 61
Cal.App.4th 349, 358.) Consistent with the modern trend, California favors enforcement
of a forum selection clause appearing in a contract entered into freely and voluntarily by
parties negotiating at arm’s length. (Cal-State Business Products & Services, Inc. v.
Ricoh (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 1666, 1679 (Cal-State Business Products).) When a case
involves a mandatory forum selection clause, the traditional forum non conveniens
analysis does not apply. (Intershop, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 198; Cal-State Business
Products, supra, at pp. 1679, 1682-1683.) Instead, a mandatory forum selection clause is
presumed valid and will be enforced unless enforcement of the clause would be
unreasonable under the circumstances of the case. (Smith, Valentino & Smith, Inc. v.
Superior Court (1976) 17 Cal.3d 491, 496.) In contrast to a motion on traditional
grounds of forum non conveniens, the burden of proof is on the party challenging
enforcement of the forum selection clause. (Intershop, supra, at p. 198.)
Thus, the threshold question in the usual case involving a forum selection clause is
whether the clause is mandatory or permissive.3 (Animal Film, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at
3 A clause is mandatory if it requires the parties to litigate their disputes exclusively in
the designated forum. (Verdugo, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 147, fn. 2.) A clause is
7
p. 471.) If the clause is mandatory, it is presumed valid and will be enforced unless the
party opposing the motion proves enforcement of the clause would be unreasonable.4
(Intershop, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 198.) If the clause is permissive, the traditional
forum non conveniens analysis applies and the existence of the clause is merely one
factor to be considered in determining whether the action should be heard in a different
forum. (Animal Film, supra, at p. 471.)
We will conclude, as the trial court did, that the forum selection clauses here are
mandatory, not permissive. Before reaching that issue, however, we will need to address
an antecedent threshold issue; namely, whether LaCasse agreed to the Associate
Agreement and USANA Policies at all. As we explain in the next section, substantial
evidence supports the trial court’s determination that she did.
An order dismissing a complaint on the ground of forum non conveniens is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. (Trident Labs, Inc. v. Merrill Lynch Commercial
Finance Corp. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 147, 154.) If the order was based on any
challenged findings of fact pertaining to the existence of a contract or mutual assent, the
standard of review is substantial evidence. (Vita Planning & Landscape Architecture,
Inc. v. HKS Architects, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 763, 771-772 (Vita Planning).)
Under this standard, “we must uphold the trial court’s finding if supported by substantial
evidence.” (Id. at p. 772.) Substantial evidence is evidence that is “ ‘ “ ‘reasonable in
nature, credible, and of solid value.’ ” ’ ” (Ibid.) “ ‘The ultimate determination is
permissive if it merely requires the parties to submit to jurisdiction in the designated
forum. (Ibid.)
4 “Unreasonable” in the context of mandatory forum selection clauses has been defined
as meaning that the forum selected would be unavailable, unable to accomplish
substantial justice, or that the choice of forum lacks a rational basis in light of the facts
underlying the transaction. (Cal-State Business Products, supra, 12 Cal.App.4th at p.
1679.)
8
whether a reasonable trier of fact could have found for the respondent based on the whole
record.’ ” (Ibid.)
When no conflicting evidence has been presented, the interpretation of a forum
selection clause is a legal question we review de novo. (Animal Film, supra, 193
Cal.App.4th at p. 471.) As with any other question of contract interpretation, whether a
forum selection clause is mandatory or permissive is also a question of law reviewed de
novo. (Intershop, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 196.) A mandatory forum selection
clause will be enforced unless the plaintiff can show that such enforcement would be
unreasonable. (Id. at p. 198.)
B. Evidence Establishing Existence of Agreements Containing Forum Selection
Clauses
As noted, a threshold question here is whether LaCasse agreed to the Associate
Agreement and USANA Policies in the first place. LaCasse argues the evidence was not
sufficient to show she assented to either agreement. She says the trial court should not
have considered the Benedict Declaration, and none of USANA’s evidence showed she
signed or otherwise agreed to the Associate Agreement or USANA Policies. These
arguments fall wide of the mark.
1. The Benedict Declaration
LaCasse begins by objecting to the trial court’s consideration of the Benedict
Declaration. She observes that the Benedict Declaration was submitted with USANA’s
reply brief and argues that evidence presented for the first time in reply should not be
considered, unless good reason appears for the failure to present the evidence earlier. We
reject this argument for several reasons. First, LaCasse’s objections to the Benedict
Declaration do not appear in our record.5 That would be reason enough to reject the
5 The record contains only USANA’s response to LaCasse’s apparent objection.
9
claim of error. (Rancho Santa Fe Assn. v. Dolan-King (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 28, 46
[“The party seeking to challenge an order on appeal has the burden to provide an
adequate record to assess error”]; Mountain Lion Coalition v. Fish & Game Com. (1989)
214 Cal.App.3d 1043, 1051, fn. 9 [“if the record is inadequate for meaningful review, the
appellant defaults and the decision of the trial court should be affirmed”].)
Second, LaCasse does not acknowledge the applicable standard of review (abuse
of discretion) or explain how the trial court abused its discretion in considering the
Benedict Declaration. (Grappo v. McMills (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 996, 1009 [holding
that trial court has discretion whether to “accept arguments or evidence made for the first
time in reply”]; Carbajal v. CWPSC, Inc. (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 227, 241 [“Whether to
accept new evidence with the reply papers is vested in the trial court’s sound discretion,
and we may reverse the trial court’s decision only for a clear abuse of that discretion”];
California Retail Portfolio Fund GMBH & Co. KG v. Hopkins Real Estate Group (2011)
193 Cal.App.4th 849, 861 [trial court did not abuse its discretion by considering reply
evidence].) That, too, warrants rejection of her claim. (Sonic Mfg. Technologies, Inc. v.
AAE Systems, Inc. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 456, 465 [“Failure to acknowledge the proper
scope of review is a concession of a lack of merit”].)
Third, LaCasse misses the point of Golden Door Properties, LLC v. Superior
Court (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 733 (Golden Door) and Sprunk v. Prisma LLC (2017) 14
Cal.App.5th 785 (Sprunk), on which USANA relied in submitting the Benedict
Declaration. LaCasse expends considerable energy distinguishing Golden Door and
Sprunk on the facts, arguing, for example, that “neither case pertains to a contractual
forum selection clause, nonetheless [sic] discusses one.” But the genuine significance of
Golden Door and Sprunk is that both cases recognize an exception to the general rule
against submitting new evidence with reply papers where the evidence is “ ‘strictly
responsive’ to arguments made for the first time in opposition.” (Golden Door, supra, at
p. 774 [referee erred in excluding evidence responsive to an exhaustion of administrative
10
remedies defense raised for the first time in opposition papers]; see Sprunk, supra, at p.
794 [trial court properly admitted moving party’s evidence submitted on reply because
nonmoving party placed arbitration agreement’s validity at issue in opposition papers].)
LaCasse does not explain how the trial court abused its discretion in implicitly finding the
Benedict Declaration was responsive to the points raised in the opposition. As such,
LaCasse fails to demonstrate error.
Though nothing more needs to be said, we reiterate that the Benedict Declaration
provides a detailed description of USANA’s online processes for presenting the
Associate Agreement and USANA Policies to enrollees and collecting electronic
signatures. That evidence is responsive to LaCasse’s argument, raised for the first time in
opposition, that she did not assent to the Associate Agreement or USANA Policies. No
abuse of discretion appears.
2. Sufficiency of Evidence
LaCasse next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence of assent. She argues the
Whitney Declaration and Benedict Declaration were insufficient to show she actually
received the Associate Agreement or USANA Policies, or agreed to their terms. Relying
on Ruiz v. Moss Bros. Auto Group, Inc. (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 836 (Ruiz) and Espejo v.
Southern California Permanente Medical Group (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 1047 (Espejo),
LaCasse specifically argues the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to
authenticate the Associate Agreement or USANA Policies. We disagree.
“Every contract requires mutual assent or consent. (Civ. Code, §§ 1550, 1565),
and ordinarily one who signs an instrument which on its face is a contract is deemed to
assent to all its terms.” (Marin Storage & Trucking, Inc. v. Benco Contracting &
Engineering, Inc. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1042, 1049.) USANA had the initial burden of
establishing the existence of an agreement containing a forum selection clause. (Cf.
Ruiz, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 842 [general principles of contract law determine
whether the parties have entered into a binding agreement to arbitrate, and the party
11
seeking arbitration bears the burden of proving the existence of an arbitration agreement];
Espejo, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 1060 [moving party has initial burden to show
existence of agreement to arbitrate]; see also Morgan Tire of Sacramento, Inc. v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (E.D. Cal. 2014) 60 F.Supp.3d 1109, 1115-1117 [party
seeking to enforce forum selection clause bears burden of demonstrating existence of
contract containing such clause].)
USANA attempted to carry that burden by relying on the Associate Agreement,
which was said to have been electronically signed by LaCasse. “Under Civil Code
section 1633.7, enacted in 1999 as part of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (Civ.
Code, § 1633.1 et seq., added by Stats. 1999, ch. 428, § 1, pp. 2809-2816), an electronic
signature has the same legal effect as a handwritten signature (Civ. Code, § 1633.7, subd.
(a) [‘A . . . signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is
in electronic form[]’]).” (Ruiz, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 843.) “Still, any writing
must be authenticated before the writing, or secondary evidence of its content, may be
received in evidence.” (Ibid.) “ ‘Authentication of a writing means (a) the introduction
of evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that it is the writing that the proponent of the
evidence claims it is or (b) the establishment of such facts by any other means provided
by law.’ ” (Ibid., quoting Evid. Code § 1400, italics omitted.) “An electronic record or
electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of
the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any
security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or
electronic signature was attributable.” (Civ. Code, § 1633.9, subd. (a).)
The Whitney Declaration avers that LaCasse submitted an electronic signature
“through USANA’s online registration portal on August 13, 2015[,] at 12:58 PM to
indicate her agreement to the Associate Agreement.” The Whitney Declaration attaches
an unsigned copy of the Associate Agreement and an electronic signature page bearing
12
LaCasse’s name. The signature page indicates that an unspecified document was
“SIGNED ON” August 13, 2015, at 12:58 PM.
LaCasse makes much of the fact that the Associate Agreement does not bear her
signature, and the signature page does not specify the agreement said to have been
signed. However, the Benedict Declaration clarifies that the online registration portal
asks enrollees to submit electronic signatures indicating their agreement to the Associate
Agreement and USANA Policies. Specifically, the Benedict Declaration explains that
enrollees initially access the portal with the help of a “[s]ponsor.” After the enrollment
process is complete, the enrollee and sponsor are shown a dialog box asking whether the
enrollee would like to submit an electronic signature manifesting his or her assent to the
Associate Agreement and USANA Policies. The enrollee can either click a button
saying, “I agree,” or another button saying, “I’ll Sign Later.”
According to the Benedict Declaration, LaCasse began the enrollment process on
August 10, 2015, and exercised the option to sign later. She returned to the online
registration portal on August 13, 2015, using a previously assigned unique user ID and
secure password. She was then shown a dialog box reminding her to sign the Associate
Agreement and affirming that she agreed with various terms and conditions, including
those set forth in the Associate Agreement and USANA Policies. According to the
Benedict Declaration, LaCasse typed her name and clicked the “I agree” button, thereby
generating the timestamp shown on the electronic signature page.
The trial court found the Whitney and Benedict Declarations were sufficient to
show that LaCasse was presented with copies of the Associate Agreement and USANA
Policies, electronically signed the Associate Agreement on August 13, 2015, and had full
access to both documents before and after signing. The trial court found further support
for these findings in LaCasse’s allegations that she was employed by USANA from
August 2015 to January 2017, and USANA’s evidence that LaCasse could not have
13
become an employee or independent contractor without logging onto the online portal
using her own user ID and secure password.
Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings, and LaCasse does not
seriously contend otherwise. (See Vita, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 772 [“Substantial
evidence is evidence of ‘ “ ‘ponderable legal significance,’ ” ’ ‘ “ ‘reasonable in nature,
credible, and of solid value . . .’ ” ’ ”].) These findings, in turn, support the conclusion
that LaCasse assented to the Associate Agreement and USANA Policies. (Ibid.
[“ ‘Mutual assent or consent is necessary to the formation of a contract’ and ‘[m]utual
assent is a question of fact’ ”]; see also Russell v. Union Oil Co. (1970) 7 Cal.App.3d
110, 114 [“The determination whether [mutual assent] is present is made by the use of an
objective test, the manifestations or expressions of assent being controlling. [Citation.]
‘Mutual assent is gathered from the reasonable meaning of the words and acts of the
parties, and not from their unexpressed intentions or understanding’ ”].)
LaCasse argues Ruiz and Espejo compel a different conclusion. Neither case
advances her cause. In Ruiz, an employer (Moss) sought to compel arbitration based on
an initial declaration that “summarily asserted” the employee (Ruiz) electronically signed
an arbitration agreement “ ‘on or about September 21, 2011.’ ” (Ruiz, supra, 232
Cal.App.4th at p. 843.) Ruiz opposed the petition to compel arbitration, arguing the
“ ‘conclusory’ ” assertion that he signed the arbitration agreement was not enough to
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he did, in fact, sign the agreement. (Id. at
p. 840) In an opposing declaration, Ruiz averred that he did not recall signing any
arbitration agreement on September 21, 2011, or at any other time, and if he had been
presented with such an agreement, he would not have signed it. (Ibid.) Moss filed reply
papers indicating all employees were required to sign the arbitration agreement, and
explaining that they were required to log into the company’s “HR system,” review and
sign forms. (Id. at pp. 840-841.) However, Moss did not explain how it determined Ruiz
14
was the person who electronically signed. (Id. at p. 841.) This, the court said, “left a
critical gap in the evidence supporting the petition.” (Id. at p. 844.)
Accordingly, the court concluded: “In the face of Ruiz’s failure to recall
electronically signing the 2011 agreement, the fact the 2011 agreement had an electronic
signature on it in the name of Ruiz, and a date and time stamp for the signature, was
insufficient to support a finding that the electronic signature was, in fact ‘the act of’ Ruiz.
(Civ. Code, § 1633.9, subd. (a).) For the same reason, the evidence was insufficient to
support a finding that the electronic signature was what Moss . . . claimed it was: the
electronic signature of Ruiz. (Evid. Code, § 1400, item (a).) This was not a difficult
evidentiary burden to meet, but it was not met here.” (Ruiz, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p.
844.)
In Espejo, the Court of Appeal reversed the trial court’s ruling denying the
employer’s petition to compel arbitration. (Espejo, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1050-
1051.) The trial court found the defendants failed to establish there was an enforceable
arbitration agreement. (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal disagreed, noting that a supplemental
declaration by the employer’s systems consultant “offered the critical factual connection
that the declarations in Ruiz lacked.” (Id. at p. 1062.) The court explained: “[The
systems consultant] detailed [the employer’s] security precautions regarding transmission
and use of an applicant’s unique username and password, as well as the steps an applicant
would have to take to place his or her name on the signature line of the employment
agreement and the [arbitration agreement]. Based on this procedure, she concluded that
the ‘name Jay Baniaga Espejo could only have been placed on the signature pages of the
employment agreement and the [arbitration agreement] by someone using Dr. Espejo’s
unique user name and password.’ ” (Ibid.) Despite the employee’s assertion that he “did
not recall ever signing” the arbitration agreement (id. at p. 1054), the Espejo court held
the details in the systems consultant’s declaration “satisfactorily meet the requirements
articulated in Ruiz and establish that the electronic signature on [the arbitration
15
agreement] was ‘the act of’ Espejo.” (Id. at p. 1062.) Thus, the declaration “provide[d]
the necessary factual details to properly authenticate the document.” (Ibid.)
We believe USANA’s evidentiary showing is more like that found sufficient in
Espejo than that found insufficient in Ruiz. We need not decide this question, however,
as both cases are distinguishable. Unlike the plaintiffs in Ruiz and Espejo, LaCasse
offered no evidence that the Associate Agreement was not signed by her, or not signed at
all. (Ruiz, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 840; Espejo, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 1054.)
Although LaCasse hypothesizes that “someone else could have used [her] account by
simply entering the username and password,” nothing suggests anything like this actually
happened. To the contrary, LaCasse’s own allegations confirm that she began work as an
associate in August 2015, around the time that someone using her unique user ID and
secure password accessed the online registration portal and affixed an electronic
signature to the Associate Agreement. On the record before us, where USANA offered
detailed evidence and LaCasse offered none, we conclude substantial evidence supports
the trial court’s finding that the electronic signature affixed to the Associate Agreement
was “the act of” LaCasse by a preponderance of the evidence.
3. Incorporation by Reference
LaCasse next challenges the trial court’s determination that she agreed to the
USANA Policies. She observes the Whitney and Benedict Declarations address the
electronic signing of the Associate Agreement, but do not assert that she received or
electronically signed the USANA Policies. She acknowledges the trial court found the
Associate Agreement incorporates the USANA Policies by reference, but argues the
incorporation by reference was ineffective. We disagree.
“ ‘ “For the terms of another document to be incorporated into the document
executed by the parties the reference must be clear and unequivocal, the reference must
be called to the attention of the other party and he must consent thereto, and the terms of
the incorporated document must be known or easily available to the contracting
16
parties.” ’ [Citations.] [¶] The contract need not recite that it ‘incorporates’ another
document, so long as it ‘guide[s] the reader to the incorporated document.’ ” (Shaw v.
Regents of University of California (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 44, 54.)
The Associate Agreement clearly and unequivocally incorporates the USANA
Policies. The Associate Agreement provides: “APPLICANT has read and agrees to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, the USANA Compensation Plan and the Policies &
Procedures [i.e., the USANA Policies], all of which are incorporated herein by reference
and made a part hereof for all purposes.” The Benedict Declaration establishes that the
USANA Policies were known or easily available to LaCasse, inasmuch as she was given
“multiple opportunities” to review, download, and print copies of the USANA Policies
during the enrollment process, and was asked to confirm that she had read and
understood them prior to signing the Associate Agreement. We conclude the USANA
Policies were effectively incorporated into the Associate Agreement, to which LaCasse
assented.
C. Mandatory or Permissive
LaCasse argues the trial court erred in concluding the forum selection clause in the
Associate Agreement was mandatory, rather than permissive. As we have explained, a
threshold issue in the usual case involving a forum selection clause is whether the clause
is mandatory or permissive. (Animal Film, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 471; see also
Verdugo, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 147, fn. 2 [“A clause is mandatory if it requires the
parties to litigate their disputes exclusively in the designated forum, and it is permissive if
it merely requires the parties to submit to jurisdiction in the designated forum”].) We are
inclined to agree with the trial court that the forum selection clause in the Associate
Agreement was mandatory. [See, e.g., Korman v. Princess Cruise Lines, Ltd. (2019) 32
Cal.App.5th 206, 215-216 [“a phrase such as ‘shall be litigated’ generally has been
construed to indicate that the forum selection clause is mandatory”].) We need not
decide this question, however, as LaCasse concedes the forum selection clause in the
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USANA Policies was mandatory, and we have already concluded the Associate
Agreement incorporates the USANA Policies by reference. It follows that LaCasse’s
cause of action was subject to a mandatory forum selection clause, which is presumed
valid. (Intershop, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 198.)
D. Unwaivable Rights
LaCasse next challenges the trial court’s conclusion that the complaint’s single
cause of action for violations of the UCL was not based on unwaivable California rights.
She argues the UCL cause of action sought to vindicate unwaivable rights under the
Labor Code, and therefore, USANA had the burden to show that litigating the cause of
action in Utah would not diminish her substantive rights under California law. Again, we
disagree.
“A mandatory forum selection clause . . . is generally given effect unless
enforcement would be unreasonable or unfair, and the party opposing enforcement of the
clause ordinarily bears the burden of proving why it should not be enforced.” (Handoush
v. Lease Finance Group, LLC (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 729, 734; see also Verdugo, supra,
237 Cal.App.4th at p. 147 [under the general rule, the party opposing enforcement of a
forum selection clause “ ‘bears the “substantial” burden of proving why it should not be
enforced’ ”].) That burden is reversed, however, “when the claims at issue are based on
unwaivable rights created by California statutes. In that situation, the party seeking to
enforce the forum selection clause bears the burden to show litigating the claims in the
contractually designated forum ‘will not diminish in any way the substantive rights
afforded . . . under California law.’ ” (Verdugo, supra, at p. 147.)
We are not persuaded that LaCasse meets the exception established by Verdugo.
There, the employee (Verdugo) asserted causes of action for wage and hour violations
under the Labor Code (Lab. Code, §§ 200-204, 226, 226.7, 227.3, and 1194), violations
of the UCL, and civil penalties under the Private Attorney General Act of 2004 (Lab.
Code, § 2698; PAGA). (Verdugo, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 146.) The employer
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moved to dismiss or stay the action based on a forum selection clause designating the
State of Texas as “the sole venue” for disputes arising out of the parties’ employment
agreement. (Ibid.) Verdugo argued her claims were based on unwaivable statutory
rights, and the Court of Appeal agreed, noting Labor Code section 219, subdivision (a)
prohibits waiver of rights granted under the Labor Code through private agreement.
(Verdugo, supra, at pp. 149-150; Lab. Code, § 219, subd. (a) [“no provision of this article
can in any way be contravened or set aside by a private agreement, whether written, oral,
or implied”]; see also Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles (2014) 59 Cal.4th 348,
383, overruled in part in Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana (2022) __ U.S. __, 142
S.Ct. 1906, 213 L.Ed.2d 179 [holding that an “employee’s right to bring a PAGA action
is unwaivable”].)
LaCasse emphasizes that Verdugo asserted a cause of action under the UCL,
which was predicated on the same statutory rights as her causes of action for wage and
hour violations. That much is true, but LaCasse reads too much into the court’s brief and
undifferentiated discussion of Verdugo’s UCL cause of action. Although Verdugo
generally asserts that “all of Verdugo’s claims are based on her statutory rights under the
Labor Code,” the opinion does not purport to announce a general rule that UCL causes of
action are unwaivable to the same extent as their predicates. (Verdugo, supra, 237
Cal.App.4th at p. 150; see also Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Prods. Co. (2000) 23
Cal.4th 163, 179 [“A UCL action is independent of a statutory claim for back wages”].)
The Verdugo court had no occasion to consider that question, as most of Verdugo’s
causes of action were based on unwaivable Labor Code rights. (Cf. Handoush v. Lease
Finance Group, LLC (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 729, 734, fn. 3 [noting that, unlike the
statutes primarily at issue in Verdugo, “the UCL does not contain an antiwaiver
provision”].) Consequently, we do not read Verdugo as standing for the proposition that
UCL causes of action based on violations of unwaivable statutory rights (e.g., violations
of the Labor Code) are themselves unwaivable. (People v. Ault (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1250,
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1268, fn. 10 [“It is axiomatic that cases are not authority for propositions not
considered”].) Nothing in Verdugo compels the conclusion that LaCasse’s UCL cause of
action was based on unwaivable statutory rights, such that the burden shifted to USANA
to show the contractually designated Utah forum would not diminish them.
LaCasse next argues the trial court misapplied Ryze. In Ryze, an employee (Nedd)
sued his former employer (Ryze) for wrongful termination, asserting causes of action
under the Fair Employment and Housing Act (Government Code section 12900 et seq.;
FEHA). (Ryze, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at p. 1068.) Ryze moved to stay or dismiss the
action based on a forum selection clause designating Indiana as the forum for disputes
relating to Nedd’s employment agreement. (Ibid.) The trial court denied the motion,
stating the forum selection clause was contrary to California public policy as expressed in
Labor Code section 925 and Government Code section 12965. (Ryze, supra, at p. 1069.)
Ryze sought a peremptory writ of mandate directing the trial court to grant the motion to
dismiss or stay, and the Court of Appeal issued the writ. (Ibid.)
The Ryze court explained that the forum selection clause was not unenforceable
due to any statement of public policy in FEHA. (Ryze, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at p. 1071.)
The court then considered Labor Code section 925 (Ryze, supra, at p. 1071), which
provides: “An employer shall not require an employee who primarily resides and works
in California, as a condition of employment, to agree to a provision that would . . . : [¶]
(1) Require the employee to adjudicate outside of California a claim arising in
California. (Lab. Code, § 925, subd. (a).) The Ryze court emphasized that: “The statute
also expressly states: ‘This section shall not apply to a contract entered into, modified or
extended on or after January 1, 2017.’ (Lab. Code, § 925, subd. (f).)” (Ryze, supra, at p.
1071.)
The Ryze court explained that the trial court properly recognized that the
provisions of Labor Code section 925 “ ‘do not directly apply’ ” to Nedd’s employment
agreement, which was neither modified nor extended after the statute’s effective date.
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(Ryze, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at p. 1072.) Nevertheless, the trial court found that the
provisions of Labor Code section 925 “ ‘provide insight into our state’s policy aimed at
prohibiting employers from requiring that California residents and workers agree to
litigate their claims in a different forum as a prerequisite to employment.’ ” (Ryze, supra,
at p. 1072.) This was error, the Ryze court said, because the trial court’s decision to rely
upon the public policy underlying Labor Code section 925 in construing an employment
agreement “which was not entered into, modified, or extended on or after January 1,
2017, effectively circumvented the Legislature’s express intent that the statute not be
applied to an earlier agreement or extension.” (Ryze, supra, at p. 1072.)
The trial court here initially believed that the forum selection clause was
unenforceable because LaCasse’s UCL cause of action was predicated upon “unwaivable
California Labor Code rights, which are the subject of keen California public policy
protection as demonstrated by the enactment of Labor Code section 925 and Verdugo.”
Following argument, the trial court properly concluded that “Ryze’s analysis essentially
forecloses that rationale, and instead holds that: (1) if Labor Code section 925 does not
apply to the parties’ contract, it cannot be looked to as a statement of public policy
disfavoring contractual forum selection agreements that send an employee’s California
Labor Code claims out of state; and (2) if a statutory scheme does not include an express
anti-waiver provision, then public policy cannot inject into that scheme an implied anti-
waiver protection that the Legislature did not expressly include.” The trial court’s
revised reasoning was correct.
E. Labor Code Section 925
Finally, LaCasse argues the trial court erred in finding Labor Code section 925 to
apply “to a contract entered into, modified, or extended on or after January 1, 2017.”
(Lab. Code, § 925, subd. (f).) Nothing in the record suggests the Associate Agreement or
(any other agreement) was entered into, modified, or extended on or after January 1,
2017. To the contrary, the evidence in the record indicates the Associate Agreement and
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related agreements were entered in 2015, before Labor Code section 925’s effective date.
And, though the USANA may have had the ability to unilaterally modify the Associate
Agreement and USANA Policies, nothing suggests it did so after January 1, 2017.
Contrary to LaCasse’s unsupported contention, USANA did not have the burden to show
that the Associate Agreement was not modified after January 1, 2017. Rather, it was
LaCasse’s burden to show that the causes of action at issue were based on unwaivable
statutory rights. (Verdugo, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 149.) This she failed to do.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. USANA shall recover its costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (2).)
/S/
RENNER, Acting P. J.
We concur:
/S/
EARL, J.
/S/
HOCH, J.*
* Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Third Appellate District, assigned by
the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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