COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Huff and Callins
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
ROBERT RYAN GRASTY
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0423-22-2 JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
MARCH 28, 2023
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SURRY COUNTY
W. Allan Sharrett, Judge
Ashby Leigh Pope (Riddick & Pope, on brief), for appellant.
Timothy J. Huffstutter, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S.
Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Robert Ryan Grasty (“appellant”) was convicted of aggravated sexual battery and object
sexual penetration of a child under the age of 13 years by a person at least 18 years old. The trial
court imposed life imprisonment on the object sexual penetration conviction and 15 years of
suspended incarceration with a suspended fine of $50,000 on the aggravated sexual battery
conviction. On appeal, appellant first argues that the evidence failed to prove he was at least 18
years old at the time of the offenses. Next, he contends that the trial court should have awarded him
a new trial because “the jury did not understand the punishments required for the crimes” because
they failed “to comprehend the instructions given” and his trial counsel failed “to properly voir dire
the jurors on the prospective range of punishments.” Finally, he asserts that the trial court
erroneously denied his motion for a new trial “based on the improper joinder of the offenses.” For
the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413.
BACKGROUND
On appeal, this Court views the evidence “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the
Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App.
225, 231 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). And in doing so,
this Court “discard[s] the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth,
and regard[s] as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair
inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins,
295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)).
In April or May 2017, Johnnie Tynes worked as a commercial fisherman and was
constructing a new house for his family, including his two daughters: seven-year-old L.T. and
nine-year-old A.T. One day, Tynes asked his coworker and close friend of 14 years, appellant,
to “watch the girls” while he left to “sign paperwork” concerning the construction. At trial,
Tynes testified that he had considered appellant “an older brother” and previously “trusted this
man” to supervise his children.
While alone with A.T. and L.T., appellant sat between them on a couch and offered them
alcohol. Appellant then reached underneath A.T.’s clothes and touched her breasts and the
“inside” of her vagina. At trial, A.T. testified that she saw him do the same to L.T., although she
could not recall whether he had reached underneath L.T.’s clothing; L.T., who also testified, did
not remember the details of the incident. When Tynes returned home, he noticed that the lights
were off, and appellant departed hurriedly, which was unusual. A.T. and L.T. later disclosed the
sexual abuse to their father, who reported it to police. During an ensuing investigation, A.T. and
L.T. described the incident again to a forensic interviewer.
Appellant was indicted for aggravated sexual battery of L.T. and aggravated sexual
battery and object sexual penetration of A.T. while being at least 18 years of age. During voir
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dire at appellant’s jury trial, defense counsel did not advise or question the venire concerning the
potential range of punishment for each offense, including that the object sexual penetration
charge carried a mandatory minimum life sentence.1 At trial, appellant denied having committed
any of the charged offenses. He testified that Tynes had not asked him to supervise A.T. and
L.T. He claimed instead that he had accompanied Tynes to sign the paperwork and had not been
alone with the children or touched them “inappropriately.”
At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court instructed the jury, without objection,
that “[t]he physical appearance of [appellant] can be sufficient evidence alone to determine that
he is over 18 years of age.” After receiving the jury instructions and considering argument by
counsel, the jury convicted appellant of aggravated sexual battery and object sexual penetration
of A.T. by a person at least 18 years of age.2
During sentencing deliberations, the jury asked whether it was required to impose life
imprisonment for the object sexual penetration conviction. The trial court, without objection,
instructed the jury to refer to the jury instructions regarding sentencing.3 The jury subsequently
recommended a sentence of life imprisonment for the object sexual penetration conviction and
15 years in prison with a $50,000 fine for the aggravated sexual battery conviction. On the
sentencing verdict form, the foreperson expressly noted that the jury recommended life
imprisonment on the object sexual penetration charge, “per the instruction.”
1
Before trial, the General Assembly enacted Code § 19.2-262.01, which permits
examination of prospective jurors regarding the “potential range of punishment to ascertain if the
person or juror can sit impartially in the sentencing phase of the case.” See 2020 Va. Acts chs.
157, 588. During a hearing on appellant’s subsequent motion for new trial, the trial court found
that it had allowed the parties to examine the venire about the applicable penalties for each
offense during voir dire, but neither did so.
2
The jury acquitted appellant of aggravated sexual battery of L.T.
3
The trial court had instructed the jury that “upon consideration of all the evidence you
have heard, you shall fix the defendant’s punishment at confinement in the penitentiary for life.”
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Following the jury’s verdict, appellant moved the trial court to set aside his object sexual
penetration conviction because the evidence failed to prove that he was at least 18 years old
during the offenses. Appellant also moved the trial court to grant him a new trial because (1) the
jury had “fail[ed] to comprehend” the sentencing instructions, (2) he had not been “afforded [his]
statutory right to inform the potential jury of the mandatory life sentence,” and (3) the offenses
involving L.T. and A.T. were improperly joined into a single trial. At a hearing on the motions,
appellant conceded that it may have been his trial counsel’s deliberate “strategy” not to inform
the venire of the potential penalties for each offense.
After further argument, the trial court denied the motions for a new trial. It found that the
jury could rely on appellant’s physical appearance to ascertain his age at the time of the offenses
based on the uncontested jury instruction directing it to do so. Continuing, the trial court added
that appellant’s “gait,” “tone of voice,” hair—“in both its color and its presence on his head”—
and “all manners of his appearance could only lead a reasonable person to conclude that he was
over the age of 18 years.” Regarding voir dire, the trial court found that it had permitted
appellant to examine the prospective jurors about the applicable penalties for each offense, but
he had failed to exercise his statutory right to do so. Finally, concerning the alleged misjoinder,
the trial court found that appellant had not moved to sever the charges before trial and the
Commonwealth demonstrated a common scheme or plan justifying the joinder. This appeal
followed.
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ANALYSIS
I. Sufficiency
Appellant first contends that the evidence failed to prove he was at least 18 years old at the
time of the offenses.4 He asserts that other than the jury instruction permitting the jury to judge his
age by his appearance, “there is no record of what the jury found or did not find regarding [his]
age.” Therefore, appellant “posits that it is plainly wrong for his conviction to stand when the
record is silent as to how . . . the jury [concluded] that he was over the age of 18 at the time of the
offense.” This Court disagrees.
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is
presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to
support it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original)
(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does
not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204,
228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v.
Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193
(2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted
to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by
the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v.
Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).
4
In the indictments for both charges relating to A.T., the Commonwealth added the
following descriptive language following appellant’s name: “who [wa]s 18 years of age or
older.” However, only in the jury instruction for object sexual penetration of A.T. (No. 11) was
that same language included as a third element for the jury to determine before finding appellant
guilty.
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“It is well settled that instructions given without objection become the law of the case and
thereby bind the parties in the trial court and this Court on review.” Spell v. Commonwealth, 72
Va. App. 629, 635 (2020) (quoting Bryant v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 302, 307 (2018)). Here,
the trial court instructed the jury that “[t]he physical appearance of the Defendant can be
sufficient evidence alone to determine that he is over 18 years of age.” This instruction is
consistent with this Court’s holdings that a defendant’s physical appearance alone is sufficient to
prove age as an element of an offense if the “defendant’s physical appearance indicates an age
well above that required to be proven and the trial court determines that the fact finder is able to
conclude beyond a reasonable doubt from the defendant’s physical appearance that he exceeds”
the requisite age. Jewell v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 353, 356 (1989); accord Stith v.
Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 27, 33 (2015) (observing that physical appearance alone is
sufficient to prove age “where it is obvious from the defendant’s appearance that he or she meets
or exceeds the statutory age”).5
At trial, Tynes testified that he had considered appellant “an older brother” and
previously “trusted this man” to supervise his children. (Emphasis added). Appellant himself
testified that he had been friends with Tynes for approximately 14 years. From that evidence
combined with the opportunity to watch and listen to Tynes and appellant testify and compare
their relative ages, the jury could infer that appellant was an adult when he committed the crimes.
In fact, the trial court stated it did not “believe a reasonable juror could conclude that [appellant]
was under the age of 18.” To the contrary, it found that appellant’s physical appearance—
5
Moreover, “[t]his jury instruction was uncontested and thus, at a minimum, is the law of
the case.” Wagoner v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 229, 248 (2014), aff’d, 289 Va. 476 (2015).
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including his hair, gait, and tone of voice—“could only lead a reasonable person to conclude that
he was over the age of 18 years.”6
Given that the jury could judge appellant’s age by his appearance, the evidence
suggesting that appellant was an adult, and the trial court’s finding that the “only” conclusion the
jury could reach based on his appearance was that he was older than 18, appellant has not
established that the evidence was insufficient to prove his age at the time of the offenses. See
Stith, 65 Va. App. at 34 (holding evidence proved defendant’s age exceeded statutory age where
the trial court expressly found that his weight, “above average stature,” and “mannerisms”
suggested that he was an adult).7 Accordingly, this Court cannot conclude that the trial court’s
ruling was plainly wrong or without evidentiary support.
II. Voir Dire and Sentencing
Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a new trial
because “the jury did not understand the punishments required for the crimes.” Citing the jury’s
question during sentencing deliberations, appellant contends that the jury “fail[ed] to
comprehend” the sentencing instructions. This Court applies an abuse of discretion standard of
6
Although the jury did not receive direct evidence of appellant’s age, this Court notes
that multiple documents in the record show appellant was born in 1954, which means he was
over 60 years old at the time of the offenses.
7
At argument counsel conceded the sufficiency of the evidence to establish that appellant
was at least 18 years of age at the time of the offenses. Additionally, counsel candidly
acknowledged that no motion for severance had been made pre-trial, nor had counsel attempted
to inform the jury during voir dire of the mandatory life sentence as may have been appellant’s
right pursuant to Code § 19.2-262.01. This Court commends counsel for exercising the ethical
duties of candor expected of advocates appearing in this Court. See, e.g., Stephens v.
Commonwealth, 274 Va. 157, 161 (2007); Va. R. of Prof’l Conduct 3.3 (“Candor Toward the
Tribunal”).
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review to the trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial. Avent v. Commonwealth, 279 Va.
175, 204 (2010).8
The record belies appellant’s contention that the jury did not understand or failed to
follow the sentencing instructions. During sentencing deliberations, the jury asked the trial court
to clarify whether it was required to impose life imprisonment for the object sexual penetration
conviction. The trial court instructed the jury to refer to the applicable sentencing instruction,
which required the jury to “fix the defendant’s punishment at confinement in the penitentiary for
life.” Consistent with the trial court’s guidance, the jury returned a verdict recommending life
imprisonment “per the instruction.” Thus, this Court finds no basis in the record for appellant’s
claim that the jury did not comprehend or adhere to its instructions. Rather, the record
demonstrates that the jury understood the instructions and imposed the only sentence permissible
under the law. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s
motion for a new trial.
8
Appellant also argues that his trial “counsel’s failure to properly voir dire the jurors on
the prospective range of punishments” for each offense deprived him of his right to do so under
Code § 19.2-262.01. To the extent that argument asserts that appellant received ineffective
assistance of counsel, it is not cognizable on direct appeal. Lenz v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 451,
460 (2001) (citing Johnson v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 654, 675 (2000)).
Moreover, any argument that the trial court erred is waived. “Under the ‘invited error’
doctrine [a defendant] may not benefit from his counsel’s voluntary, strategic choice to place
[the defendant] at a potential disadvantage in the hope, unproductive though it was, of gaining
some advantage.” Powell v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 107, 144 (2004). The record demonstrates
that although the trial court did not prohibit him from questioning prospective jurors regarding
punishment during voir dire, appellant’s trial counsel did not exercise his statutory right to do so.
Furthermore, appellant conceded during argument on his motion for a new trial that his trial
counsel may have strategically chosen not to inform the venire of the potential penalties during
voir dire. Thus, appellant cannot now attempt to benefit from “the situation created by his own
wrong.” Nelson v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 397, 404 (2020) (quoting Cangiano v. LSH
Bldg. Co., 271 Va. 171, 181 (2006)).
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III. Joinder
Finally, appellant argues that he was entitled to a new trial because the trial court had
improperly joined the offenses involving L.T. and A.T. “[A] motion for separate trials must be
made before trial begins or it is deemed waived.” Colclasure v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 200,
202 (1990). Appellant did not move to sever the charges before trial; instead, he moved for a new
trial after the jury’s verdict. Consequently, the issue is waived, and the trial court did not err by
refusing to grant a new trial on that basis.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court affirms the trial court’s judgment.
Affirmed.
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Robert Ryan Grasty v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Combined Opinion