Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Scott A. Johnson

THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 22–2003

Submitted February 22, 2023—Filed March 31, 2023

IOWA SUPREME COURT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY BOARD,

Complainant,

vs.

SCOTT A. JOHNSON,

Respondent.

On review of the report of the Iowa Supreme Court Grievance Commission.

In an attorney disciplinary action, a majority of the grievance commission

recommends a three-year suspension for the attorney’s violations of rules of

professional conduct. LICENSE SUSPENDED.

Oxley, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all justices joined.

Tara van Brederode, Allison Schmidt, and Alexis Grove, Des Moines, for

complainant.

Scott Johnson, Spencer, pro se.
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OXLEY, Justice.

The Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board filed a complaint

charging attorney Scott A. Johnson with nineteen violations of the Iowa Rules of

Professional Conduct involving six different clients. The majority stemmed from

neglect of cases and clients, but the most serious involved forgery and deception

related to Johnson’s representation of criminal defendants where he lied to the

courts in furtherance of his own self-interests. The Board asks that this court

find all the alleged violations established and suspend Johnson’s license to

practice law for three years. Upon our de novo review of the record, we are

persuaded by the Board’s position and suspend Johnson’s law license.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

On April 27, 2022, the Board filed a five-count complaint with the Iowa

Supreme Court Grievance Commission charging Johnson with violations of Iowa

Rules of Professional Conduct 32:1.2(a), 32:1.3, 32:1.4(a)(2)–(3), 32:1.5(a),

32:3.2, 32:3.3(a)(1), 32:8.1(b), and 32:8.4(b)–(d). The Board alleges that Johnson

“submit[ed] false time and expense claims to the Iowa State Public Defender’s

Office (‘SPD’), neglect[ed] his legal matters, fail[ed] to communicate with his

clients, fail[ed] to appear at hearings, fail[ed] to respond to the Board’s pre-charge

investigative inquiries, and forg[ed] a client’s signature on a guilty plea.”

Johnson was admitted to practice law in Iowa on September 18, 2015, and

was practicing in Spencer at the time relevant to the Board’s complaint. When

the complaint was filed—less than eight years into Johnson’s tenure as an Iowa

attorney—Johnson had already received a private admonition and a public
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reprimand, and his license was then under suspension for failure to comply with

a client security commission audit of his lawyer trust account.1

Johnson’s only response to the Board’s complaint came on May 17 and

18, when he filed (and then amended) his answer. Johnson admitted almost all

of the allegations against him but denied he had filed a guilty plea without his

client’s consent. After filing that answer and participating in a scheduling

conference, “Johnson ceased all involvement in the proceedings,” even failing to

participate in discovery. (Emphasis omitted.) Accordingly, the Board successfully

moved for sanctions pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.517(2)(b)(1), and

as a consequence, the commission deemed admitted the allegation Johnson had

previously denied (but not the ultimate conclusion as to whether that conduct

did in fact violate the rules of professional conduct).

After a one-day hearing on July 27, a five-member division of the

commission found all of the factual allegations in the complaint proven and

unanimously concluded that those facts established the ethical violations

charged. The commission members disagreed, however, as to the appropriate

sanction. Three members recommend a three-year suspension, while two

members recommend two years.

II. Findings of Fact.

In attorney discipline cases, this court reviews “alleged violations and

evidence de novo to ensure that the Board has proven each allegation of

1After that suspension was imposed on January 28, 2022, Johnson apparently took no

corrective action. His license thus remains suspended as this case comes to us now.
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misconduct by a convincing preponderance of the evidence.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Aeilts, 974 N.W.2d 119, 125 (Iowa 2022). This is true even

where the responding attorney admits the alleged conduct and the rule violations

in the complaint. See Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. McCarthy,

814 N.W.2d 596, 601 (Iowa 2012). “The convincing preponderance of the

evidence standard is ‘less demanding than proof beyond a reasonable doubt, but

requires a greater showing than the preponderance of the evidence [standard].’ ”

Aeilts, 974 N.W.2d at 125 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Adams,

809 N.W.2d 543, 545 (Iowa 2012)).

That said, based on Johnson’s admissions and the unresisted,

unchallenged sanctions, “[f]or purposes of our de novo review, we deem [all of]

the factual allegations contained in . . . the complaint admitted.” Iowa Sup. Ct.

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Moonen, 706 N.W.2d 391, 396 (Iowa 2005). “Using these

admissions of law and fact, together with our review of the record, we make the

following findings of fact and determinations of [Johnson’s] ethical violations.”

Id. at 397.

A. Count I—Brown Representation. In January 2018, Johnson was

appointed to represent Allison Brown in a postconviction relief (PCR) proceeding

she initiated in September 2016. Johnson’s representation continued until he

withdrew from the matter in January 2020. During this two-year representation,

Johnson billed less than five total hours of work related to Brown’s case, spoke

with Brown over the phone roughly twice, and caused her PCR trial to be

postponed at least twice. He requested (and the court granted) an application for
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travel reimbursement related to a purported in-person visit with Brown at the

Newton Correctional Facility and submitted a time and expense log claiming

$166.14 for that purpose; however, he never actually met with Brown in person.

In submitting his time and expense log to the SPD, Johnson certified “under

penalty of law that . . . the statements and information contained in [his]

submission [were] true, accurate, and complete.”

Throughout the entire course of the representation, Brown appeared to be

in the dark as to what Johnson was doing to advance her case. He did not inform

Brown when the State moved to dismiss her petition or when he subsequently

moved to amend the petition in response to the motion for summary dismissal.

Brown complained to the court four times about Johnson’s lack of

communication—once in July 2018, twice in April 2019, and once in December

2019—requesting Johnson be removed as her attorney in her final two letters.

In the meantime, after the court denied the State’s motion for summary

dismissal, Johnson requested a continuance of the trial due to a scheduling

conflict. The court granted the motion, directing Johnson and the State to

coordinate with court administration within ten days to set a new trial date.

Johnson never followed up, leaving the trial court to eventually set a new trial

date in October 2019—thirteen months after it was previously set. Eight days

prior to the new trial date (and nearly five months after the court had set that

date), Johnson requested another continuance based on a scheduling conflict.

After the court granted it, but before a new date could be set, Johnson moved to

withdraw from his representation. He did not notify Brown that he was moving
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to withdraw. In January 2020, the court granted Johnson’s motion and

appointed new counsel for Brown—four years out from the initiation of her PCR

case.

B. Count II—Monson, Kreykes, and Peterson Representations. In

March 2020, Johnson was appointed to represent Timothy Monson, a criminal

defendant. After a pretrial conference in September, the district court believed a

plea agreement had been reached and scheduled a plea hearing for later that

month. From that time until May 2021, however, the court had to continue the

plea hearing no less than nine times. Although some of those continuances

stemmed from COVID-19 or other health concerns, some were at the behest of

Johnson without any clear reason given, and another was simply due to

Johnson’s failure to obtain a signed guilty plea from the client or appear at the

hearing. Indeed, both Johnson and Monson failed to appear for a plea hearing

scheduled for February 22, 2021, when no guilty plea was yet on file, despite the

court’s earlier warning that if no plea was filed and Monson failed to appear, the

court would issue a warrant for his arrest. Only after missing yet another plea

deadline in April and receiving another warning from the court threatening to

issue a warrant for Monson’s arrest did Johnson finally obtain and file Monson’s

guilty plea.

This pattern of behavior carried over to Johnson’s representation of

Clinton Kreykes and Tracy Peterson—criminal defendants Johnson was

appointed to represent in February 2021 in separate O’Brien County cases. Both

Johnson and his clients failed to appear at pretrial conferences in their respective
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cases—first on February 22 and again on March 8. Both sets of conferences were

continued after Johnson and his clients were no-shows. Johnson gave the court

no notice before missing the February 22 conferences and failed to respond to

the court’s attempts to contact him. He again gave the court no notice before

missing the March 8 conferences, although he did email the prosecutor just prior

to the conferences asking for a continuance due to a scheduling conflict. A third

set of pretrial conferences was scheduled for April 5, and Peterson’s April 13 trial

date had to be postponed to June (although he ultimately ended up pleading

guilty before trial). After finally appearing at these conferences, Kreykes’s case

proceeded to trial in April, ending in a guilty verdict. But when it came time for

Kreykes’s May 3 sentencing hearing, Johnson arrived too late for the hearing to

proceed as scheduled, and he only requested a continuance after the hearing

was supposed to have taken place.

C. Count III—Terwilliger Representation. Sometime between January

and March 2021, Johnson agreed to represent Tiffany Terwilliger, the petitioner

in a marriage dissolution proceeding. He filed his appearance on March 1, and

the matter was set for trial on August 11. In the week leading up to trial, the

court reporter emailed Johnson four times to assess the status of the case, but

Johnson failed to respond to any of her emails. And when it came time for trial—

despite his client showing up ready to proceed—Johnson was nowhere to be

found. The district court judge called Johnson’s cell phone and office phone

numbers to no avail; his cell phone voicemail was not set up, and his office

voicemail was full. The judge then emailed Johnson to inform him that his client
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had waived his presence and that the trial would proceed, adding, “In my

opinion, your failure to appear today, as well as your failure to respond to my

court reporter’s email of August 9, 2021, is unacceptable if not unethical

behavior.” The client’s divorce was finalized without Johnson’s assistance, and

he never responded to the judge’s email.

D. Count IV—Lowery Representation. From February through August

2020, Johnson represented Mandelo Lowery—a criminal defendant charged with

two serious misdemeanors involving an assault and interference with official

acts. The district court set a plea hearing in the matter for June after Johnson

emailed the court stating that he had reached a plea agreement with the

prosecutor. Johnson did not get Lowery’s signature on the plea agreement prior

to the hearing, however—or, indeed, prior to the next two dates to which the

court rescheduled the hearing. After missing those deadlines, Johnson

attempted to renegotiate the plea with the prosecutor, who stood firm on the

initial agreement. Finally, on August 5, Johnson filed a written guilty plea

purportedly signed by Lowery. The district court adjudicated Lowery guilty of the

interference charge and dismissed the assault charge as provided by the

agreement, imposing a suspended fine and a surcharge. As it was later revealed,

however, Lowery did not in fact sign the plea agreement; Johnson had placed

Lowery’s signature from another court document onto the agreement without

Lowery’s knowledge or consent. When Lowery filed a PCR petition to have the

conviction reversed, he was able to reach an agreement with the State in which
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the State agreed to dismiss the criminal case and Lowery agreed to dismiss his

PCR case.

E. Count V—Failure to Respond. Stemming from Johnson’s conduct in

the cases discussed above, the Board opened an investigation and sent Johnson

notices (by certified mail) of the complaints against him on March 29 and

March 31, 2021. Despite receiving the notices on April 7, Johnson did not

respond until May 6. See Iowa Court R. 35.6(4) (“The respondent [to a complaint

alleging attorney misconduct] must provide a written response [to the Board]

within 20 days of receipt of the complaint.”). The Board subsequently sent two

requests for additional information, both of which went unanswered.

III. Ethical Violations.

The Board charged Johnson with the following violations based on the

above-described conduct. For the following reasons, we find all of the charged

violations established by a convincing preponderance of the evidence.

A. Rule 32:1.2(a). Rule 32:1.2(a) provides, subject to principles discussed

in later paragraphs, that “a lawyer shall abide by a client’s decisions concerning

the objectives of representation.” Iowa R. of Prof’l Conduct 32:1.2(a). The rule

elaborates that “[i]n a criminal case,” this means “the lawyer shall abide by the

client’s decision, after consultation with the lawyer, as to a plea to be entered.”

Id. We agree with the commission that Johnson violated this rule by placing

Lowery’s signature on a guilty plea without Lowery’s knowledge or consent and

submitting that forged plea to the court. See Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd.

v. Kallsen, 814 N.W.2d 233, 238 (Iowa 2012) (finding “a flagrant violation” of rule
 10

32:1.2(a) where an attorney forged a client’s signature on a guilty plea over the

client’s express direction that he did not want to plead guilty).

B. Rule 32:1.3. Rule 32:1.3 provides that “[a] lawyer shall act with

reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client.” Iowa R. of Prof’l

Conduct 32:1.3. Although “a violation of rule 32:1.3 does not ‘occur from one

missed deadline,’ ” a violation does occur when a lawyer demonstrates a

“consistent failure to perform those obligations that a lawyer has assumed[] or a

conscious disregard for the responsibilities a lawyer owes to a client,” such as

when the attorney consistently “fails to appear at scheduled court proceedings,

does not make the proper filings, or is slow to act on matters.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Noel, 933 N.W.2d 190, 199 (Iowa 2019) (alteration in original)

(first and second quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. West,

901 N.W.2d 519, 524 (Iowa 2017); and third quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Nelson, 838 N.W.2d 528, 537 (Iowa 2013)). “Often, this

involves the ‘lawyer doing little or nothing to advance the interests of [the] client

after agreeing to represent the client.’ ” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Iowa

Sup. Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Moorman, 683 N.W.2d 549, 552 (Iowa

2004)).

Johnson’s conduct in representing Monson, Kreykes, Peterson, and

Terwilliger sufficiently demonstrates the lack of diligence required to find a

violation. Over the course of those four representations, Johnson repeatedly

missed deadlines, failed to appear at scheduled hearings, and in Terwilliger’s

dissolution case, abandoned her at trial, failing to even respond to inquiries from
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the court. When he missed deadlines, he consistently did so either without any

advance notice or without explaining why he needed more time. In the three

criminal cases, that conduct seriously jeopardized his clients’ pretrial release;

indeed, it appears that the only things that may have spared Kreykes from having

a warrant issued for his arrest after failing to appear at the March 22 hearing

were the prosecutor’s hesitance to seek sanctions since she had received

Johnson’s last-minute email requesting a continuance and the court’s concern

that Kreykes was not personally notified of the consequences of failing to appear

included in the order resetting the hearing where the order was served on

Johnson but not copied to Kreykes. In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary

Board v. Adams, we found a violation of rule 32:1.3 established when an attorney

failed to comply with appellate deadlines, failed to file a written plea in advance

of a client’s arraignment, and then failed to appear at the arraignment itself.

749 N.W.2d 666, 669 (Iowa 2008). Johnson’s neglect here was of a similar

character, and it was much more pervasive—spanning over several months and

multiple missed deadlines and hearings. The Board has established that

Johnson violated rule 32:1.3.

C. Rule 32:1.4(a)(2)–(3). The Board charged Johnson with violations of

rule 32:1.4(a)(2)–(3) in connection with his representations of Brown and Lowery.

This rule dictates that lawyers must “reasonably consult with the[ir] client[s]

about the means by which the client[s’] objectives are to be accomplished” and

must “keep the[ir] client[s] reasonably informed about the status of the[ir]

matter[s].” Iowa R. of Prof’l Conduct 32:1.4(a)(2)–(3). The facts here demonstrate
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that not only did Johnson not reasonably consult with Brown or Lowery or

reasonably keep them informed about their cases, he did not consult with them

or keep them informed at all.

From Brown’s perspective, Johnson had “apparently fallen off the face of

the earth.” Johnson spoke with Brown roughly twice during the entire two-year

course of his representation and failed to inform her in advance of his decisions

to add a claim to her petition and to withdraw from the case. And despite Brown’s

letters indicating that she was actively seeking to have her day in court as soon

as possible, Johnson asked the court for a continuance and failed to follow up

with court administration, resulting in the trial being pushed back over a year

from when it was supposed to have taken place.

With respect to the Lowery representation, Lowery’s PCR application

asserts that he had “limited communication” with Johnson during the

representation, that he specifically “instructed Scott Johnson that [he] would not

take no deal,” and that he was unaware the guilty plea had been filed. Johnson

presented no contrary evidence. That he failed to apprise Lowery that the court

had accepted the guilty plea is revealed by the fact that Lowery sought to expunge

the underlying court record, which was denied based on the conviction entered

on the interference charge. This forced Lowery to file the PCR action to challenge

his conviction.

The Board has established Johnson’s violations of rule 32:1.4(a)(2)–(3). See

Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Johnson, 792 N.W.2d 674, 678 (Iowa 2010)

(“Johnson’s failure to respond to Neef’s phone calls and requests for information,
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failure to notify Neef of what progress had or had not been made on the case,

and failure to provide notice of termination, contact information, return of

paperwork, or a return of unearned fees violated rule[] 32:1.4 . . . .”).

D. Rule 32:1.5(a). “A lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge, or

collect an unreasonable fee or an unreasonable amount for expenses, or violate

any restrictions imposed by law.” Iowa R. of Prof’l Conduct 32:1.5(a). Billing the

SPD for time and travel expenses in connection with a visit to the Newton

Correctional Facility that he never actually made violated this rule. See Iowa

Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Noel, 923 N.W.2d 575, 585–86 (Iowa 2019) (“Noel

violated rule 32:1.5(a) by seeking fees [from the State Public Defender] for family

team meetings he did not attend[,] . . . [and] by making false mileage claims.”). It

should go without saying that “[a] fee charged for services not provided is not

reasonable.” Id. at 586.

E. Rule 32:3.2. “A lawyer shall make reasonable efforts to expedite

litigation consistent with the interests of the client.” Iowa R. of Prof’l Conduct

32:3.2. In representing Brown, Monson, Kreykes, and Peterson, Johnson

violated this rule by doing just the opposite. Rather than making efforts to

expedite these cases, Johnson left them stalled for months on end and repeatedly

sought to delay litigation solely (if he gave any reason at all) for his own

convenience. For example, when Johnson did bother to request continuances for

deadlines (as opposed to simply letting them pass or failing to appear at

hearings), and when he bothered to explain his reason for the request, he often

cited a nebulous “scheduling conflict.” In Brown’s case, for instance, Johnson
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waited until eight days before trial to claim such a conflict despite having had

Brown’s trial date set five months in advance. “Although there will be occasions

when a lawyer may properly seek a postponement for personal reasons, it is not

proper for a lawyer to routinely fail to expedite litigation solely for the

convenience of the advocates.” Iowa R. of Prof’l Conduct 32:3.2 cmt. 1. Johnson’s

failure to move his clients’ cases forward was sufficiently routine here for us to

conclude by a convincing preponderance of the evidence that he violated this

rule.

F. Rule 32:3.3(a)(1). “A lawyer shall not knowingly . . . make a false

statement of fact or law to a tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material

fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer . . . .” Iowa R. of Prof’l

Conduct 32:3.3(a)(1). In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v.

Kallsen, 814 N.W.2d at 238, we found an attorney had knowingly violated this

rule by directing his client’s fiancé to forge his client’s signature on a guilty plea

and then presenting that plea to the court with the representation that the client

had signed it in his presence. Just as in that case, Johnson’s conduct violated

this rule. After inserting Lowery’s signature on a guilty plea knowing that he did

not have Lowery’s consent to do so, Johnson passed it off to the prosecutor and

the court as genuine. Further, Johnson did not act to correct the false statement

of fact (i.e., that Lowery was pleading guilty); only when Lowery sought to

expunge the criminal file did he learn of the forged signature, which required

him to file a separate PCR petition and bring the forgery to the court’s attention.
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G. Rule 32:8.1(b). Under rule 32:8.1(b), “a lawyer [shall not,] in

connection with . . . a disciplinary matter, . . . knowingly fail to respond to a

lawful demand for information from an admissions or disciplinary

authority . . . .” Iowa R. of Prof’l Conduct 32:8.1(b). “It is well established that a

respondent’s failure to respond to a notice of complaint from the Board is a

violation of our rules.” McCarthy, 814 N.W.2d at 609. Even when an attorney

does eventually respond, if the response is nevertheless “not timely and required

additional correspondence from the Board,” this rule is violated. Iowa Sup. Ct.

Att’y Discipline Bd. v. Casey, 761 N.W.2d 53, 60 (Iowa 2009) (per curiam); see

also Nelson, 838 N.W.2d at 540 (finding violation where attorney took six months

to respond to Board’s notice); Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Marks,

759 N.W.2d 328, 331 (Iowa 2009) (finding violation where attorney took three

months to respond).

Here, although Johnson did file an answer to the notices of complaints the

Board sent in March 2021, he did so nine days after the twenty-day window

provided in Iowa Court Rule 35.6(4). We hold that, in combination with

Johnson’s subsequent failure to respond to the Board’s requests for additional

information, Johnson violated rule 32:8.1(b). See Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary

Bd. v. Nelissen, 871 N.W.2d 694, 700 (Iowa 2015) (“[W]e join the commission in

determining that Nelissen violated rule 32:8.1(b) by ignoring requests of the

Board for information. Between January and May 2014, the Board sent a series

of letters to Nelissen, as to which it received no response.”). We infer from the
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fact that Johnson repeatedly failed to respond (either completely or in a timely

fashion) that he did so “knowingly.” See id.

H. Rule 32:8.4(b). “It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to,” inter alia,

“commit a criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer’s honesty,

trustworthiness, or fitness as a lawyer in other respects.” Iowa R. of Prof’l

Conduct 32:8.4(b). “A lawyer need not be charged or convicted of a crime in order

to be found in violation of this rule.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Cross,

861 N.W.2d 211, 222 (Iowa 2015). Instead, in “assessing whether a lawyer has

violated rule 32:8.4(b), we consider ‘[t]he nature and circumstances of the act,’ ”

including: “the lawyer’s mental state; the extent to which the act demonstrates

disrespect for the law or law enforcement; the presence or absence of a victim;

the extent of actual or potential injury to a victim; and the presence or absence

of a pattern of criminal conduct.” Aeilts, 974 N.W.2d at 125 (alteration in

original) (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Schmidt, 796 N.W.2d 33,

40 (Iowa 2011)).

Forgery is a criminal act that reflects adversely on an attorney’s honesty.

See Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Barry, 908 N.W.2d 217, 225–26 (Iowa

2018). The Board’s complaint identifies Iowa Code section 715A.2(1) as evidence

that Johnson’s forging Lowery’s signature on a guilty plea is a criminal act for

purposes of rule 32:8.4(b). Under that provision,

[a] person is guilty of forgery if, with intent to defraud or injure
anyone, or with knowledge that the person is facilitating a fraud
or injury to be perpetrated by anyone, the person does any of the
following:
a. Alters a writing of another without the other’s permission.
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b. Makes, completes, executes, authenticates, issues, or
transfers a writing so that it purports to be the act of another who
did not authorize that act, or so that it purports to have been
executed at a time or place or in a numbered sequence other than
was in fact the case, or so that it purports to be a copy of an
original when no such original existed.

c. Utters a writing which the person knows to be forged in a
manner specified in paragraph “a” or “b”.

d. Possesses a writing which the person knows to be forged
in a manner specified in paragraph “a” or “b”.

Iowa Code § 715A.2(1) (2020).

In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Barry, we found rule

32:8.4(b) violated where an attorney engaged in conduct “sufficient to show [he]

committed forgery pursuant to section 715A.2 . . . [by] knowingly and

intentionally creat[ing] a fraudulent dissolution decree and present[ing] it to [his

clients] as an original decree signed by a judge without the judge’s authority or

knowledge.” 908 N.W.2d at 225. To forge the judge’s signature on the fake

dissolution decree, the attorney obtained “a signature page from an order setting

a hearing in an unrelated case bearing [a judge’s] signature . . . [and] altered the

case title and the case number on this signature page” to make it look like a

judge had signed the divorce decree “[w]ithout [the judge’s] knowledge or

authorization.” Id. at 223.

Johnson’s actions in the course of representing Lowery are similar.

Johnson obtained Lowery’s signature from a different filing and electronically

transferred it to the guilty plea to make it appear as though Lowery had signed

the plea. He knew he did not have Lowery’s authorization to do so but

nevertheless placed Lowery’s signature on the plea and passed it off to the court
 18

as though Lowery himself had signed it. Lowery was directly harmed by this

action: in addition to being convicted per the plea agreement, Lowery had to

initiate a separate PCR claim in order to obtain relief from the judgment. This

act “reflects adversely on [Johnson’s] honesty, trustworthiness, and fitness as a

lawyer, even if the authorities never charged him with the crime.” Id. at 225–26;

see Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Stowe, 830 N.W.2d 737, 743 (Iowa

2013) (“We have previously recognized the crime of forgery, by its very nature,

reflects adversely on an attorney’s fitness to practice law.”). We conclude

Johnson violated rule 32:8.4(b).

I. Rule 32:8.4(c). It is also professional misconduct for a lawyer to “engage

in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.” Iowa R. of

Prof’l Conduct 32:8.4(c). “Forging a signature involves dishonesty, fraud, deceit,

and misrepresentation,” i.e., everything listed in the rule. Barry, 908 N.W.2d at

226 (emphasis added) (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Thompson,

732 N.W.2d 865, 867 (Iowa 2007)). Thus, we have no trouble concluding that

Johnson violated this rule by forging Lowery’s signature on the guilty plea.

The Board alleges that Johnson also violated this rule by submitting a

false time and travel expense claim to the SPD in connection with his

representation of Brown. To find a violation based on this conduct, we “must find

‘a level of scienter that is more than negligent behavior or incompetence.’ ” Noel,

923 N.W.2d at 587 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Suarez-Quilty,

912 N.W.2d 150, 158 (Iowa 2018)). “The dispositive question ‘is whether the
 19

effect of the lawyer’s conduct is to mislead rather than to inform.’ ” Id. at 588

(quoting Suarez-Quilty, 912 N.W.2d at 158).

In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Noel, we found this

rule violated where an attorney submitted false time and travel expense claims

to the SPD even though he claimed he only did so negligently or haphazardly. Id.

In that case, there was a host of direct evidence showing that the attorney knew

he had overbilled the SPD but still took no steps to correct the issue. Id. Although

that level of direct evidence is missing here, Johnson simply admits that he

violated this rule. Thus, the logical inference from this admission, together with

the surrounding facts and circumstances, is that Johnson acted with the

requisite level of scienter. Johnson knew he did not visit Brown in person, but

he nevertheless billed the SPD for the trip; so when he certified that the

information in his submission—including the claim that he traveled to visit with

Brown—was “true, accurate, and complete,” he knew that to be a false

representation. Cf. Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Marzen,

949 N.W.2d 229, 239 (Iowa 2020) (“Marzen defends his actions as protecting [his

clients’] best interests[,] . . . [but he] ignores that the [tax] returns [he filed]

required a signature affirming the information contained in the returns was ‘true,

correct, and complete.’ ”). We therefore conclude that Johnson also violated rule

32:8.4(c) by submitting a false reimbursement claim to the SPD.

J. Rule 32:8.4(d). Finally, it is professional misconduct for an attorney to

“engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.” Iowa R.

of Prof’l Conduct 32:8.4(d). “An attorney’s conduct is prejudicial to the
 20

administration of justice when it violates the ‘well-understood norms and

conventions of the practice of law’ such that it hampers ‘the efficient and proper

operation of the courts or of ancillary systems upon which the courts rely.’ ”

Aeilts, 974 N.W.2d at 128 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Rhinehart, 827 N.W.2d 169, 180 (Iowa 2013)); see also Barry, 908 N.W.2d at 226

(“[A] lawyer violates rule 32:8.4(d) when his or her misconduct wastes judicial

resources.” (citing Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. McGinness,

844 N.W.2d 456, 463 (Iowa 2014))). “We have consistently held an attorney

violates rule 32:8.4(d) when the ‘misconduct results in additional court

proceedings or causes court proceedings to be delayed or dismissed.’ ” Noel,

933 N.W.2d at 204 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Vandel,

889 N.W.2d 659, 666 (Iowa 2017)).

We agree with the commission that Johnson violated this rule in his

representations of Monson, Kreykes, Peterson, Terwilliger, and Lowery. In each

of these cases, Johnson’s repeated failure to meet deadlines and appear for

scheduled hearings “undoubtedly delayed court proceedings” and “caused court

personnel to invest time and energy” that they would not have otherwise. Barry,

908 N.W.2d at 226. In representing Terwilliger, for example, Johnson’s failure to

respond to the court reporter’s emails caused the judge to delay starting the trial

while she attempted to contact him, to no avail. And in representing Lowery,

Johnson’s submission of a forged guilty plea resulted in further litigation when

Lowery later sought to have his conviction reversed.
 21

Johnson also violated this rule by failing to respond to the Board’s

investigative inquiries as alleged in Count V. “A lawyer violates [rule 32:8.4(d)]

when the lawyer fails to respond to inquiries from the Board.” McCarthy,

814 N.W.2d at 610. Johnson failed to timely respond to the Board’s notices, and

he failed to respond at all to the Board’s subsequent inquiries.

In summary, the Board proved by a convincing preponderance of the

evidence all ethical violations charged in the complaint—Johnson engaged in

nineteen violations of eleven different rules in matters involving six different

clients as well as in his own disciplinary proceeding.

IV. Sanctions.

We must now decide on an appropriate sanction. Three members of the

commission recommended a suspension of at least three years, while two

members recommended two years, but the commission provided no explanation

for the discrepancy. The Board initially suggested Johnson’s actions were closest

to those in Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. McCarthy, where

we imposed a two-year suspension, but it now supports the commission

majority’s recommendation. Johnson has not filed any statement with respect to

sanctions.

In determining the appropriate sanction, we give the commission’s findings

and recommendations respectful consideration. Aeilts, 974 N.W.2d at 129. While

we “are concerned with maintaining some degree of uniformity throughout our

disciplinary cases,” we do not let this concern override “the particular facts in

each case [which ultimately] drive the resulting discipline.” Barry, 908 N.W.2d
 22

at 227 (alteration in original) (second quoting Thompson, 732 N.W.2d at 867). To

that end, we begin our analysis by reviewing analogous cases. We also consider

“the nature of the violations, the need for deterrence, protection of the public,

maintenance of the reputation of the bar as a whole, and the attorney’s fitness

to continue practicing law, as well as any aggravating or mitigating

circumstances.” Aeilts, 974 N.W.2d at 129 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Bartley, 860 N.W.2d 331, 337 (Iowa 2015)).

A. Review of Analogous Cases. Forging another person’s signature on a

court document “is a ‘grave and serious breach of professional ethics.’ ” Kallsen,

814 N.W.2d at 239 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Rickabaugh,

728 N.W.2d 375, 382 (Iowa 2007)). As a self-regulated profession, an attorney’s

intentional misrepresentation to a court strikes at the baseline of fundamental

honesty on which our profession’s integrity is built. See Rickabaugh, 728 N.W.2d

at 382 (“The whole structure of ethical standards is derived from the paramount

need for lawyers to be trustworthy. The court system and the public we serve are

damaged when our officers play fast and loose with the truth.” (quoting Comm. on

Prof’l Ethics & Conduct of the Iowa State Bar Ass’n v. Bauerle, 460 N.W.2d 452,

453 (Iowa 1990))).

Discipline in cases involving forgery has ranged anywhere from public

admonition to revocation. See Barry, 908 N.W.2d at 227–28 (canvassing forgery

cases). As those cases reveal, the level of discipline generally turns on the nature

of the forged document, whether the violation was an isolated event or was

coupled with prior or concurrent violations, the attorney’s remorsefulness and
 23

acceptance of responsibility for the actions, and the consequences to others from

the attorney’s dishonest acts.

For example, we imposed public reprimands on an attorney with no prior

discipline who forged a judge’s signature on an approved but unsigned order,

see Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Newman, 748 N.W.2d 786, 787–89

(Iowa 2008), and another attorney with a clean record who forged a client’s

signature on an affidavit filed with the court, see Comm. on Prof’l Ethics &

Conduct of the Iowa State Bar Ass’n v. Roberts, 312 N.W.2d 556, 557–58 (Iowa

1981) (en banc). But we have imposed two- and three-year suspensions in cases

involving forgery coupled with additional violations that resulted in harm to

others. See, e.g., McCarthy, 814 N.W.2d at 610 (imposing a two-year suspension

on attorney who “neglected the matters of multiple clients, made

misrepresentations to his clients about the status of their cases to cover up his

neglect, filed a court document containing a forged signature, failed to appear at

court proceedings, and failed to comply with orders directing him to cure

deficiencies”); Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Van Beek, 757 N.W.2d 639,

642, 644 (Iowa 2008) (concluding a two-year suspension for an attorney who

“altered a will, forged the names of clients and executors to documents, falsely

declared documents and signatures to be authentic, received attorney fees in an

estate proceeding without a court order, failed to deposit unearned fees into her

trust account, [and] neglected client matters” was appropriate considering “the

multiple instances of serious misconduct and properly consider[ed] Van Beek’s

struggle with depression and alcoholism that contributed to her misconduct”);
 24

Iowa Sup. Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Hansel, 558 N.W.2d 186, 192 (Iowa

1997) (imposing a three-year suspension for conduct that included knowledge of

a forged endorsement on a client’s money order that was deposited in the

attorney’s personal account); Iowa Sup. Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v.

Clauss, 530 N.W.2d 453, 454–55 (Iowa 1995) (imposing a three-year suspension

on a lawyer with a past disciplinary record who, among other violations, forged

and falsely notarized his wife’s signature on a return of service for an original

notice). We revoked one attorney’s license for a number of violations, including

forging an executor’s signature on a report and inventory and filing it with the

court when the executor refused to sign the inventory because it was incorrect.

Rickabaugh, 728 N.W.2d at 378, 382. In that case, William Rickabaugh’s Iowa

law license had previously been suspended for three years based on “very serious

ethical misconduct, most notably the fabrication of documents and the forgery

of a judge’s signature in an attempt to persuade a client he had filed a lawsuit

and obtained a judgment.” Id. When it came to light that he had also forged the

executor’s signature in addition to his forgery of a judge’s signature, we

concluded revocation was warranted because his “pattern of deceit reveal[ed] a

serious character flaw which makes him unfit to practice law.” Id.

We have imposed one-year suspensions in two other cases involving

forgery of a client’s signature specifically related to a guilty plea. In Kallsen, we

suspended an attorney’s license for one year when the attorney instructed his

client’s fiancé to forge his client’s signature on a guilty plea to an OWI (first

offense) charge. 814 N.W.2d at 237, 240. The resulting sentence required the
 25

client to spend a week in jail, and the client had to initiate a PCR suit to have

the plea and conviction set aside. Id. at 237. The consequence to Kallsen’s client

of spending seven days in jail weighed heavily in our suspension but was

mitigated by Kallsen’s decisions to refund the client’s fee and to voluntarily cease

practicing law. Id. at 240.

Kieffer-Garrison also received a one-year suspension for forging her client’s

signature on a written arraignment and not-guilty plea form when she was

unable to obtain her client’s signature. Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Kieffer-Garrison, 951 N.W.2d 29, 33–35 (Iowa 2020). After unsuccessfully

attempting to contact her client by mail to obtain his signature on the form,

Kieffer-Garrison took it upon herself to sign the client’s name and submit it to

the court as though her client had signed it. Id. at 34. After the client informed

the court of the discrepancy and the court confronted Kieffer-Garrison, she

doubled down—“falsely t[elling] the court that she received [the client’s] written

arraignment form in the mail with what she believed was [his] signature and filed

it.” Id. at 34–35. We compared Kieffer-Garrison’s case to Kallsen: although “the

consequences of [Kieffer-Garrison’s] misconduct on her client were not as severe

as the seven-day jail sentence that the client suffered in Kallsen,” we found “the

circumstances in [Kieffer-Garrison’s] case [were] still just as troubling” in light

of Kieffer-Garrison’s lengthier history of misconduct that also involved

dishonesty. Id. at 39.

In cases “[w]hen multiple instances of neglect are involved and combine

with other violations or cause significant harm to the clients, we have imposed a
 26

longer period of suspension”—in some cases, ranging between two and three

years. Johnson, 792 N.W.2d at 682 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd.

v. Carpenter, 781 N.W.2d 263, 270 (Iowa 2010)) (collecting cases). Finally, “our

sanctions for attorneys who charge and collect unreasonable fees range from

sixty days to two years.” Noel, 923 N.W.2d at 588–89.

B. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors. Johnson has not presented any

mitigating factors, and we are hard-pressed to find any on the record. See

Johnson, 792 N.W.2d at 682–83 (considering no mitigating factors where

attorney presented none by failing to “respond[] in any way to the board”).

Despite the Board’s assertion that there are none, the commission found it

relevant that Johnson admitted wrongdoing by stipulating to all of the facts and

violations in the complaint save for those regarding Lowery’s guilty plea.

Although “an attorney’s acceptance or acknowledgment of some

wrongdoing constitutes a mitigating circumstance,” Barry, 908 N.W.2d at 231,

failure to cooperate with the Board’s investigation is an aggravating factor, see

Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct of the Iowa State Bar Ass’n v. Wenger,

469 N.W.2d 678, 680 (Iowa 1991) (en banc). On balance, then, we find Johnson’s

admission to most—but not the most serious—of the alleged violations and

conduct to be of little, if any, mitigating value. The mitigating value in accepting

or acknowledging wrongdoing typically comes from the concomitant acceptance

of responsibility for that wrongdoing. See Iowa Sup. Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics &

Conduct v. Lyzenga, 619 N.W.2d 327, 329, 331–32 (Iowa 2000) (en banc)

(agreeing with the sentiment of the commission, which found that despite
 27

attorney’s acknowledgment of wrongdoing, she “had not acknowledged personal

responsibility for her” actions (emphasis added)). Simply acknowledging that one

broke a rule without making any effort to own up to it—for example, by making

efforts to set things right, see, e.g., Noel, 923 N.W.2d at 590–91; Kallsen,

814 N.W.2d at 240, by participating in the administration of justice, or by even

simply showing some level of remorse, see, e.g., Barry 908 N.W.2d at 231—is as

likely to reflect a flagrant disregard for the authority behind that rule as it is to

show an acceptance of responsibility, see Kieffer-Garrison, 951 N.W.2d at 35, 40

(considering attorney’s actions of entering into stipulation of facts together with

her lack of “remorse for [her] misconduct” as an aggravating factor); Lyzenga,

619 N.W.2d at 333 (“Also disturbing to us is Lyzenga’s apparent disinterest in

these proceedings. . . . This lack of interest not only mocks the disciplinary

process but casts serious doubt on her true commitment and dedication to

rectify her past conduct and adhere to the highest standards of professional

conduct in the future.”).

Indeed, as the commission noted, Johnson’s wholesale failure to

participate in these proceedings “casts serious doubt on any commitment to a

future practice of law.” The commission’s sentiments are bolstered by the fact

that at the time this complaint was filed, Johnson’s law license had already been

under suspension for three months for his failure to comply with a client security

commission audit of his lawyer trust account. See Iowa Ct. R. 39.10(3). There is

no indication in the record that Johnson ever made an attempt to comply with

the obligations that suspension imposed or otherwise sought to lift it. See id.
 28

r. 39.8(3) (providing fifteen- and thirty-day windows for compliance with certain

obligations as conditions precedent to an application for readmission). Simply

put—aside from his brief answer to the complaint and appearance at the

scheduling conference in this matter (ten months ago)—we are left with the

impression, like one of Johnson’s former clients, that Johnson has “apparently

fallen off the face of the earth.”2

Johnson’s current violations and his suspension related to the audit of his

trust fund are not the only instances of discipline in his relatively short tenure

as an Iowa attorney. In 2019, Johnson received a public reprimand for failing to

act diligently in representing a client pursuing a PCR appeal, causing the client’s

appeal to be dismissed. And even that was “not [his] first time neglecting an

appeal,” as shown by the private reprimand he received earlier that same year.

This prior history of discipline—particularly Johnson’s prior history of failing to

act diligently in representing appointed clients—is a significant aggravating

factor. See Johnson, 792 N.W.2d at 682 (noting, in disciplinary case three years

after attorney’s admission to practice law in Iowa, his having “demonstrated in a

short period of time a pattern of repeated callousness and indifference to his

client[s’] matters”); see also Kieffer-Garrison, 951 N.W.2d at 40 (“We consider [an

attorney’s] pattern of misconduct, multiple rules violations, and history of

disciplinary action as aggravating factors.”); Marzen, 949 N.W.2d at 244 (“If the

2InJanuary 2023, this court sent Johnson a copy, by regular mail, of our order setting
his case for nonoral submission in February. On January 25, that letter was marked as
undeliverable and, as the post office was unable to forward it to another address, it was returned
to us.
 29

prior disciplinary action was based on the same or similar conduct, ‘[t]his factor

is even stronger.’ ” (alteration in original) (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary

Bd. v. Goedken, 939 N.W.2d 97, 108 (Iowa 2020))).

“We [also] consider harm to the client as an aggravating factor.” Iowa Sup.

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Turner, 918 N.W.2d 130, 154 (Iowa 2018). Although

the harm to Lowery was not as great as the harm suffered by the client in

Kallsen—who had to spend a week in jail as a result of the attorney’s forgery—

we still find Lowery was harmed by the fact that he was required to expend

further time and expense in litigation to have his conviction reversed.

Finally, the nature of Johnson’s violations—particularly in forging his

client’s signature on a guilty plea—and their scope—involving six different

clients—are themselves aggravating factors. See Aeilts, 974 N.W.2d at 132 (“The

nature of [an attorney’s] violations is also an aggravating factor.”); Barry,

908 N.W.2d at 233 (“We emphasize ‘[w]hat should dictate the sanction in this

case is the nature, number, and seriousness of the ethical violations[.]’ ”

(alterations in original) (quoting Hansel, 558 N.W.2d at 192)). “[F]undamental

honesty is the base line and mandatory requirement to serve in the legal

profession,” and Johnson’s “forgery of [his client’s] signature constitute[s] [a]

serious breach[] of th[at] fundamental concept[].” Barry, 908 N.W.2d at 233

(quoting Bauerle, 460 N.W.2d at 453). Where attorneys “blatant[ly] disregard

[this] duty,” there is “no place for [them]” in the legal profession. Rickabaugh,

728 N.W.2d at 382 (second quoting Wenger, 469 N.W.2d at 679). Absent
 30

mitigating factors, other jurisdictions have imposed disbarment in cases

involving intentional forgery.3

It is particularly troubling that Johnson forged a plea of guilty—even after

his client told him he would not sign. The client is the master of his own fate,

and an attorney who cannot be troubled to seek or follow the client’s direction

should not be practicing law. Attorneys are granted substantial latitude in

deciding how to best prosecute or defend a case on their client’s behalf, see

16 Gregory C. Sisk & Mark S. Cady, Iowa Practice Series: Lawyer and Judicial

Ethics § 5:2(b) author’s cmt., at 164–65 (2022 ed., 2022), but certain decisions

are always retained by the client. In criminal cases that list is fairly short, and

3See, e.g., The Fla. Bar v. Gross, 896 So. 2d 742, 745–47 (Fla. 2005) (per curiam)

(disbarring attorney for several egregious acts of misconduct but noting that some of those acts
would have been independently sufficient to warrant disbarment, including “the forgery of a
client’s signature on a written plea of guilt”); People v. Marmon, 903 P.2d 651, 652 (Colo. 1995)
(en banc) (per curiam) (disbarring attorney who “forged three court documents to conceal his
neglect of an adoption case”); Att’y Grievance Comm’n of Md. v. Barnett, 102 A.3d 310, 320–21
(Md. 2014) (disbarring attorney who “forged [a client’s] signature on an Affidavit of Indigency[,]
. . . submitted the false document to the circuit court[,] . . . failed to notify [the client] of [court]
dates, or otherwise communicate with her for at least ten months,” withdrew the client’s court
filings without her consent, and during the subsequent investigation, “intentionally misled Bar
Counsel”), abrogated by Att’y Grievance Comm’n of Md. v. Collins, 270 A.3d 917, 945–46 (Md.
2022) (recognizing that seminal Maryland case, Att’y Grievance Comm’n of Md. v. Vanderlinde,
773 A.2d 463, 488 (Md. 2001), relied on by Barnett court and others for the proposition that
disbarment should ordinarily be the sanction for misconduct involving intentional dishonesty
was not consistently followed in all cases and therefore “no longer exclusively sets the standard
for imposition of the sanction in cases involving intentional dishonesty,” rather, “cases involving
dishonesty and knowingly made false statements will be assessed on an individual basis to
determine whether the misconduct at issue gives rise to deployment of the standard set forth in
Vanderlinde”); In re Disciplinary Proceeding Against Guarnero, 93 P.3d 166, 168–70, 173 (Wash.
2004) (en banc) (affirming disciplinary hearing officer’s determination that disbarment was
warranted for attorney’s forging a client’s signature on a declaration and passing it off as genuine
to the court and opposing counsel). But see In re Disciplinary Action Against Aitken,
787 N.W.2d 152, 155–56, 162–64 (Minn. 2010) (per curiam) (imposing ninety-day suspension
and two-year probationary period where attorney forged a client’s signature on a guilty plea and
failed to cooperate with the subsequent disciplinary investigation); In re Disciplinary Action
Against Stensland, 799 N.W.2d 341, 343, 348 (N.D. 2011) (per curiam) (imposing one-year
suspension, restitution, and court costs on attorney for misconduct, including forging client’s
signature on a guilty plea).
 31

whether to plead guilty is right at the top. See Iowa R. of Prof’l Conduct 32:1.2(a)

(“[T]he lawyer shall abide by the client’s decision, after consultation with the

lawyer, as to a plea to be entered, whether to waive jury trial, and whether the

client will testify.”). Even in the absence of rule 32:1.2(a)’s explicit direction, an

attorney’s fundamental duty to act scrupulously and in his client’s stated

interests is at its zenith when his client’s liberty is at stake, as it is during the

plea-bargaining process. We have recently reiterated the United States Supreme

Court’s declaration “that plea-bargaining ‘is the criminal justice system.’ ” State

v. Patten, 981 N.W.2d 126, 127–28 (Iowa 2022) (quoting Sothman v. State,

967 N.W.2d 512, 540 (Iowa 2021) (McDermott, J., dissenting)). That process—

and thus, by extension, the criminal justice system—cannot function if attorneys

cannot be trusted to faithfully represent their clients’ interests.4 See Missouri v.

Frye, 566 U.S. 134, 144 (2012) (“In order that [the] benefits [of plea bargaining]

can be realized, however, criminal defendants require effective counsel during

plea negotiations.”).

C. Appropriate Sanction. Unlike the attorneys in Kieffer-Garrison and

Kallsen, Johnson’s misconduct ranged across six different representations,

involved an extensive pattern of client neglect—which itself was a continuation

4During the COVID-19 pandemic, we extended the availability of written guilty pleas to
class “D” felonies. See Iowa Sup. Ct. Supervisory Order, In the Matter of Ongoing Provisions for
Coronavirus/COVID-19 Impact on Court Services 2–3 (Apr. 17, 2020). That practice will soon
become permanent for nonforcible class “D” felonies. See Iowa Sup. Ct. Supervisory Order, In the
Matter of Adopting Revised Chapter 2 Iowa Rules of Criminal Procedure (Oct. 14, 2022), proposed
rule 2.8(4). If we are going to allow criminal defendants to use a written guilty plea for more
serious crimes subjecting them to significant jailtime, we must be able to trust that attorneys
are doing their utmost to protect their clients’ interests.
 32

of his prior history of discipline—and included dishonesty not only in forging

Lowery’s guilty plea but also in submitting a false time and expense claim to the

SPD. Thus, we agree with the Board that a one-year suspension would be

inadequate and that a suspension within the two-to-three-year range is more

appropriate. See, e.g., McCarthy, 814 N.W.2d at 610–11 (imposing a two-year

suspension for a variety of misconduct, including filing a forged document);

Rickabaugh, 728 N.W.2d at 378, 382 (revoking attorney’s license for forging and

filing a probate matter after having previously suspending the same attorney’s

license for three years for forging a judge’s signature to convince a client he had

received a judgment he had not).

As we noted above, the level of discipline in cases involving forgery

generally turns on the nature and circumstances of the forgery, whether the

violation was an isolated event or was coupled with prior or concurrent

violations, the attorney’s remorsefulness and acceptance of responsibility for the

actions, and the consequences to others from the attorney’s dishonest acts. Here,

Johnson’s forgery of Lowery’s guilty plea is accompanied by a litany of other

violations, including him billing the SPD for services not rendered, to say nothing

of his prior disciplinary history. He has expressed no remorse for his actions and

although he admitted most of the violations in the complaint, he denied having

forged Lowery’s signature on the guilty plea and then stopped cooperating in the

disciplinary process or otherwise explaining his actions. Finally, although

Lowery did not spend any time in jail as a result of the forged guilty plea (unlike

the client in Kallsen), he was still required to initiate a PCR petition and engage
 33

in further litigation with the State in order to undo Johnson’s forgery. In other

words, the court was not able to simply hit the reset button as it did in

Kieffer-Garrison. And Johnson’s five other clients were subject to, at a minimum,

protracted litigation as a result of his dilatory practices.

Given the lack of mitigating factors in this case, the nature and scope of

Johnson’s violations, and the troubling pattern of callous disregard Johnson has

displayed for his clients and the profession, we agree with the majority in the

commission that a lengthy suspension of at least three years is warranted. “More

than anything, [Johnson’s] obvious indifferent attitude toward our disciplinary

system and basic professional norms . . . weigh[s] heavily in the sanctions scale.”

Kieffer-Garrison, 951 N.W.2d at 40 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd.

v. Parrish, 925 N.W.2d 163, 182 (Iowa 2019)). In this case, that weight overbears

“[a]ny inclination on our part to temper the sanction imposed.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Bd.

of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Palmer, 563 N.W.2d 634, 635 (Iowa 1997) (per

curiam).

V. Conclusion.

We hereby suspend Johnson’s license to practice law in Iowa indefinitely,

with no possibility of reinstatement for three years from the date of this opinion.

This suspension applies to all facets of the practice of law. Iowa Ct. R. 34.23(3).

We further direct Johnson to comply with the requirements set forth in Iowa

Court Rule 34.24 and assess the costs of the instant disciplinary action to him,

see Iowa Ct. R. 36.24(1).

LICENSE SUSPENDED.