J.R. v. Superior Court CA1/2

Filed 4/11/23 J.R. v. Superior Court CA1/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

J.R.,
Petitioner,
v.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF A167039
ALAMEDA COUNTY,
(Alameda County
Respondent;
Super. Ct. Nos. JD033286-01;
ALAMEDA COUNTY SOCIAL JD033287-01; JD033288-01;
SERVICES AGENCY, et al. JD033289-01)
Real Parties in Interest.

J.R. (Father) petitions this court for extraordinary relief from
dependency court orders terminating reunification services after an 18-month
review and setting a hearing under Welfare and Institutions Code section
366.26 to select permanent plans for his children J.R., E.R., G.R., and Z.R.
(Minors). Father argues that because his case plan did not include services
related to domestic violence, the juvenile court erred in finding by clear and
convincing evidence that reasonable services were provided or offered to him.
Father also argues that in the absence of reasonable services, the juvenile
court erred in declining to extend the reunification period and offer continued
services.

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 The family in this case came to the attention of the Alameda County
Social Services Agency (Agency) after an incident involving domestic violence.
Although Father had apparently been involved in multiple domestic violence
incidents, including as a victim, domestic violence services were never part of
Father’s case plan. Father asked the Agency about domestic violence services
a few months after the case began, and was given a referral, but the only
follow-up reflected in the record is that shortly after the referral, the Agency
learned that Father had not completed the registration paperwork.
Despite a rocky start, Father had made progress by the time of the 18-
month hearing. Father was in regular contact with Minors, his visits were
going well, and he had progressed to unsupervised visitation. He had a
suitable home for Minors, then ages 8 through 15, and was arranging school
and childcare for them. The Agency was at the point of recommending family
maintenance services. Then, as Father was furnishing his home so it would
be ready for the children if they were returned to him, he was involved in an
incident where his former girlfriend, who was in his home despite the fact
that he had a protective order against her, threw a pot of hot water at him.
For fear of losing his children, Father was not truthful about the incident
with the Agency.
The Agency asked the juvenile court to terminate services, and Father
requested immediate return of Minors or an extension of services. Although
Minors’ counsel was in favor of extending services, and although the juvenile
court observed that domestic violence services should have been part of the
case plan, the juvenile court terminated reunification services.
In the circumstances here, the termination of services was error, and
therefore we grant Father’s petition.

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 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Initial Petition and Detention – March through May 2021
On March 5, 2021, the Agency filed a petition alleging that Minors
came within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under Welfare and
Institutions Code section 300, subdivision (b)(1), on the grounds that their
mother, N.R. (Mother), and Father failed to protect them.1 The agency
alleged that Mother and Father were “unable or unwilling to address critical
areas of food, medical and/or mental health care, and the educational needs of
[M]inors,” and that Minors had “been exposed to ongoing domestic violence
between the parents” and were in danger of being seriously harmed. Minors
had not been detained.
The Agency alleged that Minors were “frequently exposed to domestic
violence,” having been in the home during altercations between Mother and
Father. A domestic violence criminal protective order had been issued
against Father in April 2020 preventing him from contacting Mother and
Minors until April 2023. In January 2021 Mother and Father were both
arrested, Mother for robbery and domestic violence (she brandished a knife
and demanded Father’s earrings in the presence of two of the Minors) and
Father for violating the restraining order. The Agency further alleged that
Minors J.R. and E.R. were not enrolled in school; and that Minors reported
being hungry with little or no food available to them.

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions
Code. The superior court case numbers ending in 286, 287, 288, and 289
pertain to Minors J.R., E.R., G.R, and Z.R., respectively. When the petition
was filed, Minor J.R. was 13 years old, E.R. was 11, G.R. was 9, and Z.R. was
6. Mother is not a party to the writ petition, and we discuss facts concerning
her only insofar as they are relevant to the issues before us.

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 In a report filed in advance of the initial hearing, the Agency reported
that Mother and Father were married but living separately. Despite the
existing restraining order, Father had been living in Mother’s home since
December 2020. For some months before that, Minors J.R. and E.R. lived
with Father and his girlfriend A. in Gilroy, but after Father and A.
separated, Father brought J.R. and E.R. back to Mother’s home and Father
had asked to stay. He had been sleeping on the sofa.
Minor J.R. reported that he is used to Mother and Father “fighting a
lot”; Mother and Father pushed and shoved each other; he had not seen
Father hit Mother, but Mother had slapped Father. J.R. also reported that
Father fought with the girlfriend in Gilroy, but they just yelled at each other.
Minors’ older half-brother (Brother), age 20, a college student who lived in
Southern California with his partner, reported that Mother and Father had
been trying to get divorced for six years, fought two or three times a month,
and had fights like the one that occurred in January 2021 about once every
five or six months.
In advance of a scheduled jurisdiction hearing, the Agency filed a
report recommending that the allegations of the petition be found true and
requesting a continuance to assess the family’s circumstances for disposition.
At the time of the report, Minors were living with Mother. The court
continued the hearing.
The Agency then filed a disposition report recommending that the
petition be found true and that Minors remain in the care of Mother with
family maintenance services. With respect to plans for placement, the report
referred to consideration of placement with Father or relatives, and identified
Brother as a possible placement. The report noted that if the restraining
order against Father was modified, Father would have visitation with

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Minors, stated that Mother had recently told an investigator to drop the
restraining order, and further stated that the Agency was worried about
Mother dropping the restraining order “when the domestic violence concerns
between [the parents] have not been mitigated.” Yet the Agency’s proposed
case plan did not include any domestic violence component for either parent,
and contained just one service objective for Father, which was to make sure
Minors attend school on a regular basis.
The hearing was further continued after the Agency asked for time “to
further assess the safety of [M]inors in the home” in view of new concerns
about Mother’s use of drugs. The court ordered the Agency to develop a
safety plan for Minors, and ordered the Agency to detain Minors if the safety
plan was unsuccessful.
The Agency was unable to create a safety plan, and on May 25, filed an
amended petition. By that time, Minors had been detained and were living
with Brother, who had expressed willingness to be a placement option if
needed.
B. Detention Hearing, Jurisdiction, and Disposition – May through
August 2021
In its detention report, the Agency stated that Father had expressed
his desire to obtain custody of Minors and informed the Agency that he was
willing to engage in services to obtain new behaviors and eliminate the
Agency’s concerns. He specifically asked to be referred to domestic violence
classes.
At a hearing on May 26, 2021, the juvenile court ordered Minors
detained. The court ordered that reunification services be provided as soon
as possible, and ordered supervised virtual visitation between Minors and
their parents.

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 On June 11, 2021, the Agency filed a jurisdiction/disposition report
recommending that the allegations in the amended petition be found true;
that Minors remain in out-of-home care; and that Mother and Father receive
reunification services. As it had in its earlier reports, in discussing past
harm the Agency mentioned reports that Minors “were frequently exposed to
domestic violence and . . . have been in the home during these altercations.”
And in discussing future risk, the Agency stated that Minors were at risk of
emotional and physical harm from incidents of domestic violence. The
Agency’s proposed case plan for Father was similar to its previous proposed
case plan: once again, the sole service objective for Father was to make sure
Minors attend school on a regular basis. A contested hearing was scheduled
for August 13, 2021.
In an addendum report filed on July 7, 2021, the Agency reported that
text messages and voicemails had been exchanged with Father, but no
conversation had taken place. Brother, who was caring for Minors, reported
that video visits were “problematic” because Father was making derogatory
comments about Brother and his partner. Brother also reported that Father,
who had recently relocated, was telling Minors that they would be coming to
live with him and that he and Mother were trying to work things out.
In a further addendum report filed on August 11, 2021, the Agency
reported continued difficulties in contacting Father, who was not responding
to voicemails requesting calls back. The Agency also reported that at some
(unspecified) point the Agency had referred Father to Peace Creations, a
domestic violence counseling provider in Alameda County, but as of July 20,
father had not completed the registration paperwork to begin classes. On
July 22, Brother reported that Father’s girlfriend, A., had told Brother that
Minors should not be returned to Father’s care, that she was going to be

6
filing charges for domestic violence against Father, and that Father might be
using drugs. On July 23, the social worker met with Father, who reported he
had space for Minors at his current home in Oakland and was willing to do
whatever services and classes were needed. He also stated that he has PTSD
from being stabbed several times, including in his chest.2 That same day, the
social worker supervised a video visit between Father and Minors. The social
worker reported that Father had thoughtful things to say to all the Minors,
and intervened when they were fighting. He told Minors he had extra room
for them to return home. When the social worker prompted him to remind
Minors that he had some things to work on before Minors could come home,
Father said he was doing all the classes he needed to do to so they could
return home. Minors asked Father if he still lived with A., and Father said
he did. By the time the addendum report was filed, Father had two
additional supervised visits with Minors by video call, and one supervised in-
person visit.
According to the report, Mother informed the social worker that in
early August, Father’s girlfriend A. came to her residence. Mother and A.
went out together, and at some point A. let Mother use her car, but later
Mother was beaten up at a store by Father and A. She told the Agency she
suffered a black eye and bruises and had filed a police report about the
incident. Father told the Agency that Mother was contacting him by email
about an incident that had occurred in which Mother stole A.’s car – he said
he did not know why Mother and A. were “hanging out,” but that A. had been
upset that he was not at home. Also in August, Father stated that his
symptoms from PTSD and depression had come back, and he was taking

2 At a review hearing in 2023, Father testified that Mother had stabbed
him.

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medication to manage them. Father also told the Agency that he was looking
into quashing the protective order against him so he could see Minors; and
the Agency again expressed worry about the restraining order being dropped
“when the domestic violence concerns between [Mother and Father] have not
been mitigated.”
At the August 13, 2021 hearing, the court found the amended petition
true, ordered reunification services and adopted the case plan. A review
hearing was set for February 2, 2022.
C. Six-Month Review – August 2021 through March 2022
In advance of the scheduled review hearing, the Agency filed a report
recommending that Minors remain in out-of-home care, with termination of
services to Mother and continued services to Father. Although Father had
not been in regular communication with the Agency, at the beginning of the
reporting period Father attended regular video visits with Minors, which
were affectionate and appropriate. When Brother assumed supervision of the
visits in October 2021, visits became inconsistent. In December video visits,
Father was at Mother’s house and told Minors that he and Mother were
talking again and trying to “figure things out.” The Agency proposed a
revised case plan for Father, eliminating the objective that he ensure Minors’
school attendance, and adding the objective that he have weekly virtual visits
with Minors.
At a contested hearing on March 8, 2022, the court found that
reasonable services had been offered or provided, that out-of-home placement
continued to be necessary and appropriate for Minors’ safety, and that Father
had made minimal progress in alleviating or mitigating the causes
necessitating placement. The court terminated Mother’s reunification
services, continued Father’s, and ordered father to cooperate with the social

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worker and participate in all aspects of the case plan. A 12-month
permanency hearing was scheduled for July 13, 2022.
D. 12-Month Review – March through August 2022
In a status report filed on July 13, 2022, the Agency recommended
terminating reunification services for Father and asked the court to set a
section 366.26 hearing. Father had reported to the Agency that he was
temporarily disabled and unable to obtain employment, and had primarily
been supported during the period by disability benefits. He had moved from
Alameda County to Santa Clara County and was seeking housing through
resources there.
The Agency reported that during the reporting period, Father primarily
visited Minors by video call, and there were no concerns about his
interactions with them. The Agency proposed an updated case plan for
Father with two service objectives, for use if the court declined to terminate
services. The first objective, to maintain the relationship between him and
Minors, included Father participating in phone calls with Minors twice a
week, attending scheduled video visits at least every two weeks, and
participating in monthly in-person visits. The second, to stay free from
illegal drugs, included Father completing a substance evaluation with an
approved provider and following the provider’s recommendations.3

3 Apparently, Father had reported using marijuana to manage pain.
The portion of the Agency’s report describing, “What We Are Worried About,”
stated that the Agency “would like [Father] to comply with a Drug and
Alcohol assessment to further determine his need for support if warranted.
The [Agency] remains worried about the history of domestic violence.” The
updated case plan for Father addressed drug and alcohol use, but not
domestic violence.

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 At a contested hearing on August 29, 2022, the court found that the
Agency had provided reasonable services and that Father had made partial
progress toward alleviating or mitigating the causes necessitating out-of-
home placement. The court ordered continued reunification services for
Father, authorized unsupervised phone calls and video visits between Father
and Minors at least once a week, and gave the Agency discretion for
unsupervised in-person visitation after a hair follicle test was completed. An
18-month permanency hearing was scheduled for November 21, 2022.
E. 18-Month Review – September 2022 through January 2023
1. Agency Report and Addendum
On November 18, 2022, the Agency filed a status review report
recommending that Minors remain in out-of-home care, and requesting a
continuance to allow Minors to participate in transition visits to assess
Father’s capacity to be a full-time parent. Father had been maintaining
contact with the Agency and had obtained stable employment and housing in
Santa Clara County. Father’s hair follicle test was negative for all
substances other than marijuana; Father reported he was decreasing his use
of marijuana for pain management; and it was determined that Father did
not require drug treatment services.
Father and Minors had participated in video visits and in-person
supervised visits. No concerns were reported. Minors seemed comfortable in
Father’s care during in-person visits, and an unsupervised in-person visit
was scheduled for late November. If that visit was successful, Minors would
travel to northern California for a three-day visit with Father.
The court continued the hearing and set a contested hearing for
January 11, 2023.

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 Then, in an addendum report filed on January 10, 2023, the Agency
recommended that Minors remain in out-of-home placement, with
termination of reunification services to Father, and asked the court to set a
section 366.26 hearing to establish legal guardianship with Brother.
The Agency reported that in November and December 2022, Father had
unsupervised visits with Minors in southern California, both of which
reportedly went well. But in early January 2023, when the social worker
visited Father at his home, the social worker noticed burn marks on Father’s
face. Father reported that on December 30, a teapot had malfunctioned and
blown up in his face, and that he had received medical care and was released
from the hospital the same day.4 A few days after the home visit, the social
worker learned from Brother that Minor J.R. had received a call from
Father’s now ex-girlfriend, A., who told J.R. that she had been involved in a
domestic violence incident with Father on December 30, in which Father was
intoxicated and A. threw hot water on Father’s face.
The social worker then spoke with Father, who admitted he had not
been truthful in his prior discussion with her, and that A. had in fact thrown
boiling water on him. Father denied any hitting, shoving, or pushing. He
said that after several attempts to have A. leave the home, he “ ‘placed his
hand on her shoulder forcefully’ ” and asked her to leave. The police were
called. Father also stated that he had a criminal protective order against A.,
which had been initiated in May 2022.
The Agency concluded that although Father had made some progress
toward mitigating the cause for out of home placement, Father needed to
“demonstrate an ability to continue to be self-sufficient and maintain

4 Father testified that the “teapot” was an electric kettle.

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unsupervised visitation with his children in order to further determine his
ability to parent fulltime. [Father] needs to enroll in therapy services to
address his trauma and involvement in domestic violence incidents.”
2. January 11, 2023 Hearing
At the January 11, 2023 contested hearing, the Agency submitted on
the reports. Minors’ counsel reported that Minor J.R. wanted to be placed
with Father, but the other three Minors expressed interest in living with
Father, or with Mother (who had been in touch with them over the holidays),
and also ranked living with Brother “very highly.”
All counsel stipulated that Father’s visits with Minors had gone well.
Father’s counsel called Father to testify. Father stated that on the day
of the incident with the boiling water, A. had approached him while he was
taking garbage out of his house. He knew there was a protective order in
place against her, and initially he just ignored her, but then she yelled that
she was pregnant. Father agreed to go to a public place with her to talk, and
they went to a big box store in A.’s car. In the store, A. yelled at Father, and
eventually he drove them back to his house in A.’s car and told her they could
talk another time. Father went into his home and started boiling water for
tea. About five or 10 minutes after he entered the home, A. came in through
the front door, which was unlocked. A. started yelling at him. He asked her
to leave, and when she refused, he called the police, but did not tell them that
there was a protective order in place until they arrived. Before the police
arrived, A. continued screaming and Father kept asking A. to leave. At some
point, A. made a comment about his children, and he put his hand on her
shoulder and said she needed to leave. A. pushed his hand away, grabbed the
pot, threw it at his face, and then walked out. Father locked the door behind
her. He called the police two more times, and they arrived after about an

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hour and a quarter. A. waited outside until the police came, and Father was
inside, pacing and talking to the police dispatcher. Father informed the court
that the police were investigating the incident, and there were not yet
criminal charges. He also informed the court that the protective order
against A. had been issued in May 2022 because A. hit him with her fist
while he was asleep, and that there were criminal charges as to that assault.
When the court asked Father why he told the social worker that a pot
blew up in his face, Father initially responded, “because it wasn’t that far
from the truth.” He later admitted that when the social worker asked him
about the injuries to his face he did not tell her what really happened, and
that he did not tell her the truth out of fear, because he wanted his children
home and knew that “it’s been an issue in the past with this woman. It’s
been mentioned by [Brother] specifically about this woman. I understand
there’s some like s[k]epticism there, and they’re worried about this woman,
as I am too.” In short, he was afraid that he wouldn’t get his children back
because there had been a domestic violence incident. He testified that the
incident occurred because he let his guard down because A. said she was
pregnant, “[a]nd for any of my children I would stop and see about that.”
Father testified that he had prepared to have Minors with him by
decorating his home, finding schools within walking distance of the home,
and arranging with his two sisters for childcare when he was at work.
Father testified he had been together with A. for three years and that
based on what Minors had told him, they had no issues with her at all. He
admitted he would not be surprised if Minors had told the Agency that they
were fearful of A., or at least fearful for his safety, and that Minors had seen
him be abused by A. and by Mother. Minor’s counsel asked Father if he
intended to be a father to A.’s baby. He responded, “If she is pregnant, yeah.

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From a distance, of course.” He had not had any conversations with A. since
the incident with the boiling water and had no plans to speak with her.
The court continued the matter to January 24, 2023 for argument and
decision.
3 January 24, 2023 Hearing
At the January 24, 2023 hearing, the Agency’s attorney stated that the
Agency had hoped to recommend family maintenance with Father, but
Father’s testimony made clear that he is “involved in a domestic physically
violent relationship,” and Minors would be at substantial risk of harm if they
were returned to him. Therefore, the Agency was asking the court to
terminate services.
Minors’ counsel asked the court to continue services to the 24-month
date, and argued that since the Agency’s “initial goal was to return [Minors]
today, . . . the next logical goal . . . would be to extend services.” Minor’s
counsel argued that there was clear and convincing evidence that it was in
Minors’ best interest to continue services to Father, because he had made
“quite a lot of progress since he began participating in services in earnest,”
including setting up a home, having employment, and demonstrating
sobriety, and there was a substantial probability that Minors could return to
Father after the extended services period. Minors’ counsel argued that
although there were concerns about A., more information would be available
in a few months, including whether Father and A. had separated, and, if they
were going to have a child together, whether they had a coparenting plan
that did not involve risk to him or Minors.
Father’s counsel asked the court to return Minors immediately or
extend services. He argued that Father was a victim of domestic violence,
and urged the court to consider that Father’s priority was for Minors to

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return to him and that Father’s dishonesty with the Agency about the recent
incident with A. arose from his fear that they would not come home. Father
had fulfilled his case plan, arranged for schools and childcare, and
maintained his relationship with Minors through visitation, which had
consistently gone well.
The court stated that the case was already at the 20-month point, and
disagreed that there was a substantial probability of Minors returning to
Father after four more months. The court noted that Father had not been
honest with the Agency about how his face was burned, and expressed
concerns about the credibility of his testimony, including “how done [he] is
with [A.]” and his testimony that on the day Father was burned, A. “just
walked in the house” through an unlocked door. The court also expressed
doubts that much more information would be available at the end of the
extended period, which would be in four months: “I don’t know if dad will be
asking for a DNA test from [A.]. And I don’t know how pregnant she is, or if
that baby will be here at that point, or how they will figure out how to co-
parent, or if the father changes his mind and doesn’t go forward in the
criminal case. I probably won’t know any of that.” The court agreed that
father was a victim of domestic violence, but expressed concerns about his
behavior and his response to the violence. The court declined to continue
services, stating, “I don’t see a bas[i]s to continue services for four months
based upon the father’s behavior in this incident, the domestic violence with
[A.] I don’t know that that’s in the best interest of the children.”
The court stated that perhaps therapy or domestic violence services
should have been part of Father’s case plan, but no one ever objected to his
case plan or asked that those services be added to it. The court added that
reasonable services were not the issue before it; the issue was whether there

15
was a substantial risk for Minors, and based on Father’s testimony, there
was substantial risk.
The court found by clear and convincing evidence that reasonable
services had been offered and provided. The court found that returning
Minors to Father would create a substantial risk of detriment, based on the
facts that although Father had participated in his case plan and made partial
progress, he had not alleviated or mitigated the causes necessitating out-of-
home placement.
The court terminated reunification services to Father and set a section
366.26 hearing. Father timely filed a writ petition.
DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
As a general matter, the court is required to order family reunification
services when a child is removed from the parent’s custody at a disposition
hearing. (§ 361.5, subd. (a).) “Reunification services implement ‘the law’s
strong preference for maintaining the family relationships if at all possible’
. . . [by enabling parents] to demonstrate parental fitness and so regain
custody of their dependent children.” (In re Nolan W. (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1217,
1228.) Reunification services are among the “[s]ignificant safeguards [that]
have been built into the current dependency scheme.” (In re Marilyn H.
(1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 307-308.) “The juvenile court cannot terminate
parental rights if a parent never receives reasonable services.” (Michael G. v.
Superior Court (Apr. 6, 2023, No. S271809) ___ Cal.5th ___, ___ [2023 WL
2801499 at p. *12] (Michael G.), citing § 366.26 and Mark N. v. Superior
Court (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 996, 1016 (Mark N.).)
Reunification services are generally available to parents for a
maximum of 18 months from the removal of their children from their home

16
(§ 361.5, subd. (a)(3)(A).) At an 18-month review hearing, the juvenile court
must “determine by clear and convincing evidence whether reasonable
services have been offered or provided to the parent.” (§ 366.22, subd. (a)(3).)
“To support a finding that reasonable services were offered or provided to the
parent, ‘the record should show that the supervising agency identified the
problems leading to the loss of custody, offered services designed to remedy
those problems, maintained reasonable contact with the parents during the
course of the service plan, and made reasonable efforts to assist the parents
in areas where compliance proved difficult. . . .’ [Citation.] Reunification
services should be tailored to the particular needs of the family. [Citation.]
[¶] ‘The standard is not whether the services provided were the best that
might be provided in an ideal world, but whether the services were
reasonable under the circumstances.’ [Citation.] The ‘adequacy of
reunification plans and the reasonableness of the [Agency’s] efforts are
judged according to the circumstances of each case.’ ” (In re A.G. (2017) 12
Cal.App.5th 994, 1001 (A.G.).)
“Though a court at the 18-month review hearing must determine
whether reasonable services have been offered or provided to the parent, an
affirmative answer is not a statutory prerequisite to setting the permanency
planning hearing.”5 (Michael G., supra, ___ Cal.5th at p. ___ [2023 WL
2801499 at p. *7], citing § 366.22, subd. (a)(3).) If reasonable services have

5 In Michael G., which was decided after briefing in this matter was
completed, our Supreme Court addressed the uncertainty expressed by some
appellate courts as to the proper course of action when the juvenile court
determines at an 18-month hearing that reasonable services were not
provided during the 12- to 18-month period. (Michael G., supra, ___ Cal.5th
at p. ___ [2023 WL 2801499 at p. * 3].) Michael G. clarified that in such cases
a parent “may seek an extension of services beyond 18 months, but such
extensions are not automatic.” (Id. at p. ___ [2023 WL 2801499 at p. *1].)

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not been ordered, the court may continue the permanency planning hearing
and extend reunification services “provided that a continuance shall not be
granted that is contrary to the interest of the minor” (§ 352, subd. (a)(1)) and
“upon a showing of good cause.” (Id. subd. (a)(2)); Michael G., supra, ___
Cal.5th at p. ___ [2023 WL 2801499 at p. *10] [authority to continue the
permanency planning hearing implies power to continue reunification
efforts].) “In considering the minor’s interests, the court shall give
substantial weight to a minor’s need for prompt resolution of his or her
custody status, the need to provide children with stable environments, and
the damage to minor of prolonged temporary placements.” (§ 352, subd.
(a)(2).) “Good cause” may exist in extraordinary circumstances, including
where the child welfare agency has offered “ ‘ “inadequate services.” ’ ”
(Michael G., supra, ___ Cal.5th at p. ___ [2023 WL 2801499 at p. *9].)
We review the juvenile court’s finding that reasonable services were
provided for substantial evidence. (T.J. v. Superior Court (2018) 21
Cal.App.5th 1229, 1238 (T.J.), disapproved on another point in Michael G.,
supra, ___ Cal.5th at p. ___, fn. 8 [2023 WL 2801499 at *8, fn. 8.].) Because
the juvenile court must make its finding by clear and convincing evidence,
the question we face “is whether the record as a whole contains substantial
evidence from which a reasonable fact finder could have found it highly
probable that the fact was true.” (Conservatorship of O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th
989, 995-996.) “Substantial evidence is evidence that is ‘of ponderable legal
significance,’ ‘reasonable in nature, credible, and of solid value,’ and
‘ “substantial” proof of the essentials which the law requires in a particular
case.’ ” (Id. at p. 1006.) We “view the record in the light most favorable to
the prevailing party below and give due deference to how the trier of fact may

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have evaluated the credibility of witnesses, resolved conflicts in the evidence,
and drawn reasonable inferences from the evidence.” (Id. at p. 996.)
B. Forfeiture
Because Father never objected to the contents of his case plan in the
trial court, and did not appeal from the dispositional order or its
modifications after the six-month and 12-month hearings, the Agency argues
he has forfeited his right to challenge the adequacy of the services he was
offered. We disagree.
Although “[a]n appellate court generally will not consider a challenge to
a trial court’s ruling if the aggrieved party could have, but did not, timely
object in the trial court when its purported error could easily have been
corrected[,] . . . ‘[a]pplication of the forfeiture rule is not automatic.’ ” (In re
M.S. (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 568, 588, disapproved on another point in
Michael G., supra, ___ Cal.5th at p. ___, fn. 8 [2023 WL at *8, fn. 8].)
In any event, the forfeiture rule does not apply here, because the
contention that a judgment is not supported by substantial evidence is an
exception to the rule of forfeiture. (In re Javier G. (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th
453, 464.) It is the Agency’s burden to establish that it provided Father
reasonable services designed to assist him in overcoming the problems that
led to the dependency proceeding. (In re Chantal S. (1996) 13 Cal.4th 196,
210 [“the social services agency has the burden of presenting evidence to
support its allegations and requested orders”].) And in challenging the
merits of an order, “a parent is not required to object to the agency’s failure to
carry its burden of proof.” (Javier G., supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at p. 464.)
Accordingly, Father’s claim that there was insufficient evidence to support
the juvenile court’s finding that the Agency provided him with reasonable
services is not forfeited by his failure to argue the issue below. (Ibid.; see

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Melinda K. v. Superior Court (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1157-1158 [parent
does not forfeit challenge to agency’s failure to meet it statutory obligation to
provide adequate reunification services by failing to object in the juvenile
court].)
C. Reunification Services
We find merit in Father’s argument that the juvenile court’s finding of
reasonable services is not supported by substantial evidence.
This dependency proceeding was precipitated by a January 2021
incident of domestic violence by Mother, which occurred after Father violated
a domestic violence restraining order against him. Further, in July 2021
Father reported to the Agency that he experienced PTSD from being stabbed
several times, and in August 2021, after a reported incident of domestic
violence involving Father, A., and Mother, Father reported that his
symptoms had returned. Descriptions of alleged incidents of domestic
violence by Mother, Father, and A., and concerns about domestic violence
pervade the reports that the Agency filed from the beginning of the
proceeding through the January 2023 addendum report. Thus, domestic
violence issues were at the forefront of this case from the beginning through
the 18-month review hearing. Yet it was not until the January 2023
addendum report, when the Agency recommended terminating Father’s
services, that the Agency determined that Father required therapy services
to address his trauma and involvement in domestic violence.
The Agency correctly points out that it referred Father to a domestic
violence service provider. But that referral counts for little here. The Agency
reported in May 2021 that on May 17, Father requested a referral to
parenting and domestic violence classes. The only subsequent reference to a
domestic violence program is the Agency’s report in August 2021 that in July

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2021 it sent an email to Peace Creations to follow up on Father’s progress,
and was informed that Father had not completed the registration paperwork.
Nothing in the record shows that the Agency addressed Father’s apparent
failure to register for Peace Creations in any of its subsequent contacts with
him over a period of about 18 months. The referral to Peace Creations, which
was not required by the case plan, was laudable, but the record simply does
not show that the Agency made reasonable efforts to assist Father in areas
where his “compliance” with provided services arguably “proved difficult.”
(A.G., supra, 12 Cal.App.5th at p. 1001.)
The case plans that were proposed and adopted for Father addressed
the Agency’s concerns about Minors’ attending school, concerns about
maintaining contact between Father and Minors through visitation, and
concerns about Father’s use of marijuana, but contained nothing to address
the Agency’s repeated concerns about domestic violence. The juvenile court
remarked upon this at the 18-month review hearing, where it observed that
there were “a lot of issues” about domestic violence in the proceeding, that
perhaps Father “should have been doing some kind of therapy,” and that
perhaps domestic violence “should have been a part of the case plan.”
Because a case plan must be “ ‘ “specifically tailored to fit the
circumstances of each family” ’ ” and “ ‘ “designed to eliminate those
conditions which led to the juvenile court’s jurisdictional finding” ’ ” (In re
K.C. (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 323, 329), on the record here, we fail to see how
the Agency’s provision of services to Father could be found reasonable by
clear and convincing evidence.
D. Remedy
Relying on section 352 and cases holding that the juvenile court has
discretion to extend services beyond 18 months when it finds that reasonable

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services have not been provided (In re J.E. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 557, 564-565;
Tracy J. v. Superior Court (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1415, 1420, 1428 (Tracy
J.); Mark N., supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at p. 1017), Father argues that we should
direct the juvenile court to extend the reunification period and order
continued services. We agree.
The Agency argues that even if we conclude the juvenile court erred in
finding that reasonable services had been provided, we should affirm the
termination of services and setting of the section 366.26 hearing. The Agency
relies primarily on the language in section 352 that authorizes the
continuation of a hearing beyond the ordinary time limit “provided that a
continuance shall not be granted that is contrary to the interest of the minor”
(§ 352, subd. (a)(1)), and the juvenile court’s statement that based on Father’s
behavior in the boiling-water incident with A., “I don’t know that [continuing
services] is in the best interest of the children.”
We do not find the Agency’s argument persuasive, because the juvenile
court’s determination that continuing services was not in Minors’ best
interests rested on an incident of domestic violence committed against Father
and Father’s response to it—the type of incident and response that would
have been addressed by reasonable services, had they been provided. Thus,
the juvenile court’s best interest determination was affected by the Agency’s
failure to provide reasonable services to Father. In case like this one, where
reasonable services have not been provided, such a determination is suspect
and leads to due process concerns. “When appropriate services designed to
mitigate risk to the child have not been provided to a parent, it is likely risk
to the child will not have been mitigated. Thus, where reasonable services
have not been provided or offered to a parent, there is a substantial likelihood
the juvenile court’s finding the parent is not likely capable of safely resuming

22
custody of his or her child may be erroneous. [Citation.] Providing
reasonable services is one of ‘the precise and demanding substantive and
procedural requirements . . . carefully calculated to constrain judicial
discretion, diminish the risk of erroneous findings of parental inadequacy and
detriment to the child, and otherwise protect the legitimate interests of the
parents.’ (Cynthia D. v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 242, 256.)
Therefore, ‘to meet due process requirements at the termination stage, the
court must be satisfied reasonable services have been ordered during the
reunification stage.’ [Citations.]” (In re M.F. (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1, 18-19,
disapproved on another point in Michael G., supra, ___ Cal.5th at p. ___, fn. 8
[2023 WL at *8, fn. 8].)
In determining the appropriate remedy here, we find it instructive to
consider T.J., supra, 21 Cal.App.5th 1229, where the juvenile court held the
12-month review hearing 15 months after a mother’s children were detained
from her, found that reasonable services had been provided, and set a section
366.26 hearing. (Id. at pp. 1236-1237.) In T.J., our colleagues in Division
Four concluded that the juvenile court erred in finding reasonable services,
and further concluded that even though it was reaching its decision more
than 18 months after the children were detained, it was empowered to direct
that an extended period of services be provided on remand. (Id.at p. 1251;
see also Tracy J., supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1420, 1428 [granting a period
of additional reunification services to parents where services were improperly
terminated at a combined 12- and 18-month hearing based on unsupported
finding that reasonable services had been provided].) 6

6T.J. and Tracy J. differ from the case before us in that the parents in
those cases were intellectually or developmentally disabled. (T.J., supra, 21
Cal.App.5th at p. 1232; Tracy J., supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1419.)
Although “courts are more willing to extend services beyond 18 months”

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 The juvenile courts in T.J. and Tracy J. were directed to order the
provision of additional reunification services (T.J., supra, 21 Cal.App.5th at p.
1257; Tracy J., supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1428), and the juvenile court
here shall be similarly instructed.7 It was error to deny Father’s request for
continued services at the 18-month review hearing where there was not
substantial evidence to support a finding that reasonable services had been
offered or provided, and where the juvenile court’s denial rested on a best
interest determination that was based on an incident similar to the one that
led to the dependency, and which should have been the subject of reasonable
services. We conclude that the Agency must offer further services to Father
before the juvenile court schedules a hearing under section 366.26.
DISPOSITION
The petition is granted. Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue
directing the juvenile court to vacate its orders terminating Father’s
reunification services and setting a hearing under section 366.26. The
juvenile court is further directed to set a continued hearing under section
366.22 at the earliest convenient time and order the Agency to provide Father
with an additional period of reunification services consistent with the views

when the parent has special needs (T.J., supra, 21 Cal.App.5th at p. 1257),
we find the cases persuasive, even in the absence of any indication that
Father here has a similar disability.
7 In Michael G., supra, our Supreme Court disapproved T.J. to the
extent its reasoning reflected a misreading of subdivision (a)(4)(A) of section
361.5. (Michael G., supra, ___ Cal.5th at p. ___, fn. 8 [2023 WL 2801499 at
*8, fn. 8].) The Supreme Court explained, however, that the misreading did
not call into question the ultimate holding of T.J., which concerned the
remedy available to a parent who, like Father here, “was never offered or
provided reasonable reunification services at any point during the first 18
months after the [children were] removed from parental custody.” (Ibid.)

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expressed in this opinion. Our decision is final as to this court immediately.
(Cal. Rules of Court, rules 8.450(a), 8.490(b)(2)(A).)

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 _________________________
Miller, J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________
Stewart, P.J.

_________________________
Richman, J.

A167039, J.R. v. Superior Court

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