NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 14 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JC SC LLC, No. 22-55200
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.
2:21-cv-04835-AB-JPR
v.
TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY MEMORANDUM*
OF CONNECTICUT,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Andre Birotte, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Submitted April 10, 2023**
Pasadena, California
Before: W. FLETCHER, BERZON, and MILLER, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-Appellant JC SC LLC (JC/SC) appeals from the district court’s
order granting Defendant-Appellee Travelers Indemnity Company of
Connecticut’s (Travelers) motion to dismiss this action challenging Travelers’
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
denial of insurance coverage. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we
affirm.
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim.
Cervantes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1040 (9th Cir. 2011).
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We review a district court’s decision to deny discovery for abuse of
discretion. Hall v. Norton, 266 F.3d 969, 977 (9th Cir. 2001).
1. Policyholder JC/SC seeks coverage under its insurance policy with
Travelers for COVID-19 related economic losses. The virus exclusion provision of
JC/SC’s insurance policy bars coverage for JC/SC’s alleged losses. The exclusion
provides that Travelers “will not pay for loss or damage caused by or resulting
from any virus, bacterium or other microorganism that induces or is capable of
inducing physical distress, illness, or disease.” JC/SC argues that the exclusion
does not apply because the COVID-19 virus was not the efficient proximate cause
of its losses. The district court correctly rejected that argument.
In California, “where there is a concurrence of different causes, the efficient
cause—the one that sets others in motion—is the cause to which the loss is to be
attributed, though the other causes may follow it, and operate more immediately in
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producing the disaster.” Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Cas. Ins. Co. of Am., 15 F.4th
885, 894 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Sabella v. Wisler, 377 P.2d 889, 895 (Cal.
1963)). Coverage does not exist if “an excluded risk was the efficient proximate
(meaning predominant) cause of the loss.” Id. (quoting Garvey v. State Farm Fire
& Cas. Co., 770 P.2d 704, 707 (Cal. 1989)).
Mudpie involved the same virus exclusion provision at issue here, and the
insured made a similar “efficient cause” argument, claiming that government
orders, rather than the virus itself, were the most direct cause of its losses. 15 F.4th
at 893-94. We rejected that argument, holding that the insured did “not plausibly
allege that ‘the efficient cause,’ i.e., the one that set others in motion, . . . was
anything other than the spread of the virus throughout California, or that the virus
was merely a remote cause of its losses.” Id. at 894 (quoting Sabella, 377 P.2d at
895).
JC/SC’s attempts to distinguish this case from Mudpie are unsuccessful.
JC/SC argues that its complaint alleges that its losses stem from its tenants’
financial hardships during the pandemic; those economic factors, JC/SC reasons,
are less closely tied to the virus than the government orders at issue in Mudpie
because “they represent, among other things, business decisions by tenants in
response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Accordingly, JC/SC argues that “[w]hether
these losses fall squarely and solely within the Virus Exclusion, squarely outside
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that exclusion (and, thus, squarely within coverage), or some combination of both
covered and arguably uncovered perils cannot be resolved on the pleadings”
because it is a factual question of causation.
But JC/SC’s complaint does not allege an attenuated causal chain between
the virus and the losses. Instead, it alleges that “tenants’ businesses suffered,” and
“[m]any tenants simply could not pay their rents,” as a result of “‘stay at home’
orders, lockdown mandates, and work from home protocols [that] were issued” in
response to the virus. Just as in Mudpie, the complaint describes losses directly
caused by government orders as a result of the virus.
JC/SC’s complaint further explains that “[g]iven the manner in which [the
COVID-19 virus] lingers in the air, in airspace, and on surfaces, and its manner of
transmission, and the government’s desire to ‘flatten the curve,’ JC/SC’s properties
could not be used by many of JC/SC’s tenants, who did not pay rent.” “[A]s a
result of these events, many of JC/SC’s commercial tenants did not renew leases
and vacancies at JC/SC’s properties increased, causing JC/SC further economic
loss.” These allegations are even more directly linked to the presence of the virus
itself. Therefore, as in Mudpie, JC/SC’s complaint does not plausibly allege that
the efficient cause of its losses is anything but the COVID-19 virus. Accordingly,
the virus exclusion bars all coverage. Because the virus exclusion bars coverage for
all of the claims, we need not reach JC/SC’s remaining arguments regarding
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coverage.
2. JC/SC also argues the district court abused its discretion by denying
JC/SC’s request for discovery. JC/SC correctly notes that California law “requires
at least a preliminary consideration of all credible evidence offered to prove the
intention of the parties.” Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage &
Rigging Co., 442 P.2d 641, 645 (Cal. 1968). But that rule is about the admissibility
of extrinsic evidence when such evidence is presented; it does not require a court
to grant discovery in every contract case. “When a dispute arises over the meaning
of contract language, the first question to be decided is whether the language is
‘reasonably susceptible’ to the interpretation urged by the party. If it is not, the
case is over.” Dore v. Arnold Worldwide, Inc., 139 P.3d 56, 61 (Cal. 2006)
(quoting Southern Cal. Edison Co. v. Superior Ct., 44 Cal. Rptr. 2d 227, 232 (Cal.
Ct. App. 1995)). It was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to determine
that the virus exclusion was not reasonably susceptible to JS/SC’s interpretation,
and to deny discovery accordingly.
AFFIRMED.
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