State v. Barron

[Cite as State v. Barron, 2023-Ohio-1249.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

WARREN COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO, :

Appellee, : CASE NO. CA2022-09-059

: OPINION
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:

DAVID BARRON, :

Appellant. :

CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case No. CR-20-36769

David P. Fornshell, Warren County Prosecuting Attorney, and Kirsten A. Brandt, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

David Barron, pro se.

M. POWELL, J.

{¶1} Appellant, David Barron, appeals a decision of the Warren County Court of

Common Pleas denying his petition for postconviction relief.

{¶2} On June 8, 2020, a Warren County grand jury returned a 29-count indictment

against appellant. Specifically, appellant was indicted on six counts of trafficking in persons;
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six counts of compelling prostitution, each with a human trafficking specification; six counts

of promoting prostitution; three counts of rape by force; two counts of felonious assault; and

one count each of abduction, aggravated possession of drugs, receiving stolen property,

aggravated menacing, intimidation of a crime victim, and corrupting another with drugs. The

state alleged that appellant forced two women, Amy and Rose, to engage in prostitution for

him.1 Each prostitution-related count of the indictment covered a different period of time

between March 10, 2020, through May 2, 2020. These time periods roughly corresponded

to time that the state alleged Barron spent at three different hotels at which he forced Amy

and Rose to work as prostitutes.

{¶3} Appellant pled not guilty and the case proceeded to a jury trial. Amy and

Detective Jeff Wyss testified on behalf of the state. At the conclusion of the state's case,

the trial court granted appellant's Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal on three counts of

trafficking in persons, three counts of compelling prostitution, three counts of promoting

prostitution, and one count of rape, all with respect to Rose, and aggravated possession of

drugs, receiving stolen property, aggravated menacing, and intimidation of a crime victim.

The remaining counts were submitted to the jury. Appellant did not testify or present

witnesses on his behalf. On November 5, 2020, the jury found appellant guilty of three

counts of trafficking in persons and three counts of promoting prostitution, all with respect

to Amy, two counts of felonious assault, and unlawful restraint, a lesser included offense of

abduction. The jury found appellant not guilty of the three counts of compelling prostitution

related to Amy, two counts of rape, and one count of corrupting another with drugs. The

trial court sentenced appellant to a prison term.

{¶4} Appellant filed a direct appeal of his convictions and raised seven

1. As we did in our January 18, 2022 opinion upholding appellant's convictions, we are using pseudonyms
for Amy and Rose as victims. State v. Barron, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2020-12-088, 2022-0hio-102.
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assignments of error. He challenged his sentence, argued that his convictions were against

the manifest weight of the evidence because Amy was not a credible witness, and argued

he did not receive effective assistance of counsel. We upheld appellant's convictions and

sentence. State v. Barron, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2020-12-088, 2022-0hio-102.

{¶5} On December 22, 2021, appellant filed a petition for postconviction relief

("PCR"), setting forth seven grounds for relief. Appellant supported his PCR petition with

numerous exhibits. They included several text message conversations between

unidentified individuals; several news articles, court filings, and a federal plea agreement

regarding the company Backpage.com, LLC; several motions and discovery requests

previously filed in the case by trial counsel; several motions previously filed in the case by

appellant pro se; the case docket; portions of unidentified transcripts; and appellant's

affidavit. On February 4, 2022, appellant filed an amendment to his PCR petition, adding

two grounds for relief. The gist of appellant's claims was that his trial counsel was

ineffective.

{¶6} On May 12, 2022, the trial court denied appellant's PCR petition without an

evidentiary hearing on three separate grounds: (1) appellant's PCR petition was not signed

and did not contain a certificate of service, which itself justified dismissal. Likewise,

appellant's amendment to his PCR petition lacked a certificate of service; (2) appellant's

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel were barred by res judicata because claims that

appellant was prejudiced by trial counsel's failure to fully prepare for the case, present

relevant evidence to the jury, effectively examine witnesses, hire consulting experts, and

file necessary motions could have and should have been raised on direct appeal; and (3)

appellant's PCR petition, supporting affidavit, documentary evidence, files, and record did

not set forth sufficient operative facts to establish substantive grounds for relief.

{¶7} Appellant appeals pro se the denial of his PCR petition, raising six

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"constitutional violations" which we construe as assignments of error. We note that while

the table of contents in appellant's brief lists a sixth assignment of error, it does not appear

in Argument or the main body of the brief, and appellant does not provide any analysis for

that assignment of error. Accordingly, appellant's sixth assignment of error is summarily

overruled. Appellant's remaining five assignments of error challenge only the trial court's

finding that his claims were barred by res judicata. They will be addressed together where

appropriate.

{¶8} A postconviction proceeding is a collateral civil attack on a criminal judgment,

not an appeal of a criminal conviction. State v. Myers, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2019-07-

074, 2021-Ohio-631, ¶ 15. To prevail on a PCR petition, the petitioner must establish a

violation of his constitutional rights that renders the judgment of conviction void or voidable.

R.C. 2953.21.

{¶9} Initial petitions for postconviction relief are governed by R.C. 2953.21, which

provides three methods for adjudicating the petition. State v. Harding, 12th Dist. Madison

No. CA2019-05-012, 2020-Ohio-1067, ¶ 4. When a criminal defendant challenges his

conviction through a PCR petition, the trial court may (1) summarily dismiss the petition

without holding an evidentiary hearing, (2) grant summary judgment on the petition to either

party who moved for summary judgment, or (3) hold an evidentiary hearing on the issues

raised by the petition. R.C. 2953.21(D) thru (F).

{¶10} An evidentiary hearing is not automatically guaranteed each time a defendant

files a PCR petition. State v. Suarez, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-02-035, 2015-Ohio-

64, ¶ 10. "A trial court properly denies a defendant's petition for postconviction relief without

holding an evidentiary hearing where the petition, the supporting affidavits, the documentary

evidence, the files, and the records do not demonstrate that petitioner set forth sufficient

operative facts to establish substantive grounds for relief." State v. Calhoun, 86 Ohio St.3d

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279, 1999-Ohio-102, paragraph two of the syllabus.

{¶11} In determining whether a PCR petition alleges substantive grounds for relief,

the trial court must consider the entirety of the record from the trial proceedings as well as

any evidence filed by the parties in postconviction proceedings and evaluate the petition in

the context of the entire record in the case. State v. Bunch, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-

4723, ¶ 24; State v. Blanton, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-3985, ¶ 24; R.C. 2953.21(D). If

the record on its face demonstrates that the petitioner is not entitled to relief, then the trial

court must dismiss the petition. R.C. 2953.21(D) and (E). If the record does not on its face

disprove the petitioner's claim, then the court is required to "proceed to a prompt hearing

on the issues." R.C. 2953.21(F).

{¶12} A trial court's decision to summarily deny a PCR petition without holding an

evidentiary hearing will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Harding, 2020-Ohio-

1067 at ¶ 6. The term "abuse of discretion" implies that the court's decision is unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable. Id.

{¶13} Generally, a trial court may dismiss a PCR petition based on the doctrine of

res judicata. Myers, 2021-Ohio-631 at ¶ 16. Under res judicata, a final judgment of

conviction bars a convicted defendant who was represented by counsel from raising and

litigating in any proceeding except an appeal from judgment, any defense or any claimed

lack of due process that was raised or could have been raised by the defendant at the trial,

which resulted in that judgment or conviction, or on an appeal from that judgment. State v.

Wagers, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2011-08-007, 2012-Ohio-2258, ¶ 10, citing State v.

Szefcyk, 77 Ohio St.3d 93, 1996-Ohio-337, syllabus.

{¶14} The presentation of competent, relevant, and material evidence outside the

record may defeat the application of res judicata. Myers at ¶ 17. However, the evidence

submitted with the petition cannot be merely cumulative of or alternative to evidence

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presented at trial. Id. To overcome the res judicata bar, evidence outside the record must

demonstrate that the petitioner could not have appealed the constitutional claim based upon

information in the original record. Id. With the exception of certain ineffective assistance

of counsel claims, the evidence relied upon must not be evidence that was in existence or

available for use at the time of trial or direct appeal. State v. Clayton, 12th Dist. Warren No.

CA2017-11-162, 2018-Ohio-1777, ¶ 16. If evidence outside the record is "'marginally

significant and does not advance the petitioner's claim beyond a mere hypothesis and a

desire for further discovery,' res judicata still applies to the claim." State v. Cowans, 12th

Dist. Clermont No. CA98-10-090, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 4157, *8-9 (Sept. 7, 1999).

{¶15} As stated above, the gist of appellant's PCR petition was that his trial counsel

was ineffective. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must show that

his trial counsel's representation was deficient and that he was prejudiced as a result.

Blanton, 2022-Ohio-3985 at ¶ 45, citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104

S.Ct. 2052 (1984).

{¶16} In Blanton, the Ohio Supreme Court addressed the application of res judicata

to PCR petitions raising claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. The supreme court

adhered to the rule set forth in its 1982 seminal case that "'[w]here [a] defendant,

represented by new counsel upon direct appeal, fails to raise therein the issue of competent

trial counsel and said issue could fairly have been determined without resort to evidence

dehors the record, res judicata is a proper basis for dismissing defendant's petition for

postconviction relief.'" Blanton at ¶ 30, quoting State v. Cole, 2 Ohio St.3d 112 (1982),

syllabus. In Cole, the supreme court explained that "'generally, the introduction in an R.C.

2953.21 petition of evidence dehors the record of ineffective assistance of counsel is

sufficient, if not to mandate a hearing, at least to avoid dismissal on the basis of res

judicata.'" Blanton at ¶ 31, quoting Cole at 114. However, "simply overcoming the res

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judicata bar through the introduction of evidence outside the record is not sufficient to entitle

the petitioner to a hearing. Rather, to secure a hearing, a petitioner 'must proffer evidence

which, if believed, would establish not only that his trial counsel had substantially violated

at least one of a defense attorney's essential duties to his client but also that said violation

was prejudicial to the [petitioner].'" Id.

{¶17} The supreme court then articulated a two-part inquiry to determine whether a

petitioner who brings forth evidence outside the record of ineffective assistance of counsel

is entitled to a hearing: (1) "Has the petitioner introduced competent evidence of ineffective

assistance that was not included in the trial record?" and (2) "if so, does that evidence

present substantive grounds for relief; that is, if believed, would the newly presented

evidence—together with any evidence in the trial record—establish that counsel was

ineffective?" Blanton, 2022-Ohio-3985 at ¶ 33.

{¶18} The supreme court noted that the general rule that res judicata bars a

postconviction claim when the claim is based on evidence that existed or was available to

defense at the time of the trial does not apply to postconviction claims alleging ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. Blanton at ¶ 59-60 (addressing trial counsel's failure to present

expert testimony when expert report was known to defendant at the time of his direct

appeal). "There is no requirement that to overcome a res judicata bar, the evidence on

which such a claim is based must have been unknown or unavailable to the defense at trial.

Indeed, the very premise of this sort of ineffective-assistance claim is that counsel erred by

failing to present exculpatory evidence that was available to him." Id. at ¶ 60. The supreme

court further noted, "The rule in Cole does not bar all ineffective-assistance claims that were

previously raised in a direct appeal." Id. at ¶ 38. "Rather, it permits petitioners who present

a claim of ineffective assistance and who demonstrate through evidence outside the trial

record that their claim either was not or could not have been fairly adjudicated in a direct

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appeal to have a second opportunity to litigate the claim." Id.

{¶19} In support of his PCR petition, appellant attached his own affidavit in which

he averred a lack of knowledge of the state's case going into trial, a lack of communication

from trial counsel or interest in the evidence appellant wished to present, and trial counsel's

disregard of the fact appellant claimed he was in a relationship with one of the victims. The

trial court found that appellant's affidavit lacked credibility pursuant to the Ohio Supreme

Court's decision in Calhoun. Appellant challenges the trial court's finding, arguing that his

"affidavit isn't self-serving, it's the truth."

{¶20} When reviewing a PCR petition filed pursuant to R.C. 2953.21, a trial court

"should give due deference to affidavits sworn to under oath and filed in support of the

petition, but may, in the sound exercise of discretion, judge their credibility in determining

whether to accept the affidavits as true statements of fact" or "discard frivolous claims."

Calhoun, 86 Ohio St.3d at 284, 292. In determining the credibility of supporting affidavits

in postconviction relief proceedings, the trial court should consider all relevant factors,

including (1) whether the judge reviewing the postconviction relief petition also presided at

the trial, (2) whether multiple affidavits contain nearly identical language, or otherwise

appear to have been drafted by the same person, (3) whether the affidavits contain or rely

on hearsay, (4) whether the affiants are relatives of the petitioner, or otherwise interested

in the success of the petitioner's efforts, and (5) whether the affidavits contradict evidence

proffered by the defense at trial. Id. at 285. "Moreover, a trial court may find sworn

testimony in an affidavit to be contradicted by evidence in the record by the same witness,

or to be internally inconsistent, thereby weakening the credibility of that testimony." Id.

"Depending on the entire record, one or more of these or other factors may be sufficient to

justify the conclusion that an affidavit asserting information outside the record lacks

credibility. Such a decision should be within the discretion of the trial court." Id. A trial

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court that discounts the credibility of sworn affidavits must include an explanation of its basis

for doing so in its findings of fact and conclusions of law. Id.

{¶21} The trial court discounted the credibility of appellant's affidavit, on the ground

that the trial judge who reviewed appellant's PCR petition was the same judge who presided

over appellant's jury trial, appellant had a clear self-interest in the success of his PCR

petition, and trial counsel's performance, general demeanor, and defense strategy resulted

in the trial court granting trial counsel's Crim.R. 29 motion, thereby dismissing 14 counts,

and in the jury acquitting appellant on six counts. We find no abuse of discretion in the trial

court discounting the credibility of appellant's own affidavit based upon the foregoing

factors.

{¶22} Additionally, appellant's affidavit, though signed and dated by appellant,

signed and dated by a notary public, and bearing the notary's seal, does not include a jurat.

With regard to an affidavit,

the jurat is a symbol certifying the administration of an oath, it is
not part of an affidavit but simply evidence that oath was taken.
It is prima facie evidence that the affidavit was properly
executed and sworn to before the notary public on the date
stated in the affidavit. To be valid, the jurat must affirmatively
reflect: (1) that the affiant's testimony was given under oath or
solemn affirmation; (2) that the affiant subscribed the affidavit in
the presence of the officer; and (3) the date of the oath and
subscription. If the officer taking the affidavit is a notary public,
the officer's jurat should be accompanied by the imprint of the
notary's stamp and seal. However, apart from the requirement
that the jurat affirmatively reflect that the affiant gave testimony
pursuant to the oath or solemn affirmation, it will be sufficient if
the jurat substantially complies with these requirements.

1 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Acknowledgments, Affidavits, Oaths, and Notaries, Section 41

(2023).

{¶23} "The omission of a jurat, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, is not fatal

to the validity of the affidavit, so long as it appears either from the rest of the instrument or

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from evidence external to the instrument that the affidavit was, in fact, duly sworn to before

an authorized officer." Id. While appellant's affidavit bore the signature and stamp of a

notary public, it did not contain an oath or certification that appellant had been sworn. As a

consequence, appellant's affidavit was of no evidentiary value and is not competent

evidence. See Russell v. Creatif' Catering Inc, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 17031, 1998 Ohio

App. LEXIS 5737 (Dec. 4, 1998); State v. Ashley, 4th Dist. Ross No. 99 CA 2514 , 2000

Ohio App. LEXIS 2724 (June 14, 2000).

{¶24} Assignment of Error No. 1:

{¶25} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ITS APPLICATION OF

THE DOCTRINE OF RES JUDICATA TO BARRON'S TIMELY FILED PETITION FOR

POSTCONVICTION (CLAIM 1) RELIEF PURSUANT TO R.C. 2953.21 THUS VIOLATING

BARRON'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH, FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH

AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTION

1 AND 14 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

{¶26} Assignment of Error No. 4:

{¶27} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ITS APPLICATION OF

THE DOCTRINE OF RES JUDICATA TO BARRON'S TIMELY FILED PETITION FOR

POSTCONVICTION (CLAIM 4) RELIEF PURSUANT TO R.C. 2953.21 THUS VIOLATING

BARRON'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH, FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH

AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTION

1, 13 AND 14 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

{¶28} In Grounds 1 and 4 of his PCR petition, appellant argued that his trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to properly review discovery, "mount a defense," and present two

sets of text messages Amy sent to appellant (the text messages in Ground 4 were sent via

the app TEXT NOW). Appellant claimed that presenting those text messages to the jury

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would have impeached Amy's testimony and shown that he and Amy were in a relationship

and that he was not forcing Amy to do things against her will.

{¶29} The trial court dismissed Grounds 1 and 4 on the ground of res judicata

because appellant could have raised the claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on

direct appeal. The trial court further found that even if the claims were not barred by res

judicata, appellant's PCR petition did not establish a substantive ground for relief. Appellant

appeals, arguing the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing Grounds 1 and 4 on the

ground of res judicata. Appellant asserts that the text messages he filed with his PCR

petition (Exhibits A, B, and C) were not in the trial record and therefore constitute evidence

outside the record. The state concedes that the text messages attached to the PCR petition

were not part of the trial record.

{¶30} The record shows that the text messages appellant filed with his PCR petition

were provided to trial counsel during discovery but not presented to the jury. During

Detective Wyss' testimony, the prosecutor started to show two exhibits marked as State's

Trial Exhibits 1 and 2, consisting of text messages found on appellant's cellphone. Trial

counsel objected to the introduction of text messages sent from someone other than

appellant. The trial court excluded texts from third parties and instructed the prosecutor to

redact the two exhibits. The prosecutor complied and introduced State's Trial Exhibits 50

through 73, 57A, and 76. These exhibits contained outgoing individual text messages from

appellant to Amy, Rose, and another person, and a few incoming text messages from Amy

to appellant that Amy had specifically testified about. All other text messages were

redacted.

{¶31} Because the unredacted text messages filed with appellant's PCR petition

were not contained in the trial record, appellant's ineffective-assistance claims could not

have been fully addressed on direct appeal. See Blanton, 2022-Ohio-3985 at ¶ 66. "[W]hen

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a claim of ineffective assistance is based on counsel's failure to present evidence during

the trial-court proceedings, and that evidence is not proffered or otherwise contained in the

trial record, it is almost invariably the type of claim that cannot be meaningfully adjudicated

in a direct appeal." Id. Nonetheless, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in dismissing Grounds 1 and 4 because the evidence, if believed, does not present a

substantive ground for relief.

{¶32} Instead of presenting the text messages attached to appellant's PCR petition

at trial, trial counsel pursued an alternate strategy to show that appellant and Amy were in

a relationship and that appellant was not forcing Amy to do things against her will. Trial

counsel asked Amy about renting a hotel room in her name, where her boyfriend and

children stayed, and inquired about her "Jack of all trades" work she performed during the

time frames in the indictment (such as cleaning houses, painting, and lawn care). Trial

counsel cross-examined Amy about her ability to run errands for her children in her father's

car, unaccompanied by appellant. In an effort to impeach Amy's testimony she was not and

"would never be in a relationship with" appellant, trial counsel asked her about a specific

statement she had made to appellant telling him that he got on her nerves but that she still

wanted to see him and that his craziness was attractive to her. Trial counsel introduced the

text message when Amy denied making the statement. Additionally, trial counsel argued

in closing arguments that appellant and Amy were in a relationship, that it was a love triangle

between appellant, Amy, and Rose, and that Rose was jealous of the relationship between

appellant and Amy.

{¶33} Furthermore, appellant's PCR petition does not address whether the

introduction of the text messages attached to the PCR petition would have "opened the

door" to the introduction of the text messages the trial court excluded pursuant to trial

counsel's objection. The record suggests that counsel's effort to establish the relationship

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between appellant and Amy through witness examination rather than risk admission of the

text messages unsuccessfully offered by the state was legitimate trial strategy and not

ineffective assistance of counsel. Appellant's PCR petition includes no evidence to suggest

otherwise.

{¶34} Appellant has therefore failed to set forth facts sufficient to show that his trial

counsel performed deficiently or that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the

trial would have been different if the text messages attached to appellant's PCR petition

had been presented to the jury. Appellant's first and fourth assignments of error are

overruled.

{¶35} Assignment of Error No. 2:

{¶36} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ITS APPLICATION OF

THE DOCTRINE OF RES JUDICATA TO BARRON'S TIMELY FILED PETITION FOR

POSTCONVICTION (CLAIM 2) RELIEF PURSUANT TO R.C. 2953.21 THUS VIOLATING

BARRON'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH, FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH

AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTION

1.13 AND 14 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

{¶37} Assignment of Error No. 5:

{¶38} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ITS APPLICATION OF

THE DOCTRINE OF RES JUDICATA TO BARRON'S TIMELY FILED PETITION FOR

POSTCONVICTION (CLAIM 5) RELIEF PURSUANT TO R.C. 2953.21 THUS VIOLATING

BARRON'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH, FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH

AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTION

1, 13 AND 14 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

{¶39} At trial, the state presented evidence that appellant was advertising Amy and

Rose as prostitutes on the internet. One of the prostitution websites referred to was

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"Backpage." Amy testified that a friend told her he had seen her photograph on Backpage

and provided her with a link. Amy testified she clicked on the link and saw a prostitution

advertisement for her. Detective Wyss testified that he did not search Backpage during his

investigation because he knew that Backpage was no longer in operation.

{¶40} In Ground 2 of his PCR petition, appellant argued that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to present evidence that Backpage was shut down in April 2018, which

would have demonstrated the falsity of Amy's testimony. In Ground 5 of his PCR petition,

appellant argued he was entitled to evidence that Backpage was no longer operating and

asserted the state was required to provide that information under Brady v. Maryland, 373

U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194 (1963); Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S.Ct. 763 (1972);

and Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 119 S.Ct. 1936 (1999). In support of his PCR

petition, appellant submitted Exhibits D and Q. Exhibit D consists of several news articles,

court filings, and a federal plea agreement regarding Backpage, showing that the

prostitution website was shut down in April 2018. Exhibit Q is the search warrant affidavit

submitted by Detective Wyss regarding a vehicle belonging to Amy's father and used by

appellant. The affidavit provided, "[Amy] stated Barron places ads on websites like

'Backpage.'"

{¶41} The trial court dismissed Grounds 2 and 5 on the ground of res judicata. The

trial court further found that even if the claims were not barred by res judicata, appellant's

PCR petition did not establish a substantive ground for relief. Appellant appeals, arguing

the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing Grounds 2 and 5 on the ground of res

judicata. Appellant asserts that the exact date and the fact Backpage was no longer

operating before and during the time frames in the indictment is evidence outside the record

barring the application of res judicata.

{¶42} The state concedes that Exhibits D and Q are evidence outside the record.

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We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's dismissal of Grounds 2 and 5 because the

evidence, if believed, does not present substantive grounds for relief.

{¶43} In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that "the suppression by the

prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where

the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad

faith of the prosecution." Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. "There are three components of a true

Brady violation: The evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it

is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that evidence must have been suppressed by

the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued." Strickler, 527

U.S. at 281-282. "When the 'reliability of a given witness may well be determinative of guilt

or innocence,' nondisclosure of evidence affecting credibility falls" within the Brady rule.

Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154.

{¶44} "In determining whether the prosecution improperly suppressed evidence

favorable to an accused, such evidence shall be deemed material only if there is a

reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of

the proceeding would have been different." State v. Johnston, 39 Ohio St.3d 48 (1988),

paragraph five of the syllabus. The Brady test is stringent. State v. Jackson, 57 Ohio St.3d

29, 33 (1991). "The mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might have

helped the defense, or might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not establish

'materiality' in the constitutional sense." United States v. Agurs (1976), 427 U.S. 97, 109-

110, 96 S.Ct. 2392 (1976). "Brady requires a 'reasonable probability' of a different outcome

with the exculpatory evidence, that is, an undermined confidence in the trial result obtained

without the exculpatory evidence." Jackson at 33.

{¶45} Brady does not apply when the information is available from another source,

such as by looking at public records. Owens v. Guida, 549 F.3d 399, 418 (6th Cir.2008).

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As evidenced by Exhibit D, the exact date and the fact Backpage was shut down was

publicly available information. Moreover, the only prostitution advertisement that the state

used at trial was posted on ListCrawler, a prevalent prostitution website, not on Backpage.

The April 2018 shutdown of Backpage was therefore not material evidence under Brady.

{¶46} Nevertheless, appellant argued in Ground 2 of his PCR petition that trial

counsel was ineffective because had he presented evidence that Backpage ceased

operation in April 2018, it would have shown Amy was lying when she testified there was

an advertisement containing her photograph on Backpage.

{¶47} As stated above, Detective Wyss testified he did not search Backpage during

his investigation of appellant's prostitution-related actions because he knew Backpage was

no longer in operation. This testimony indicates that Backpage was not operating during

the time periods of the indictment. Exhibit Q, the search warrant affidavit attached to the

PCR petition, simply provided, "[Amy] stated Barron places ads on websites like

'Backpage.'" Placing an advertisement on websites like Backpage is not the same as

placing an advertisement on Backpage. The former is simply a description of the types of

websites appellant used to advertise Amy and Rose as prostitutes. Amy's statement in

Exhibit Q indicates she was using the name Backpage as a general name to refer to

prostitution websites.

{¶48} Furthermore, Amy did not unequivocally testify she was advertised as a

prostitute on Backpage. Rather, Amy testified that appellant posted prostitution

advertisements on "[a] site on-line. Backpage or something," and that "[m]y friend text me

and told me that my picture was on-line on Backpage. Gave me the link and I clicked on it

and found out that I was on there." On cross-examination, Amy testified she saw the

advertisements with her photographs "when my friend sent them to me." The only person

who represented that the advertisements were posted on Backpage was Amy's friend who

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was not a witness at trial. Amy did not testify that the link her friend provided led her to

Backpage. Rather, she testified that clicking on the link led her to her photograph; however,

Amy never stated what website she was looking at. Amy's testimony can be construed as

referring to Backpage in a generic sense as representing prostitution websites, as only

conveying what her friend had told her, or as simply being mistaken about the website

involved. The state presented evidence that Rose was advertised on the prostitution

website ListCrawler and that her photograph on that site matched photographs of her on

appellant's cellphone.

{¶49} The name of the prostitution website used by appellant to advertise the

services of Amy and Rose was not a material aspect of Amy's testimony or appellant's

prostitution-related convictions. There is no reasonable probability that the outcome of the

jury trial would have been different had trial counsel raised the issue of whether Backpage

existed at the times in question or had the state questioned Amy as to whether the

advertisement was on Backpage given the shutdown of the website two years prior to the

events in question. It would not have negated evidence that appellant was using a website

to advertise prostitution services and that he was engaged in various other actions

promoting prostitution.

{¶50} Appellant's second and fifth assignments of error are overruled.

{¶51} Assignment of Error No. 3:

{¶52} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ITS APPLICATION OF

THE DOCTRINE OF RES JUDICATA TO BARRON'S TIMELY FILED PETITION FOR

POSTCONVICTION (CLAIM 3) RELIEF PURSUANT TO R.C. 2953.21 THUS VIOLATING

BARRON'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH, FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH

AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTION

1, 13 AND 14 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

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{¶53} In Ground 3 of his PCR petition, appellant argued that his trial counsel was

ineffective because he failed to hire a criminal investigator after the trial court granted

counsel's motion to appropriate funds for an investigator. Appellant asserted that had trial

counsel hired the investigator, the latter would have discovered that Backpage was shut

down in 2018, months before the time periods in the indictment, and would have reviewed

appellant's cellphone and obtained the text messages addressed in appellant's first and

fourth assignments of error. The trial court dismissed Ground 3 on the ground of res

judicata because appellant could have raised this issue of ineffective assistance of counsel

on direct appeal.

{¶54} We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's dismissal of Ground 3.

Appellant's claim of ineffective assistance regarding trial counsel's failure to hire an

investigator was primarily based on appellant's motion for appropriation of funds for an

investigator, which the trial court granted, and which was therefore evidence in the trial

record. Thus, appellant could have raised on direct appeal his trial counsel's failure to hire

an investigator based on the original record. See State v. Osie, 140 Ohio St.3d 131, 2014-

Ohio-2966 (addressing on direct appeal in a capital case defendant's claims of ineffective

assistance related to trial counsel's failure to hire an investigator despite being granted

funds and failure to retain a mitigation specialist). The trial court did not abuse its discretion

in dismissing Ground 3 on res judicata ground.

{¶55} Even if res judicata does not bar appellant's claim, his PCR petition does not

state a substantive ground for relief. Appellant did not present any evidence to support his

claim that trial counsel did not hire or use the investigator and a reviewing court "will not

infer a defense failure to investigate from a silent record." State v. Thompson, 141 Ohio St.

3d 254, 2014-Ohio-4751, ¶ 247. Furthermore, "[a]n attorney's decision not to hire an

investigator does not equate to a failure to investigate and result in ineffective assistance

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of counsel." Id. The record shows and trial counsel represented to the trial court that he

had received discovery from the state. Such discovery included the text messages

addressed in appellant's first and fourth assignments of error. At trial, trial counsel used a

few incoming text messages from Amy to appellant that she had specifically testified about

and moved to exclude all other text messages from third parties, resulting in their redaction.

Detective Wyss testified that Backpage was no longer in operation. Evidence of what the

investigator would have discovered was therefore cumulative to evidence that was available

and presented at trial.

{¶56} Appellant's third assignment of error is overruled.

{¶57} In light of the foregoing, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in denying appellant's PCR petition without first holding an evidentiary hearing.

{¶58} Judgment affirmed.

S. POWELL, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.

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