Case: 22-60531 Document: 00516739987 Page: 1 Date Filed: 05/05/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
____________ FILED
May 5, 2023
No. 22-60531
Lyle W. Cayce
Summary Calendar
Clerk
____________
Jesus Duarte,
Petitioner,
versus
Merrick Garland, U.S. Attorney General,
Respondent.
______________________________
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Agency No. A089 937 396
______________________________
Before Stewart, Duncan, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:*
Jesus Duarte, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of a
decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing his appeal
and affirming the immigration judge’s (IJ’s) denial of cancellation of
removal, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention
Against Torture (CAT).
_____________________
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
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No. 22-60531
This court reviews the BIA’s decision and considers the IJ’s decision
only to the extent it influenced the BIA. Orellana-Monson v. Holder, 685 F.3d
511, 517 (5th Cir. 2012). The BIA’s factual findings are reviewed for
substantial evidence, and its rulings of law are reviewed de novo. Id. The
substantial evidence test “requires only that the BIA’s decision be supported
by record evidence and be substantially reasonable.” Omagah v. Ashcroft, 288
F.3d 254, 258 (5th Cir. 2002). This court will not reverse the BIA’s factual
findings unless the evidence compels a contrary conclusion. Chen v.
Gonzalez, 470 F.3d 1131, 1134 (5th Cir. 2006). “The applicant has the burden
of showing that the evidence is so compelling that no reasonable factfinder
could reach a contrary conclusion.” Id.
Duarte argues that the BIA erred in denying his application for
cancellation of removal based on the finding that he had failed to show that
his United States citizen son would suffer exceptional and extremely unusual
hardship upon his removal to Mexico. The hardship determination “is a
discretionary and authoritative decision” which “is beyond [this court’s]
review” under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). Castillo-Gutierrez v. Garland, 43
F.4th 477, 481 (5th Cir. 2022) (per curiam). Accordingly, this court lacks
jurisdiction to consider Duarte’s challenge to the BIA’s hardship
determination.1 Id.; see Patel v. Garland, 142 S. Ct. 1614, 1622 (2022).
Duarte argues that the BIA abused its discretion in finding that he was
ineligible for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). He
challenges the BIA’s factual finding that his proposed social group of
“imputed American citizen” was not cognizable. This court has repeatedly
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Duarte also argues that the IJ violated his right to due process by failing to
consider and weigh all of the evidence in determining that he lacked the requisite good
moral character for cancellation of removal. The BIA did not, however, address or adopt
the IJ’s findings regarding good moral character. As such, this court need not consider
Duarte’s arguments related to that factor. See Rui Yang v. Holder, 664 F.3d 580, 584 n.3
(5th Cir. 2011).
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No. 22-60531
held, however, that “persons believed to be wealthy because they are
returning to their home country from the United States do not constitute a
sufficiently particular social group to support an application for withholding
of removal.” Gonzalez-Soto v. Lynch, 841 F.3d 682, 684 (5th Cir. 2016) (per
curiam) (citing Diaz v. Holder, 537 F. App’x 357, 358 (5th Cir. 2013); Segovia
v. Holder, 406 F. App’x 930, 930-31 (5th Cir. 2011)). As such, the BIA
reasonably found that Duarte’s proposed social group of “imputed American
citizen” was not cognizable.
With respect to his other proposed social group of “nuclear family
member of Lydia Gomez, a former Mexican police officer,” Duarte asserts
that the BIA erred in finding that he had failed to show a clear probability that
he would be persecuted on account of his membership in this group.
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion regarding nexus.
See Orellana-Monson, 685 F.3d at 517. Duarte testified that in 2008 or 2009,
the cartel threatened to kill his aunt Lydia if she did not quit the police force.
His aunt later left the police force, and Duarte testified that she has not
received any threats from the cartel in at least a decade. Furthermore, there
was no evidence that the cartel had threatened or harmed any of Lydia’s
family members residing in Mexico. See Eduard v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 182, 193
(5th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he reasonableness of an alien’s fear of persecution is
reduced when his family remains in his native country unharmed for a long
period of time after his departure.”).
Duarte also argues that the BIA erred in applying the more stringent
“one central reason” standard that applies to asylum claims when denying
his claim for withholding of removal. He contends that the standard for
showing nexus for withholding of removal is the lower “a reason” standard.
He acknowledges, however, that this court has already rejected this argument
in Vazquez-Guerra v. Garland, 7 F.4th 265, 271 (5th Cir. 2021), cert. denied,
142 S. Ct. 1228 (2022).
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Finally, Duarte argues that the BIA erred in adopting the IJ’s denial of
CAT protection. He contends that contrary to the IJ’s finding, he faces a
likelihood of torture in Mexico by the cartels. He emphasizes that his uncle
was murdered by the cartels and his aunt was repeatedly threatened by the
cartels. He also relies on country conditions evidence showing that cartels
operate throughout the country with impunity, that government officials are
corrupt, and that efforts to address criminality and gang violence in Mexico
have largely been ineffective.
Though the country conditions evidence describes instances of police
corruption and brutality, on balance, it does not compel the conclusion that
Duarte would “more likely than not” be tortured if removed to Mexico.
See Mwembie v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 405, 415 (5th Cir. 2006); see also Chen, 470
F.3d 1142 (explaining that “[t]he government’s inability to provide
‘complete security’ to the petitioner from [private actors] did not rise to the
level of state action” required under the CAT).
Duarte’s testimony about the threats and harm his family members
experienced in Mexico likewise does not compel the reversal of the BIA’s
denial of CAT relief. See Chen, 470 F.3d at 1134. The incidents Duarte
described involving his aunt and uncle occurred at least a decade ago, and as
the BIA emphasized, Duarte’s family members, including his aunt, continue
to live in Mexico unharmed, which undermines his claim that he would be
tortured. See Ramirez-Mejia v. Lynch, 794 F.3d 485, 494 (5th Cir. 2015)
(concluding that BIA reasonably denied CAT relief based, in part, on the
finding that petitioner’s family members were not tortured, despite
remaining in Honduras after petitioner’s brother was murdered).
The petition is DISMISSED in part and DENIED in part.
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