Julie A. Su v. Leroy Johnson

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 JULIE A. SU, Acting Secretary of Labor, United States Department of Labor,* Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LEROY JOHNSON and SHIRLEY T. SHERROD, Defendants-Appellants. ____________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:16-cv-04825 — Andrea R. Wood, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED APRIL 19, 2023 — DECIDED MAY 10, 2023 ____________________ Before HAMILTON, BRENNAN, and KIRSCH, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. These appeals present questions about enforcement of ﬁduciary duties of loyalty and prudence * We have substituted the current Acting Secretary of Labor, United States Department of Labor, for her predecessor, sued in an official capac- ity. Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2) 2 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, better known as ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., as well as ﬁ- duciaries’ duties to comply with plan documents. Defendants Shirley T. Sherrod and Leroy Johnson were ﬁduciaries of a re- tirement plan that Sherrod had set up for herself and other employees of her medical practice. The Secretary of Labor brought this civil enforcement action alleging that both de- fendants had breached their ﬁduciary duties under ERISA. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the Secretary and entered a permanent injunction against defend- ants removing them as ﬁduciaries. Walsh v. Sherrod, No. 16-cv- 04825, 2022 WL 971857 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 31, 2022). Both defend- ants have appealed. We aﬃrm. The undisputed facts show that both defend- ants breached their ﬁduciary duties of loyalty and prudence under ERISA. Hundreds of thousands of dollars of plan assets were used for defendant Sherrod’s personal beneﬁt but were accounted for as plan expenses or losses rather than as distri- butions of retirement beneﬁts to her. The permanent injunc- tion was well within the scope of reasonable responses to the breaches. I. Facts for Summary Judgment & Procedural History Defendant Sherrod owned and ran an ophthalmology practice (Shirley T. Sherrod, M.D., P.C.) in Detroit, Michigan. In 1987, she established a deﬁned-beneﬁt retirement plan for the practice’s employees, including herself. She named herself as trustee of the retirement plan, which is governed by ERISA. In 2008, the employment of all employees other than Dr. Sher- rod herself was terminated, and sometime around then, she sold the practice to another physician. In April 2010, the plan was amended to make Sherrod responsible for: (1) investing, Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 3 managing, and controlling plan assets subject to the direction of the employer (herself) or an investment manager; (2) pay- ing beneﬁts to participants at the direction of the administra- tor; and (3) maintaining records of receipts and disburse- ments to furnish to the employer or administrator. The buyer of Dr. Sherrod’s practice later sued her in Mich- igan state court for breach of contract and obtained a judg- ment against her for $181,000. 1 Michael S. Sherman, D.O., P.C. v. Shirley T. Sherrod, M.D., P.C., Nos. 299045, 299775, 308263, 2013 WL 2360189 (Mich. Ct. App. May 30, 2013). When that judgment went unpaid, the Michigan court prohibited “Shirley T. Sherrod, M.D., and Shirley T. Sherrod, M.D., P.C.,” or anyone acting on their behalf “from directly or indirectly selling, transferring, … or otherwise disposing of” any assets “held or hereafter acquired by or becoming due to them.” Around the same time, the buyer garnished Sherrod’s as- sets at Merrill Lynch, where her personal and retirement ac- counts, her company’s account, and the plan’s account were kept. See Johnson v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 719 F.3d 601, 602 (7th Cir. 2013). Acting as a custodian of plan assets, Merrill Lynch read the Michigan court’s order to re- quire it to freeze all assets due to Sherrod, including distribu- tions from the plan account. Id. at 603. But Merrill Lynch said it was prepared to follow any instructions from the plan ad- ministrator to make distributions to other plan participants. Id. Sherrod appealed the money judgment against her. The Michigan Court of Appeals allowed the appeal and a stay of 1 For simplicity’s sake, all dollar figures in this opinion are rounded to the nearest hundred. 4 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 the judgment on the condition that Sherrod either appear for a creditor’s examination or post a $250,000 cash or surety bond. Sherrod chose to post the bond. Walsh, 2022 WL 971857, at *2. In November 2011, she signed an aﬃdavit directing Merrill Lynch to make two distributions from the Plan: one for $250,000 to secure the bond and another for $3,000 to cover costs associated with ﬁling the bond. Her aﬃdavit also “con- ﬁrmed that the requested distributions did not exceed her in- dividual interest” in the Plan. Id. Merrill Lynch made those requested payments from plan assets to cover the bond, ap- parently with the blessing of the Michigan court. In May 2012, Sherrod appointed Johnson as plan adminis- trator. In that role, Johnson’s “primary responsibility” was “to administer the Plan for the exclusive beneﬁt” of plan partici- pants and “in accordance with [plan] terms.” Toward that end, Johnson was “to maintain all necessary records for the administration of the Plan,” as well as “a record of all actions taken … and other data that may be necessary for proper ad- ministration of the Plan.” He was also “responsible for sup- plying all information and reports to the Internal Revenue Service, Department of Labor, Participants, Beneﬁciaries and others as required by law” and for authorizing and directing the trustee “with respect to all discretionary or otherwise di- rected disbursements from the Trust.” After Johnson became plan administrator, Sherrod ﬁled a required form with the De- partment of Labor reporting no beneﬁt distributions and no expenses in 2011, but reporting a $246,300 “loss” to the plan. The Michigan court eventually lifted the freeze on Sher- rod’s assets. She then started directing payments to herself out of plan funds. Sherrod had reached retirement age under the plan in 2011, but many of the payments to her were treated Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 5 as plan expenses rather than as distributions of her retirement beneﬁts. In addition to the $250,000 bond payment that she had directed in 2011, Sherrod pulled at least $50,000 from the plan in 2013, $286,900 in 2014, $120,000 in 2015, $196,400 in 2016, and $173,800 in 2017. In 2014, Sherrod and Johnson re- ported $57,000 in beneﬁt distributions and $142,000 in ex- penses. In 2015, $59,000 in distributions and $40,000 in ex- penses. In 2016, $62,500 in distributions and $133,900 in ex- penses. In 2017, about $69,700 in distributions and $104,100 in expenses. The plan account had been closed to deposits since 2008, and no deposits were made into the plan from 2014 to 2017. Under ERISA section 502(a)(2), codiﬁed as 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2), the Secretary of Labor brought this civil enforce- ment action against Sherrod and Johnson in April 2016, while Sherrod was still making payments to herself and Johnson was plan administrator. The Secretary’s complaint alleged both past and ongoing violations of defendants’ ﬁduciary du- ties. The complaint asked the court to remove Sherrod and Johnson from their positions of trust, to enjoin them perma- nently from serving as ﬁduciaries for ERISA-covered plans, and to appoint an independent ﬁduciary to administer and terminate the plan. Defendants ﬁled their answer raising three aﬃrmative de- fenses, including ERISA’s statute of limitations, alleging that any failure to administer beneﬁts for terminated employees according to the plan occurred no later than the sale of Sher- rod’s practice in 2008. About four months later, in December 2016, defendants sought leave to amend their answer to elab- orate on the statute of limitations defense with respect to claims concerning the use of plan assets to post a bond in the 6 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 Michigan lawsuit against Sherrod. The proposed amendment would have alleged that the Secretary had actual knowledge in 2012 that plan assets had been used for that purpose. The district court (the late Judge Milton I. Shadur) denied the mo- tion. Although the district court said it rejected the Secretary’s argument that the amendment would be futile, the court noted that defendants had been dilatory and that the amend- ment lacked evidentiary support. The case was later assigned to Judge Wood, and the Secre- tary moved for summary judgment. The district court found no genuine dispute of fact material to whether Johnson and Sherrod had repeatedly violated their duties of care and loy- alty and their duty to administer according to plan docu- ments. Walsh, 2022 WL 971857, at *4–9. Because these viola- tions had harmed the plan, the court granted summary judg- ment for the Secretary, id. at *7, *9, as well as all requested injunctive relief. The court removed defendants as plan ﬁduciaries and permanently enjoined them from serving or acting as ﬁduciaries or service providers with respect to any employee beneﬁt plans subject to ERISA. The court also appointed an independent ﬁduciary to terminate the plan and to issue distributions to eligible participants and beneﬁciaries. The ﬁduciary was given the power to review and allocate appropriately all previous distributions and transactions for the plan, including the 2011 bond payment and all payments to Sherrod and her attorneys, and all other payments or withdrawals from the plan that were not paid directly to a Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 7 participant other than Sherrod from 2013 to present. Both defendants have appealed. 2 II. Analysis A. Legal Standard We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, giving defendants, as the non-moving parties in this case, the beneﬁt of conﬂicting evidence and drawing rea- sonable inferences in defendants’ favor. Kenseth v. Dean Health Plan, Inc., 610 F.3d 452, 462 (7th Cir. 2010). To prevail on a claim for breach of ﬁduciary duty under ERISA, the plaintiﬀ must prove: (1) that the defendant is a plan ﬁduciary; (2) that the defendant breached his or her ﬁduciary duty; and (3) that the breach resulted in harm to the plaintiﬀ. Id. at 464. Defend- ants agree that they were plan ﬁduciaries, and the undisputed facts show both breach and harm. B. Breaches of the Duty to Follow Plan Documents To a degree unusual in the law, ERISA focuses on follow- ing written plan documents, regardless of other evidence. ERISA requires ﬁduciaries to “discharge [their] duties … in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(D). As relevant here, the plan required Sherrod to pay beneﬁts “at the direction of the Ad- ministrator,” and to “maintain records of receipts and dis- bursements.” Johnson was required “to authorize and direct” 2 We asked at oral argument why the Secretary has not yet pursued any restitutionary relief against defendants under 29 U.S.C. § 1109. The answer may be that, in reviewing and allocating previous distributions and transactions, the independent fiduciary may be able to take further action affecting Sherrod’s personal benefits. Regardless, the district court’s permanent injunction is appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a). 8 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 Sherrod “with respect to all discretionary or otherwise di- rected disbursements” and to maintain records “of all actions taken.” Defendants do not dispute that Sherrod often acted at her own direction and not “at the direction of the Administrator,” unilaterally withdrawing funds from the plan without con- sulting Johnson. Accordingly, there is also no dispute that Johnson did not “authorize and direct” those payments as re- quired by the plan. In eﬀect, Sherrod gave herself the keys to the bank vault, and Johnson let her use them. On these undis- puted facts, defendants violated their duty to act “in accord- ance with the documents and instruments governing” the plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(D). 3 Johnson’s attempts to avoid this conclusion are not per- suasive. He says that he prudently hired an actuary to prepare annual reports, that he and Sherrod “met frequently to dis- cuss the Plan’s bills and to try to minimize expenses,” that he never “attempted to conceal” Sherrod’s conduct, and that he “found her to be an honest person” who could be taken “at her word.” None of these points creates a genuine dispute on 3 The Secretary also alleged that defendants failed to maintain records properly as required by the plan. Sherrod argues that she could not have violated ERISA on this basis because “ERISA does not … mandate any specific recordkeeping arrangement at all.” See Divane v. Northwestern Univ., 953 F.3d 980, 990 (7th Cir. 2020), vacated on other grounds by Hughes v. Northwestern Univ., 142 S. Ct. 737, 740 (2022). That is true, but the plan still required some kind of recordkeeping. We need not reach the recordkeeping question, however. Sherrod’s failure to seek Johnson’s au- thorization and direction and Johnson’s concomitant failure to fulfil his responsibilities are sufficient to demonstrate breaches of § 1104(a)(1)(D). Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 9 the core issue—whether Johnson failed to “authorize and di- rect” Sherrod’s withdrawals. For her part, Sherrod argues that she was required to fol- low Johnson’s direction only when he gave it, so she could not have violated plan documents by acting on her own. But such an understanding is contrary to the plan’s language (the “Trustee will” make distributions “as directed by the Admin- istrator”) and would render all but meaningless the adminis- trator’s ﬁduciary role. C. Breaches of the Duties of Care & Loyalty “ERISA’s duty of loyalty is the ‘highest known to the law.’” Halperin v. Richards, 7 F.4th 534, 546 (7th Cir. 2021), quoting Donovan v. Bierwirth, 680 F.2d 263, 272 n.8 (2d Cir. 1982). The duty “protects beneﬁciaries by barring any conﬂict of interest that might put the ﬁduciary in a position to engage in self-serving behavior at the expense of beneﬁciaries.” Id. ERISA’s primary command to ﬁduciaries, in section 404, is therefore to “discharge [their] duties … solely in the interest of the participants and beneﬁciaries and … for the exclusive purpose of … providing beneﬁts to participants and their ben- eﬁciaries.” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(A)(i). Fiduciary self-dealing is therefore prohibited “[e]xcept as provided in section 1108 of this title.” 29 U.S.C. § 1106(a)(1)(D) (ﬁduciary “shall not cause the plan to engage in a transaction, if he knows or should know that such transaction constitutes a direct or in- direct … transfer to, or use by or for the beneﬁt of a party in interest,” including the ﬁduciary, 29 U.S.C. § 1002(14)(A), “of any assets of the plan”); Leigh v. Engle, 727 F.2d 113, 123 (7th Cir. 1984) (§ 1106 “prohibits transactions where those dealing with the plan may have conﬂicting interests which could lead to self-dealing”). 10 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 1. The Bond Payment In the district court, Sherrod did not dispute that she used plan funds to make the bond payment in her state-court appeal. She argued there that the payment was a reasonable expense authorized by the plan. Walsh, 2022 WL 971857, at *5. On appeal, Sherrod did not make this “reasonable litigation expense” argument until her reply brief, so that argument is waived. See Foster v. PNC Bank, N.A., 52 F.4th 315, 319 n.2 (7th Cir. 2022) (arguments not addressed in opening brief on appeal are waived). Instead, Sherrod argues on appeal that she paid the plan back for the bond payment. But the only evidence of payment she oﬀers is a 2014 letter from Johnson’s attorneys to a bond agency asking that the bond payment be returned to the plan. The suggestion that a request for payment should be suﬃcient proof that the requested payment was actually made seems to invite the court to enter unknown legal territory. If a quarter of a million dollars had actually been paid back into the plan, we would expect that the plan ﬁduciaries would have at least some record of the payment. More fundamental, though, even if Sherrod had actually later reimbursed the plan for that quarter of a million dollars she had taken for her personal purposes and charged as a plan expense, that would not be a defense on the merits of the breach of ﬁduciary duty. Drawing on plan funds to obtain a bond in litigation that had little or nothing to do with the plan was itself a violation of Sherrod’s ﬁduciary duties. An embez- zler does not avoid criminal liability by returning the stolen money, whether the theft has been discovered yet or not. Sim- ilarly here, Sherrod could not absolve herself of her ﬁduciary Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 11 breach by returning the funds three years after they were wrongfully taken from the plan. Johnson raises a separate point regarding the bond pay- ment. The district court wrote that Johnson, who was sup- posed to be overseeing the plan’s funds, breached his ﬁduci- ary duties “by allowing Dr. Sherrod to make such a with- drawal on her own initiative.” Walsh, 2022 WL 971857, at *6. That statement was not accurate. The record shows that Sher- rod directed Merrill Lynch to make the bond payment in No- vember 2011, but Johnson did not become plan administrator until May 2012. Johnson makes much of this factual error, but it was harmless. Although Johnson was not plan administrator at the time of the bond payment, once he did become administrator, he became “responsible for supplying all information and re- ports” to the Department of Labor. While Johnson was plan administrator, defendants reported no beneﬁt distributions and no expenses for 2011—the year of the bond payment. They did report a $246,300 “loss” to the Plan. It is therefore not decisive that Johnson was not plan administrator at the time of the improper bond payment. Nor does it matter that Johnson hired an actuary to pre- pare the forms ﬁled with the Department of Labor and did not, himself, sign the 2011 form reporting the bond payment as a “loss.” As plan administrator, Johnson was responsible for the reporting, both under plan documents and under ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. § 1021(b) (“Duty of disclosure and re- porting”). Sherrod and Johnson therefore both violated their ﬁduci- ary duties with respect to the bond payment—Sherrod in 12 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 directing the payment and Johnson in falsely reporting it as a loss. And even if we thought that Johnson had a potentially viable defense based on his limited role in the payment for the bond, the rest of his breaches of ﬁduciary duty would still, as discussed below, call for the remedies the district court or- dered. 2. Distributions After the Freeze Was Lifted Once the Michigan court in May 2013 lifted the freeze on Sherrod’s assets, including plan distributions to her, Sherrod began directing payments to herself out of plan assets. From 2013 to 2017, Sherrod withdrew close to $825,000 from the Plan in 123 transactions. In the district court, Sherrod argued that many of those payments were reimbursements for necessary and reasonable plan expenses, that she was entitled to any beneﬁts she did receive as a plan participant, and that the Secretary bore the burden of establishing any violations. Walsh, 2022 WL 971857, at *7. The district court agreed that the burden was on the Secretary but found that the undisputed evidence showed that Sherrod had directed hundreds of thousands of dollars to be paid to herself out of plan funds. That was suﬃcient, said the district court, to prove that Sherrod had “put her own interests above those of Plan participants and beneﬁciaries in violation of § 404(a)(1)(A)” and had violated § 406(a)(1)(D)’s prohibition on self-dealing. Id., citing ERISA sections codiﬁed as 29 U.S.C. §§ 1104 & 1106. In the district court’s view, by establishing such self-dealing, the Secretary had shifted the burden back to the defendants to show that the transactions were “actually permissible under ERISA.” Id., citing Allen v. GreatBanc Trust Co., 835 F.3d 670, 676 (7th Cir. 2016). Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 13 On appeal, Sherrod has abandoned several arguments she made in the district court. She no longer argues that some of the payments were made to reimburse her for plan legal ex- penses she had covered out of her own funds. Nor does she argue that some of the payments went to plan expenses and to other plan beneﬁciaries. Instead, Sherrod argues that any allegations of violations after plan year 2014 should be disregarded on the theory that “the particularized allegations” of the Secretary’s complaint were limited to plan years 2012 to 2014. But the Secretary’s 2016 complaint alleged continuing violations from “January 1, 2015 to the present.” That was suﬃcient to put defendants on notice that ongoing violations were part of the case. Even if we were to accept this argument, it would not help Sherrod. She has not argued, let alone raised a dispute of fact, in this appeal that the payments from 2012 to 2014 were proper. Those payments alone are enough to establish violations of ERISA sections 404(a)(1)(A) and 406(a)(1)(D), codiﬁed in 29 U.S.C. §§ 1104 & 1106. Still, both Sherrod and Johnson argue that the burden is on the Secretary to prove violations and not on them to show that payments were permissible. We disagree. Section 406(a) applies broad prohibitions on payments to ﬁduciaries subject to section 408. In the most relevant portion, section 406(a) pro- vides: “Except as provided in section [408]: (1) A ﬁduciary with respect to a plan shall not cause the plan to engage in a transaction, if he knows or should know that such transaction constitutes a direct or indirect … (D) transfer to, or use by or for the beneﬁt of a party in interest, of any assets of the plan ….” In turn, section 408(b) enumerates categories and condi- tions for transactions exempted from the prohibitions of 14 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 section 406. Further, section 408(c) provides that section 406 shall not be construed to prohibit a ﬁduciary from receiving beneﬁts she may be entitled to as a plan participant or beneﬁ- ciary or reasonable compensation for services rendered to the plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1108(c). As we said in Allen, though, “an ERISA plaintiﬀ need not plead the absence of exemptions to prohibited transactions. It is the defendant who bears the bur- den of proving” that a section 408 exemption applies. 835 F.3d at 676. A ﬁduciary seeking the protection of section 408 has the burden of pleading and ultimately proving that an excep- tion applies to a transaction otherwise prohibited by section 406. The district court correctly shifted the burden to defend- ants. Defendants did not carry that burden. They produced 70 pages of “postal money orders, invoices, and communications with counsel regarding attorneys’ fees,” but they failed to of- fer “an accounting of these documents” or to match them up with Sherrod’s withdrawals from the plan. Walsh, 2022 WL 971857, at *8. It is neither the district court’s nor this Court’s job to piece together an argument for Sherrod and Johnson. Id., citing Estate of Moreland v. Dieter, 395 F.3d 747, 759 (7th Cir. 2005) (“We will not scour a record to locate evidence support- ing a party’s legal argument.”). D. Harm to the Plan Once it is established that ﬁduciaries have breached their duties, the plaintiﬀ must show harm to the plan. See Kenseth, 610 F.3d at 464. Defendants argue that the district court erred when—in spite of the 2014 letter from Johnson’s attorney ask- ing that the payment be returned to the plan—the court in- ferred that there was “no indication in the record … that the Plan ever received” those funds and concluded that the bond Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 15 payment was therefore a loss to the plan. Walsh, 2022 WL 971857, at *7 & n.6. The district court’s treatment of that issue was exactly right. Also, undisputed evidence shows that the plan suﬀered harm from at least a signiﬁcant portion of the more than 100 subsequent payments Sherrod made to herself from plan assets from 2012 to 2017. E. Denial of Motions to Amend Both defendants argue on appeal that the district court abused its discretion by denying defendants leave to amend their original answer to add a statute of limitations defense. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides that courts “should freely give leave” to amend “when justice so re- quires,” but “a district court may deny leave to amend for un- due delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, prejudice, or futility.” General Electric Capital Corp. v. Lease Resolution Corp., 128 F.3d 1074, 1085 (7th Cir. 1997). The presumptive limitation period for violations of ERISA is six years from the date of the last action constituting part of the breach or violation. Fish v. GreatBanc Trust Co., 749 F.3d 671, 674 (7th Cir. 2014); 29 U.S.C. § 1113(1). The period is shortened to just three years from the time the plaintiﬀ gained “actual knowledge of the breach or violation.” Fish, 749 F.3d at 674, quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1113(2) (emphasis added). Four months after they ﬁled their answer, defendants sought leave to amend to add an aﬃrmative defense regarding the bond transaction in 2011 based on ERISA’s three-year limitations period. They claimed that two documents they had discovered in their own ﬁles suggested that the Secretary’s claims with respect to the bond payment were time-barred. The documents showed nothing of the sort. 16 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 One was a fax from the plan’s lawyer to the Department of Labor, dated December 20, 2012, notifying the Department that Johnson had succeeded Sherrod as plan administrator and that a notice of appeal had been ﬁled in a federal case brought by Sherrod and Johnson against Merrill Lynch. See Johnson v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., No. 12-cv- 2545, 2012 WL 5989345 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 28, 2012). The second document was an email from Sherrod to the Department of Labor, dated August 10, 2012, asking about the alienation of plan assets by the Michigan state court. In March 2017, District Judge Shadur denied the motion, ﬁnding that defendants had been dilatory in pursuing the amendment and had, regardless, put forth no evidence that could meet the statute’s “actual knowledge” requirement. Aside from questions of law, which we review de novo, our review of a district court’s denial of leave to amend is for an abuse of discretion. Gandhi v. Sitara Capital Mgmt., LLC, 721 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir. 2013). We ﬁnd no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision. First, the district court did not err by ﬁnding that defend- ants had been dilatory in pursuing this aﬃrmative defense. The supposedly new documents had been in defendants’ pos- session from the start, so an aﬃrmative defense based on them “could have been pled at any time after the ﬁling of the initial complaint.” See Continental Bank, N.A. v. Meyer, 10 F.3d 1293, 1298 (7th Cir. 1993) (aﬃrming denial of amendment where facts “must have been known to defendants”). More important, though, the documents defendants relied upon fell far short of hinting, let alone proving, that the Sec- retary actually learned of the defendants’ violations. The three-year statute of limitations applies only when the Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 17 plaintiﬀ has actual knowledge of a violation, not when the plaintiﬀ arguably should have known of a violation. Defendants’ theory seems to be that the Secretary should have realized that Sherrod had breached her ﬁduciary duties by posting the bond with plan assets because (a) the fax re- ferred to the federal lawsuit between defendants and Merrill Lynch, and (b) if the Secretary had investigated and obtained documents ﬁled in that suit, then the Secretary would or could or should have known of her breach. The August 2012 email, defendants argued, likewise should have put the Sec- retary on notice because a letter attached to that email de- scribed how Sherrod had signed an aﬃdavit stating that plan assets would be used to post the bond. We agree with the district court that defendants’ eﬀort to “cobble together” from these two documents a showing of ac- tual knowledge that would trigger the three-year statute of limitations did not warrant a late amendment of the answer, or at least the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the amendment. The passing references in these doc- uments to the lawsuits did not give the Secretary actual notice of defendants’ self-dealing and neglect. At best, those docu- ments might have prompted the Secretary “to engage in active outside research” that might have revealed Sherrod’s breach of her ﬁduciary duties. That theory would have been a stretch to establish constructive (“should have known”) knowledge. It certainly falls far short of actual knowledge. The district court accurately explained that defendants were trying to apply the concept of inquiry notice to “the far more demanding ‘actual knowledge’ test under ERISA.” The court’s analysis was prescient. Three years after the district court denied defendants’ motion to amend, the Supreme 18 Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 Court heard a case where the plaintiﬀ had received far more explicit disclosures of the ERISA breaches, not just indications that might warrant an investigation. The Court held that, to meet ERISA’s actual knowledge requirement, there must be “more than evidence of disclosure alone.” Intel Corp. Inv. Pol- icy Comm. v. Sulyma, 140 S. Ct. 768, 774–75, 777 (2020). Rather, “the plaintiﬀ must in fact have become aware” of the dis- closed information showing the violation. Id. In reaching this holding, the Court addressed some of the same circuit deci- sions that the district court did here.4 In sum, even if defendants’ supposedly newly discovered documents had actually disclosed a violation, which they did not, there is no evidence or reason to think that the Secretary was “in fact … aware” of that disclosure. In the wake of Intel, establishing actual knowledge on such paltry evidence would be impossible, and it is now clear that any amendment would have been futile. The denial of leave to amend was not a re- versible error. F. Injunctive Relief Finally, both defendants argue that even if we agree with the district court on the merits, the court granted excessive equitable relief. We review a district court’s grant of injunctive relief for an abuse of discretion. Harrell ex rel. NLRB v. Ameri- can Red Cross, 714 F.3d 553, 556 (7th Cir. 2013). While Johnson asks that we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for a trial, he makes no speciﬁc ar- gument that the district court abused its discretion in granting 4See Intel, 140 S. Ct. at 775 n.3, citing, e.g., Caputo v. Pfizer, Inc., 267 F.3d 181 (2d Cir. 2001), and Gluck v. Unisys Corp., 960 F.2d 1168 (3d Cir. 1992). Nos. 22-2204 & 22-2205 19 the relief that it did. For her part, Sherrod argues that she should not have been removed as plan trustee. She says that she faced extraordinary circumstances, that the plan’s assets were enmeshed in a state lawsuit, that she “reached out to the Secretary for help,” that she used the services of experts and even “made eﬀorts to secure the return of the bond funds.” In other words, Sherrod argues that, at the time she made the bond payment, she thought she was doing “everything rea- sonable to protect” the plan from the Michigan litigation. Even if we give Sherrod the beneﬁt of her assertions of good faith, since the district court imposed the injunction based on a summary judgment decision, good faith is not a defense for one breach of a ﬁduciary duty, let alone the re- peated breaches shown here. See Halperin, 7 F.4th at 546, cit- ing Leigh, 727 F.2d at 124. In any event, the undisputed facts show that a signiﬁcant portion of Sherrod’s many later pay- ments to Sherrod herself from plan assets from 2012 to 2017 were prohibited self-dealing. As with harm to the plan, those payments, taken alone, amply support the district court’s de- cision to remove defendants as ﬁduciaries and to prohibit them from again serving in such positions of trust. Given the gravity and frequency of defendants’ breaches of their ﬁduci- ary duties, they are fortunate that the relief against them has thus far been relatively modest. The district court’s grant of summary judgment and its permanent injunction are AFFIRMED.

Julie A. Su v. Leroy Johnson

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