RENDERED: MAY 5, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2022-CA-0191-MR
T-MOBILE SOUTH LLC (D/B/A T-
MOBILE USA), SUCCESSOR-IN-
INTEREST TO POWERTEL
MEMPHIS, INC. APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE PHILLIP J. SHEPHERD, JUDGE
ACTION NOS. 09-CI-01436 & 15-CI-01124
KENTUCKY COMMERCIAL MOBILE
RADIO SERVICE EMERGENCY
TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD
(N/K/A KENTUCKY 911 SERVICES
BOARD) APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, ECKERLE, AND KAREM, JUDGES.
CALDWELL, JUDGE: T-Mobile South LLC (“T-Mobile”) appeals from a
Franklin Circuit Court judgment concluding that T-Mobile was not entitled to a
common law refund of, or interest on, over $600,000 in service charges paid to the
Kentucky Commercial Mobile Radio Service Emergency Telecommunications
Board (“CMRS Board”) on prepaid wireless service from 2003 to 2005. We
affirm for the reasons stated herein.
FACTS
In 2020, this Court reversed the Franklin Circuit Court’s order
dismissing T-Mobile’s civil action for a refund of the CMRS service charges paid
on prepaid wireless service from 2003 until 2005. The Franklin Circuit Court had
concluded it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over T-Mobile’s refund request
because it viewed the CMRS service charge as a tax rather than a fee. So, it
reversed an order of the Kentucky Board of Tax Appeals (“KBTA”) dismissing T-
Mobile’s administrative appeal and remanded the case for further proceedings
before the Kentucky Claims Commission (which was then handling administrative
tax appeals).
Upon appeal of the trial court’s dismissal of the civil action, we
determined that the service charge at issue was a fee rather than a tax and that the
Franklin Circuit Court had subject matter jurisdiction over the dispute. But since
neither the trial court nor the KBTA had previously reached the merits of the
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refund request, we declined to address whether T-Mobile was entitled to a refund
and we remanded the case to the trial court for further proceedings.1
Upon remand to the trial court, both parties filed motions for summary
judgment in their favor. T-Mobile argued it was entitled to a common law refund
of the over $600,000 in dispute and to interest on this amount. The CMRS Board
contended T-Mobile was not entitled to a common law refund. It also argued in
the alternative that the statute of limitations barred a refund of most of the service
charges at issue.
Following briefing and oral argument, the trial court entered an order
granting the CMRS Board’s motion and denying T-Mobile’s motion. The order
further declared that the trial court’s decision was final and appealable and that
there was no just cause for delay.
T-Mobile filed a timely appeal. It contends that it is entitled to a
common law refund, that its claims are not time-barred, and that it is also entitled
to interest. We disagree. Further facts will be discussed as necessary to resolve
this appeal.
1
See Kentucky Commercial Mobile Radio Service Emergency Telecommunications Board v. T-
Mobile South LLC, No. 2018-CA-001614-MR, 2020 WL 4514940 (Ky. App. Jul. 10, 2020).
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ANALYSIS
Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s resolution of the issues de novo. The
relevant facts are undisputed. Therefore, since the trial court resolved purely legal
issues in ruling on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, we apply the
non-deferential de novo standard of review. Majestic Oaks Homeowners
Association, Inc. v. Majestic Oaks Farms, Inc., 530 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Ky. 2017).
Trial Court Did Not Err in Ruling T-Mobile Was Not Entitled to a Common
Law Refund Under Undisputed Facts Here
1. Discussion of Common Law Refund in Virgin Mobile was Dicta
T-Mobile relies principally on Virgin Mobile U.S.A., L.P v.
Commonwealth ex rel. Commercial Mobile Radio Service Telecommunications
Board, 448 S.W.3d 241 (Ky. 2014), and City of Covington v. Powell, 59 Ky. 226
(1859). In its appellant brief, citing Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251 and quoting
City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 228, T-Mobile contends that the holdings in both
Virgin Mobile and City of Covington confirm the availability of a common law
refund to T-Mobile here because T-Mobile mistakenly paid a fee that was not
owed.
Like the trial court, we reject this contention in part because our
Supreme Court’s discussion of common law refund issues in Virgin Mobile was
dicta. As the trial court here noted, Virgin Mobile resolved whether T-Mobile and
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other providers were required to collect and remit CMRS service charges for
prepaid wireless service during the time period at issue, but it did not resolve any
issue about how any provider other than Virgin Mobile should seek relief via a
common law refund. Nor did Virgin Mobile explicitly hold that any provider was
entitled to a common law refund based solely on mistakenly paying a fee that was
not actually owed.
Our Supreme Court noted that Virgin Mobile had quoted the
following language from City of Covington in its appellant brief:
It may now be regarded as well settled in this State that
when money has been paid through a clear and palpable
mistake of law or fact, essentially affecting the rights of
the parties, which in law, honor, or conscience was not
due and payable, and which ought not to be retained by
the party to whom it was paid, it may be recoverd [sic]
back.
Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251 (quoting City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 226). And
the Court stated that it did not disagree with this “venerable principle” or with
other cases cited by Virgin Mobile.2 But our Supreme Court also clearly held that
refund cases did not apply because Virgin Mobile was not seeking a refund of
2
Virgin Mobile’s appellant brief is available on Westlaw at 2013 WL 8610365. Virgin Mobile
cited therein the following cases for its argument that it was entitled to a refund under common
law principles: City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 226; Inland Container Corp. v. Mason Cnty., 6
S.W.3d 374 (Ky. 1999); Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. City of Lexington, 256 Ky. 595, 76
S.W.2d 894 (1934); Barnes v. Stearns Coal & Lumber Co., 295 Ky. 812, 175 S.W.2d 498
(1943); and Maximum Mach. Co., Inc. v. City of Shepherdsville, 17 S.W.3d 890 (Ky. 2000).
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money already paid, but was seeking to justify its underpayment of service charges
incurred later:
We do not disagree with the venerable principle
cited in City of Covington or in the other cases relied
upon by Virgin. We find them inapplicable here because
they all involve the right to a refund, which as noted
above, is not the issue here. Virgin does not assert these
principles in support of an action for a refund of money
mistakenly paid between 2002 and May 2005. Instead,
Virgin is asserting them as a justification for its
underpayment of the CMRS obligations that came due
after July 12, 2006. Had Virgin paid those obligations
when due, and in a timely fashion filed an action for a
refund of the funds it had mistakenly thought it owed, the
cited principles and the equities they embody may have
favored Virgin’s position. But that is not the case before
us.
Id. As the trial court in its opinion and order in the present case aptly stated:
The [Kentucky Supreme] Court mere[ly] posed a
hypothetical question, in dicta, that raised the possibility
that the equities might be different [if] Virgin Mobile had
pursued a different legal strategy. . . . The [Kentucky
Supreme] Court’s use of conditional verbs (e.g., “had
Virgin paid those obligations”; “may have favored
Virgin’s position) along with its direct statement of “that
is not the case before us” make it clear that it did not
intend to validate any and all common law refund claims
that arose in connection with parties’ remittance of
CMRS service charges for prepaid wireless services.
Consequently, it would be misplaced for this Court to
rely upon hypothetical conclusions of law as a basis for a
holding in this case.
In its reply brief, T-Mobile contends that even if Virgin Mobile’s
discussion of common law refund issues is dicta, it is judicial dicta aimed at
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reducing unnecessary litigation. See Franklin Cnty. Distilling Co. v. Crowder, 305
Ky. 84, 88, 202 S.W.2d 1015, 1018 (1947). And it suggests our Supreme Court
intended to reduce unnecessary litigation over whether providers who paid CMRS
service charges on prepaid wireless service were entitled to common law refunds
by indicating that they should receive such refunds.
But we cannot say with certainty what our Supreme Court intended to
do by discussing common law refund precedent in what is indisputably dicta.
Possibly, our Supreme Court intended to suggest that common law refunds might
be available as a remedy to providers who paid CMRS service charges on prepaid
wireless service during the relevant time period before our Supreme Court
determined they were not obligated to do so. But as the CMRS Board suggests in
its brief, the fact that common law refunds may be available as a remedy to some
providers who made the payments at issue does not mean that all of these providers
are entitled to common law refunds. Instead, such determinations must be made in
light of controlling precedent, including City of Covington, but not excluding other
precedent on the same issue.
City of Covington Is Not Sole Controlling Authority on Common Law Refunds
Similar to the trial court in its opinion and order, we reject any
argument that “City of Covington establishes a stand-alone test for a common law
refund where money has been paid due to a mistake of law or fact” or that our
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Supreme Court indicated in Virgin Mobile that City of Covington was the sole
controlling case governing common law refunds. Instead, we construe City of
Covington along with other cases developing Kentucky common law refund
principles. After all, our Supreme Court noted it also did not disagree with other
cases cited by Virgin Mobile to support a refund before stating the question of a
refund was not even properly before it. See Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251.
As suggested by our Supreme Court, City of Covington expresses a
“venerable principle,” i.e., “when money has been paid through a clear and
palpable mistake of law or fact, essentially affecting the rights of the parties, which
in law, honor, or conscience was not due and payable, and which ought not to be
retained by the party to whom it was paid, it may be recoverd [sic] back.” See
Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251 (citing City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 226). Yet
this statement, by itself, does not express a clear and complete test about when a
refund is due under the common law. It does not describe, for example, how one
determines when a payment for something, not actually due and payable, should or
should not “be retained by the party to whom it was paid . . . .” But controlling
precedent rendered after City of Covington provides more guidance about the
application of common law refund principles.
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Recent Precedent Limits Common Law Tax Refunds to Situations Involving
Involuntary Payments Based on Invalid Legislation or Taxing Authority
Misrepresentation
Recent precedent states that tax refunds are authorized under the
common law in two situations. The first situation is: “when the taxing statute or
regulation is invalid and the tax payments were submitted involuntarily[.]” The
second situation is: “when the taxing authority has engaged in misrepresentation.”
Inland Container Corp., 6 S.W.3d at 377; Maximum Mach. Co., 17 S.W.3d at 892.
Of course, these recent precedents concerned taxes rather than the
service charges at issue here which we concluded were fees in the prior appeal.
And the CMRS Board is clearly not a taxing authority. Nonetheless, the reasoning
of this recent precedent applies by analogy since the same basic types of payments
are often alternately described as taxes and fees in earlier cases where similar
common law refund principles are discussed. See generally Great Atlantic, 76
S.W.2d at 894 (request for refund of license taxes for selling cigarettes in
groceries); Spalding v. City of Lebanon, 156 Ky. 37, 160 S.W. 751, 752 (1913)
(request for refund of license fees for selling soft drinks in pharmacies).
Longstanding Precedent Rendered After City of Covington Recognizes the
Same Basic Requirements for Common Law Refunds of Fees as Recent
Precedent about Common Law Refunds of Taxes
For many decades, Kentucky courts have focused on issues about the
validity of legislation, voluntariness of payment, and any misrepresentation by the
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government or its agents when considering whether one is entitled to a common
law refund from a governmental entity. For example, the Kentucky high court
stated in its 1934 opinion in Great Atlantic, 76 S.W.2d at 895-96:
Money paid without consideration and which in
law, honor, or good conscience was not payable ought in
law, honor, and good conscience to be recoverable, and
that rule applicable to transactions between individuals
should be generally made applicable to municipalities
and other governments. Only very compelling reasons of
public policy relieve the state and its subdivisions from
being required to live up to the same moral standards
demanded of individuals and to repay taxes collected
without authority of a valid law. . . .
On the other hand, this court is committed to the
doctrine, at least as related to the commonwealth, that
those equitable rules may not be invoked to compel a
refund of taxes voluntarily paid to an officer of the law
charged with the duty of collecting the tax. . . .
Here there was actual misrepresentation. . . .
One who has intentionally deceived another to his
prejudice will not be heard to say in defense of the charge
of fraud that the innocent party ought not to have trusted
him, or was guilty of negligence in so doing.
In Great Atlantic, a grocery company official asked a city clerk whether a special
license was required to sell cigarettes and the city clerk replied there was a cost of
$35 per store. The city clerk and other city officials then continued to collect the
cigarette license payments (along with grocery license payments) and to deposit
them in the city treasury for a few years. Later, however, the city treasurer
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returned a payment, advising there was no license payment required for selling
cigarettes in grocery stores. The Kentucky court noted there was no actual
ordinance in existence requiring payment for an additional license to sell cigarettes
in grocery stores during the years at issue. 76 S.W.2d at 894.
Despite arguments that the grocery company should have
independently investigated to see if it was obligated to pay for an additional license
to sell cigarettes, the Kentucky court concluded the grocery company was entitled
to a refund in light of evidence of actual misrepresentation by city officials and
evidence that the payments were not voluntary but compulsory. Id. at 895-96.
The Kentucky court also cited authority indicating that payments were
not voluntary but compulsory “whenever they are collectible by summary process
or fine and imprisonment[.]” And it noted the parties’ stipulation that “the
company knew that those who conducted a business in the city on which a license
tax was imposed without paying the tax were subject to the imposition of fines and
other penalties, and that the company believed if it failed to pay such licenses it
would be liable to those penalties.” Id. at 896.
Even farther back, in 1913, the Kentucky high court stated the
Kentucky rule allowing for possible recovery of payments made based on mistake
of fact or law had been modified when applied to governmental entities collecting
undue payments to only permit refunds of involuntary payments:
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One of the modifications to this Kentucky rule,
however, is that illegal taxes paid voluntarily may not be
recovered; but, if they are paid under compulsion which
exists whenever they are collectible by summary process
of fine and imprisonment, they come within the general
rule and may be recovered. When taxes can be collected
by suit only, and are voluntarily paid, an action to
recover them cannot be maintained.
Spalding, 160 S.W. at 753.3
The Kentucky high court concluded that involuntary payment was
shown under the facts of that case. Id. The plaintiffs/appellants had sought
refunds of license fees paid to sell soft drinks at drugstores under a void ordinance
for which one could be fined for non-payment and which even resulted in an arrest:
Section 7 of the ordinance provided a fine of $5 for any
person who should violate its provisions by selling soft
drinks without the license; and, on one occasion, the
plaintiffs having failed to pay the quarterly installment of
their license when due, one of them was arrested, and,
upon his pleading guilty, a fine of $5 was assessed
against him and paid.
Id. at 752-53.
Ultimately the Kentucky court reversed the trial court’s judgment in
the city’s favor and indicated the appellants should recover the money paid after
determining the ordinance was invalid, the payment was involuntary, and the
appellants essentially received no consideration for their payments. Id. at 753-54.
3
The Kentucky court cited, inter alia, City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 228, in its discussion of prior
common law refund precedent in Spalding, 160 S.W. at 754.
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Thus, the Kentucky court determined that a common law refund of the license fees
paid was authorized in light of conditions showing both invalid authority for
requiring the payment and involuntary payment – which is consistent with the
requirements for obtaining a common law refund of taxes in recent precedent such
as Inland Container, 6 S.W.3d at 377.
Similarly, in Ziedman & Pollie, Inc. v. City of Ashland, 244 Ky. 279,
50 S.W.2d 557 (1932), the Kentucky court reversed a judgment in favor of the city
on the appellants’ request for a refund of carnival license fees. The court
determined the ordinance imposing the fees was void. Id. at 559. It quoted the
rule stated in Spalding, 160 S.W. at 753, about not permitting refunds of voluntary
payments of illegal taxes but recognizing that payments were not voluntary “[if]
collectible by summary process of fine and imprisonment[.]” And it concluded the
payment of the fees at issue was involuntary, Ziedman, 50 S.W.2d at 560, after
previously noting one would be subject to fines of $100 per day for operating a
carnival without paying the fees. See id. at 557. This is also consistent with
common law refund requirements in recent precedent such as Inland Container.
So, in light of long-standing precedent regarding common law
refunds of fees and analogous requirements for common law tax refunds in recent
precedent, we conclude that for one to be entitled to a common law refund of fees
paid to a governmental entity based on mistake of law or fact, there must be either
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1) both invalid authority requiring the payment and involuntary payment, or 2)
misrepresentation by the government entity.
To the extent that prior precedent such as City of Covington or Bruner
v. Town of Stanton4 broadly authorizes common law refunds of moneys mistakenly
paid to governmental entities without requiring a showing of involuntary payment
or misrepresentation, such precedent has long been implicitly modified by
controlling precedent recognizing additional requirements in this context including
Great Atlantic and Spalding.
T-Mobile Cannot Show Common Law Refund Requirements Such as
Involuntary Payments or Misrepresentation by the CMRS Board
T-Mobile argues it fulfilled the requirements for a common law
refund set forth in Inland Container and/or other precedent. We disagree. T-
Mobile cannot show involuntary payments or misrepresentation based on the
4
See Bruner v. Town of Stanton, 102 Ky. 459, 43 S.W. 411, 412 (1897) (“It has been held that,
even where the licensee knew the tax imposed was illegal, and paid it, yet, if there were
circumstances of oppression connected with the transaction, the money beyond the amount
authorized to be collected might be recovered . . . . The general rule is well settled, and is alike
applicable to transactions between an individual and a municipality as between individuals alone,
that where money has been paid through a clear and palpable mistake of law or fact essentially
affecting the right of the parties, which in law, honor, or conscience was not due and payable,
and which ought not to be retained by the party to whom it is paid, it may be recovered back.”).
Ultimately, however, the Kentucky court in Bruner determined “no recovery can be had, because
at the time the money is alleged to have been paid, namely, June 5, 1893, the town authorities
were authorized to enforce the collection complained of.” Id.
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undisputed facts here – regardless of any questions about the validity of controlling
statutes or the CMRS Board’s interpretation of the statutes.
Technically, our Supreme Court did not declare invalid then-
applicable statutes requiring the payment of CMRS service charges in Virgin
Mobile, although it interpreted these controlling statutes as not requiring that
providers of prepaid wireless service such as T-Mobile were responsible for
collecting or paying CMRS service charges on prepaid wireless services. Virgin
Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251. But even assuming a lack of valid authority for
requiring it to pay the CMRS service charges for the time at issue, T-Mobile
cannot show that its payments were involuntary in the sense defined by long-
standing precedent such as Spalding or Great Atlantic. The CMRS service charge
fees were not collectible by summary process of fine or imprisonment. Instead,
unpaid CMRS service charge fees would have to be collected by suit – such as the
collection action filed against Virgin Mobile. See KRS5 65.7635(5).
Not only can T-Mobile not show that its payments were involuntary,
but it cannot show actual, intentional misrepresentation. See Great Atlantic, 76
S.W.2d at 895-96. Unlike Great Atlantic, this is not a case in which there was no
legislation actually requiring the payment of a fee or tax despite government
officials’ representations to the contrary. Instead, then-existing statutes required
5
Kentucky Revised Statutes.
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the payment of CMRS service charges and there was simply a debate over whether
providers of prepaid wireless service were obligated to collect or remit such
charges themselves.
The CMRS Board, through its officials and counsel, simply stated in
correspondence that it took the position that service providers were responsible
for collecting CMRS service charges on prepaid wireless service for the time at
issue – in response to T-Mobile’s and other providers’ questions about whether
they were required to collect and remit these charges. The CMRS Board did not
state an untruth, as it merely stated its interpretation of governing statutes in
response to those offering different interpretations before our Supreme Court
resolved the controversy in Virgin Mobile.
Other Authority Cited by T-Mobile Does Not Support Entitlement to
Common Law Refund Under Undisputed Facts Here
T-Mobile argues it is entitled to a refund based on alleged similarities
to Barnes, 175 S.W.2d 498. In some ways, this case is similar to Barnes – such as
the payments at issue being placed in specialized accounts rather than the general
treasury for the Commonwealth or a municipality. See id. at 499-500. But notably
distinct from the present case, statutory provisions authorized refunds of the
unemployment insurance-type payments at issue in Barnes regardless of whether
there were any showing payments were involuntary. See id. at 500 (referring to
statute providing that refunds of payments at issue be paid out of a particular
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account and rejecting argument that statute expressly providing for refunds and
adjustments only applied to involuntary payments). So, Barnes essentially
involved issues of entitlement to a refund pursuant to a statute which did not
require the payments to be refunded to have been made involuntarily. There is no
such statute here to eliminate the involuntariness requirement for T-Mobile to
obtain a common law refund.
Thus, we do not perceive Barnes as showing T-Mobile’s entitlement
to a common law refund under the facts here. Instead, based upon the clear
requirements developed in Kentucky precedent for common law refunds, T-Mobile
was not entitled to such a refund.
In sum, based upon our review of Kentucky precedent, we discern no
error in the trial court’s conclusion that T-Mobile was not entitled to a common
law refund under the undisputed facts here. Furthermore, given the clear lack of
entitlement to a common law refund under the facts here, it is not necessary for us
to address arguments concerning the statute of limitations or interest or any other
issues raised in the briefs but not discussed herein.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the Franklin Circuit Court’s
judgment.
ALL CONCUR.
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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Mark A. Lloyd Shawn D. Chapman
Bailey Roese Jacob C. Walbourn
Stephanie M. Bruns Frankfort, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
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T-Mobile South LLC (d/B/A T-Mobile Usa), Successor-In-Interest to Powertel Memphis, Inc. v. Kentucky Commercial Mobile Radio Service Emergency Telecommunications Board (n/K/A Kentucky 911 Services Board)
Combined Opinion