Filed 5/22/23 H.B. v. F.K. CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
H.B., B322100
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No.
v. 22LBFL00156)
F.K.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los
Angeles County, Esther P. Kim, Judge. Reversed.
Galperin & Hensley and Yury Galperin for Defendant and
Appellant.
No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent.
________________________________________
H.B. obtained a domestic violence restraining order
(DVRO) against her estranged husband, appellant F.K., pursuant
to the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (DVPA). (Fam. Code,
§ 6200 et seq.)1 The trial court issued the DVRO on the grounds
that appellant “called the mother of his children ‘fat,’ ‘lazy,’
‘trailer trash.’ ”
The trial court misinterpreted the purpose and scope of the
DVPA, which “prevent[s] acts of domestic violence, abuse, and
sexual abuse.” (§ 6220.) Puerile name-calling by a spouse is
lamentable but does not warrant a DVRO. We reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The parties married in 2009. Their sons, Lu. and Le., were
born in 2017 and 2020. In February 2022, H.B. separated from
appellant and petitioned for dissolution of marriage.
H.B. requested sole custody of the children. She wrote that
appellant “can be emotionally abusive with the children and has
not spent any quality time alone with them.” They are not
bonded and four-year-old Lu. fears appellant, who lashes out and
is “capricious.” H.B. wrote that appellant “inappropriately
exposed himself to the children while masturbating” in December
2021. H.B. claimed to have video of this lewd act.
In a DVRO request, H.B. wrote that appellant threatens to
not pay bills and “emotionally abuses [her] and the children daily
. . . [She] is fearful he may harm [the] children and herself.” She
alleged that appellant “fondles himself daily and in front of the
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Family
Code. We use initials to identify family members. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 8.90(b)(1) & (11).) H.B. has not filed a brief in this
appeal.
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children” and “walks around the house without underwear and
[the] children [have] reacted to seeing his genitals.”
Appellant opposed a DVRO and sought joint custody. He
declared, “All of the allegations made against me by [H.B.] are
false. They are an attempt to gain our children’s sole custody.”
Both parents are “completely involved in our children’s lives” and
H.B. “never had any complaints about my parenting.” Appellant
disagreed with any restrictions on contact. He pays all bills and
sends H.B. $2,000 per month. In New York, appellant earned
$250,000 annually, but when he moved to Los Angeles to be near
the children his income fell to $80,000.
In a supplemental declaration, H.B. faulted an
investigation by the Los Angeles County Department of Children
and Family Services (DCFS), noting that parental nudity around
children is not the same as “sexual” behavior in front of them.
H.B. declared that appellant engaged in verbal abuse. “It would
start with a little insult and spiral into an hour(s) of ranting.” He
follows her if she walks away, continuing to rant. He “called me
fat, and trailer trash, . . . you will die from cancer, etc.”
Appellant responded that DCFS deemed H.B.’s allegations
of abuse unfounded. All her allegations “are false,” she “is not
credible” and has not presented admissible evidence. She
interacts with their children while naked. Appellant requested
primary custody.
The Hearing
The court took evidence on the DVRO request at a hearing
on May 17, 2022. Counsel advised the court that DCFS deemed
H.B.’s claims to be “unfounded.” The court said the DCFS
determination would weigh into its decision.
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H.B. testified that appellant exercises financial control over
her. He threatens to quit his job so “there would be no money.”
He gives her cash for food, clothing, household supplies and the
children. H.B. earns a yearly average of $12,000 as a
photographer, which supplements the money from appellant. He
does not have access to her income.
To diminish H.B., appellant told her she is “fat,” had
“trailer trash friends,” and would get cancer, knowing her mother
died of cancer. H.B. stayed quiet to avoid further provocation.
The court heard recordings H.B. made of appellant’s remarks but
did not hear anything relevant and did not admit them.
Appellant is “angry a lot and yells in the home a lot.” He
leaves things in disorder, then yells at H.B. when he cannot find
them. Lu. expressed fear of appellant, tells him to stop yelling
and tries to protect H.B. H.B. recalled that appellant yelled at
her about a missing piece of mail the day she came home from
the hospital with newborn Lu.
H.B. testified that she and appellant practice nudity at
home because “it’s okay for [the children] to see our bodies.”
After a “heated argument” one day, she tried to “bring happy
feelings back in” with a dance party. Later, she realized that she
had filmed appellant masturbating in the background. The boys
did not say anything. In response to the court’s questions, H.B.
said, “I don’t know” if they saw their father’s conduct.
H.B. agreed that seeing their father nude is not new or
shocking to the children, and their attention was focused on the
television. She asked appellant to cover himself. When she saw
he was stoking himself, she told him to leave the room and he
said “no.” This was the first time he engaged in this behavior
and she was shocked. H.B. believes appellant was still angry
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from their argument and took things “to another level of not just
fondling and playing with everything to actually, like stroking
himself.”
H.B. told the court that appellant often touches his
genitals, sometimes in his underwear or while wearing pants.
When she questions him, he says he is “just readjusting” himself.
The children “react to him touching his genitals.” She maintains
that appellant “fondle[s] himself daily in front of the children” or
at least had his hand on his genitals. The children emulated his
behavior but stopped once they were no longer living with him.
H.B. frequently asked appellant not to touch his genitals, so the
boys would not think it was normal to do so “outside of a private
space.”
The court admitted into evidence a video taken by H.B. It
described appellant sitting on the couch, naked, while Le. dances
in a circle. Appellant told the court, “I was not masturbating. I
did not have an erection. I was looking at my phone.”
H.B. testified that when the family lived together, Le.
“vomit[ed] daily” from anxiety and cried often. Once she left
appellant and returned to California, Le. stopped vomiting. She
said appellant “never put his hands on me,” but often blocked her
from leaving a room, making her feel “scared and trapped.” She
feared it would escalate to a physical attack because he was
increasingly angry.
In his testimony, appellant conceded that “we’ve had
arguments” and he was, at times, disrespectful. He regrets
calling H.B. “fat” and “a lazy ass.” He denied physical
altercations or blocking. H.B. sometimes lifted him from the floor
because she is taller, which was degrading. He did not believe he
called her names in front of the children, saying, “I make it a
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point to praise their mother in front of them.” However, the court
did not believe appellant because there was a “prolonged pause”
before he answered its questions about calling her names in the
presence of the children.
The court was concerned by appellant’s “degrading”
language but not his behavior with his genitals because it seemed
that the children did not see any masturbation. The problem was
that appellant made H.B. “feel worthless” by engaging in verbal
abuse. Appellant said that H.B. calls him names—“asshole,”
“dick,” “bipolar,” and “narcissist”—and told him to “shut up.”
The Court’s Ruling
The court found that H.B. did not meet her burden of
showing sexual misconduct, which is bolstered by DCFS’s
determination that the claim was unfounded. Nudity is common
in the household. “The court does find that there has been,
unfortunately, harassment in this matter, and it is based on
[appellant’s] own admission that he has called the mother of his
children ‘fat,’ ‘lazy,’ ‘trailer trash.’ ” The court acknowledged that
the insults might run in both directions. It observed that
children listen to everything their parents say and may repeat
the insults to their mother, to future partners, or at school.
The court granted a one-year DVRO as to appellant’s
“personal conduct,” meaning “you are not to degrade” or abuse,
i.e., harass, attack, strike, threaten, assault, hit, follow, stalk,
molest, destroy personal property, keep under surveillance,
impersonate, block movement, annoy by phone or other electronic
means or disturb H.B.’s peace. The court did not grant a stay-
away order because “the crux of this case is the personal
conduct.” He is not allowed to enter her residence. Appellant
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was ordered to take a 52-week batterer’s intervention program.
He may visit the children without supervision.
DISCUSSION
1. Appeal and Review
An order granting an injunction is appealable. (Code Civ.
Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(6).) A DVRO “is a type of injunction, as it
is an ‘order requiring a person to refrain from a particular act.’ ”
(Loeffler v. Medina (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1495, 1503–1504.)
The DVRO is appealable. (Id. at p. 1502, fn. 9; S.M. v. E.P.
(2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1249, 1257–1258 (S.M.).)
We review a DVRO for abuse of discretion. “ ‘[J]udicial
discretion to grant or deny an application for a protective order is
not unfettered. The scope of discretion always resides in the
particular law being applied by the court, i.e., in the “ ‘legal
principles governing the subject of [the] action.’ ” ’ ” (S.M., supra,
184 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1264–1265; In re Marriage of Everard
(2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 109, 123.)
“ ‘[T]he question of “whether a trial court applied the
correct legal standard to an issue in exercising its discretion is a
question of law [citation] requiring de novo review.” ’ ” (Ashby v.
Ashby (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 491, 509.) We defer to the court’s
factual and credibility findings. (People v. Stanley (2006) 39
Cal.4th 913, 951; In re Marriage of Ananeh-Firempong (1990) 219
Cal.App.3d 272, 278; In re Marriage of G. (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th
773, 780.)
2. Due Process Violation
Appellant contends that his due process rights were
infringed because he had no advance notice that the court would
grant the DVRO on the grounds “that [he] called [H.B.] ‘fat,’
‘lazy,’ and ‘trailer trash.’ ” Appellant forfeited this claim by
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failing to object to H.B.’s testimony at the hearing. (In re
Marriage of Davila & Mejia (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 220, 227.)
Appellant asserts that H.B. never alleged in writing that he
called her names. He is mistaken. In a supplemental declaration,
H.B. averred that appellant “called me fat, and trailer trash.”
Four hours later, appellant responded with his own supplemental
declaration. At the hearing, he testified that he called H.B. “fat”
and a “lazy ass.” Appellant had advance notice of H.B.’s claim
and an opportunity to respond to it in writing and at the hearing.
There is no due process violation.
3. Scope of the DVPA
The purpose of the DVPA “is to prevent acts of domestic
violence, abuse, and sexual abuse and to provide for a separation
of the persons involved in the domestic violence for a period
sufficient to enable these persons to seek a resolution of the
causes of the violence.” (§ 6220.) The DVPA is broadly construed
to accomplish its purpose. (N.T. v. H.T. (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th
595, 602 (N.T.).)
A DVRO may issue if an affidavit or testimony “shows, to
the satisfaction of the court, reasonable proof of a past act or acts
of abuse.” (Fam. Code, § 6300.) Abuse includes bodily injury,
sexual assault, or causing “reasonable apprehension of imminent
serious bodily injury.” (Fam. Code, § 6203, subd. (a)(1)–(3).) It
“is not limited to the actual infliction of physical injury or
assault.” (Id., subd. (b).) Violation of a DVRO is punishable as a
misdemeanor. (Pen. Code, §§ 166, subd. (c)(3)(A), 273.6.)
A court may enjoin “molesting, attacking, striking,
stalking, threatening, sexually assaulting, battering,” false
impersonation, harassing, annoying telephone calls, destroying
personal property, contacting, approaching, and disturbing the
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peace of the other party. (§ 6320, subd. (a).) Disturbing the
peace is conduct that “destroys the mental or emotional calm of
the other party.” (Id., subd. (c).) It includes “coercive control”
that “unreasonably interferes with a person’s free will and
personal liberty” such as isolating the person; withholding basic
necessities; controlling or monitoring movements, behavior,
communications, finances, resources or access to services; or
compelling conduct by force or intimidation. (Ibid.)
4. Case Law Interpretations of the DVPA
Courts have acknowledged that the DVPA may apply
without infliction of physical injury or assault. (N.T., supra, 34
Cal.App.5th at p. 602.) In N.T., a husband was subject to a
temporary restraining order forbidding him from harassing,
stalking, or contacting his wife, or disturbing her peace: While
the TRO was in effect, he tried to discuss their relationship;
refused to relinquish their child after visits; sought physical
intimacy; followed her; placed a letter to her in a diaper bag; and
came to her confidential location despite being prohibited from
obtaining her address. (Id. at pp. 598–601.) The appellate court
wrote that these actions “would have been acts of abuse without
the existence of the TRO” because they are “obvious breaches” of
the wife’s peace. (Id. at p. 603.)
A DVRO is warranted if a spouse publicly discloses
confidential e-mails to control, harass and abuse the petitioner by
damaging her business and personal relationships, which
“destroys the mental or emotional calm of the other party.” (In re
Marriage of Nadkarni (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1483, 1497–1499;
In re Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th
1416 [DVRO issued to stop use and disclosure of private text and
e-mail messages].) After a relationship ends, subjecting someone
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to ongoing electronic and personal contact, despite requests to
stop, is a disturbance of her peace. (Burquet v. Brumbaugh
(2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1140, 1142–1143, 1146–1147.)
A DVRO may issue where a petitioner shows a course of
misconduct (instances of physical violence and emotional abuse)
and testifies that her male partner is “an aggressive person
capable of violence.” (Perez v. Torres-Hernandez (2016) 1
Cal.App.5th 389, 397–398.) In Perez, a partner texted and called
the petitioner “hundreds of times,” said she was “going [to] pay”
and broke into her home, causing her to fear for her safety and
that of her children. (Id. at pp. 392, 395.)
By contrast, calling someone names—when there is no
history of physical abuse, threats of harm or ongoing
harassment—does not justify a DVRO. A DVRO is unsuitable for
a former partner who called the petitioner a “ ‘cold bitch’ ” and
“ ‘spoiled brat,’ ” where the trial court found he was excitable,
frantic or agitated and needed “to calm down” but found that no
threats were made. (S.M., supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1258,
1262–1263.) The trial court described the behavior as involving
“ ‘a very negative comment, . . . an argument, and essentially he
wouldn’t stop and was badgering her.’ ” (Id. at p. 1266.) The
appellate court concluded that this was not abuse. (Ibid.)
5. The DVPA Does Not Apply Here
The record does not show bodily harm, sexual assault or
apprehension of imminent serious bodily injury. (§ 6203, subd.
(a).) Nor does it contain evidence that appellant molested,
attacked, struck, stalked, or threatened H.B. or disturbed her
peace. (§ 6320, subd. (a).) The trial court believed appellant’s
testimony that he did not engage in lewd behavior or cause H.B.
fear by blocking her movements. We defer to the court’s
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credibility assessment of the witnesses. H.B. conceded that
appellant “never put his hands on me.” The court did not find
that appellant engaged in financial abuse or coercion.
The sole basis for the DVRO was the court’s finding of
“harassment in this matter, and that is based on [appellant’s]
own admission that he has called the mother of his children ‘fat,’
‘lazy,’ ‘trailer trash.’ ”
The DVPA addresses abuse, not rudeness. Appellant’s
name-calling was ill-mannered or mean but did not amount to
abuse under the DVPA. As in S.M., supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at
page 1266, no abuse is shown by “ ‘a very negative comment’ ”
during an argument or “ ‘badgering.’ ” If intemperate words
between spouses and partners were grounds for a DVRO, the
courts would be overcome by litigants seeking to control uncouth
language or judicially suppress opinions that a spouse is,
perhaps, overweight or could do a better job of house cleaning.
This is untenable.
H.B. did not show a course of misconduct—including a
history of physical violence—or an onslaught of hundreds of
harassing calls and texts that caused extreme fear. (Perez v.
Torres-Hernandez, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 398 [“[t]he phone
calls and texts harassed Perez”].) Nor did H.B. present evidence
that appellant waged an “e-mail campaign” to friends and
employers or made “alarming, annoying and harassing” sexual
accusations about her to her children, causing so much emotional
distress that one child required care at a mental health facility.
(Altafulla v. Ervin (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 571, 574.)
Neither the plain language of the DVPA nor the case law
interpreting it support the issuance of a DVRO. The court
elevated a garden-variety spat and hurt feelings into a case of
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domestic violence and abuse exceeding the scope of the DVPA.
Case law shows that a DVRO requires more than name-calling:
The cases show outrageous harassment—sending hundreds of
unwanted and threatening messages or disclosing private
matters for no legitimate purpose—sometimes preceded by
violent conduct. No evidence of outrageous behavior was
presented here. The court abused its discretion by issuing a
DVRO because appellant called H.B. “fat,” “lazy” or “trash.” The
conduct does not fall within the DVPA. (S.M., supra, 184
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1264–1265.)
6. The Court May Consider Alternatives to a DVRO
Although a DVRO is unwarranted for mere name-calling,
the court has at its disposal means to ensure that the children
are not exposed to bad behavior, which was the court’s primary
concern. “It is certainly in the best interests of any children of
divorce that the adults in their lives act in a mature and
courteous manner.” (In re Marriage of Candiotti (1995) 34
Cal.App.4th 718, 725–726 [former spouse has a First Amendment
right to disparage her children’s stepmother to other adults, if it
does not directly affect the children].)
“In family law cases, courts have the power to restrict
speech to promote the welfare of the children. Thus courts
routinely order the parties not to make disparaging comments
about the other parent to their children or in their children’s
presence.” (In re Marriage of Hartmann (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th
1247, 1251; Molinaro v. Molinaro (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 824, 833
[the court may prevent spouses from disparaging each other in
front of the children but prohibiting a spouse from posting about
the divorce on-line is an unconstitutional prior restraint].) In
this instance, the court may order the parties to refrain from
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disparagement or name-calling in the presence of their children,
without the need for a DVRO.
DISPOSITION
The order entered May 17, 2022, is reversed. The parties
must bear their own costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
KWAN, J.*
We concur:
CHAVEZ, Acting P. J.
HOFFSTADT, J.
* Judge of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County
assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of
the California Constitution.
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