Filed 5/22/23 In re B.J. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re B.J., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E079603
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.Nos. J285668)
v. OPINION
A.J.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Annemarie G.
Pace, Judge. Affirmed.
Neale B. Gold, by appointment of the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Tom Bunton, County Counsel, and Svetlana Kauper, Deputy County Counsel, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
I. INTRODUCTION
On August 16, 2022, following a hearing pursuant to Welfare and Institutions
Code section 387,1 the juvenile court entered an order removing a dependent minor, B.J.,
from the physical custody of defendant and appellant A.J. (Mother) and J.B.(Father).
Mother appeals from this order, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support the
juvenile court’s findings that: (1) the previous disposition returning B.J. to her custody
had been ineffective in rehabilitating or protecting B.J., and (2) B.J. was at substantial
risk of harm absent the removal from Mother and Father’s custody. We conclude the
record contains substantial evidence in support of the juvenile court’s findings, and we
affirm the order.
II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Procedural History
B.J. came to the attention of San Bernardino County Children and Family Services
(CFS) shortly after his birth. Mother tested positive for marijuana at the time of B.J.’s
birth, claimed to have been unaware of her pregnancy, did not have a stable living
situation or a source of income, and had a history with child welfare services in the State
of Oregon. Initially, Mother and Father consulted with a CFS social worker regarding the
possibility of giving B.J. up for adoption, but they decided to seek services and pursue
reunification instead.
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2
On June 24, 2020, CFS filed a juvenile dependency petition on behalf of B.J.
pursuant to section 300 et seq., alleging, in part, that: (1) Mother and Father failed to
protect B.J. as the result of Mother’s substance abuse problem, (2) Mother and Father
were unable to provide for B.J.’s basic needs; and (3) Mother abused or neglected one of
B.J.’s siblings in Oregon and was unable to reunify with the sibling. The juvenile court
sustained these allegations of the petition and ordered B.J. removed from Mother and
Father’s custody.
In an 18-month review report, CFS recommended that B.J. be returned to his
parents’ custody and that the dependency action be dismissed. At the time, CFS reported
that Mother had consistently tested negative for illicit substances, had obtained steady
employment, and had stabilized her living situation. Both Mother and Father completed
parenting courses, and Father appeared capable of caring for B.J. while Mother worked.
As a result, on December 21, 2021, the juvenile court ordered B.J. be returned to the
custody of Mother and Father. However, the juvenile court declined to dismiss the
dependency action at that time and, instead, set the matter for further review.
After B.J. was returned to Mother and Father’s custody, CFS began reporting a
deterioration in their living conditions. As a result, CFS filed a supplemental petition
pursuant to section 387, seeking to have B.J. removed and placed into a more restrictive
level of placement on the basis that the previous disposition had been ineffective.
B. Relevant Evidence
On August 16, 2022, the juvenile court held a contested evidentiary hearing on the
section 387 petition. The juvenile court received and accepted into evidence the
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following reports filed by CFS: (1) an interim review report dated June 20; (2) two
additional information reports dated August 16 and June 20; (3) a section 387 detention
report; and (4) a jurisdictional and dispositional report dated July 21. The juvenile court
also received live testimony from Mother at the time of the hearing.
1. Interim Review Report
According to the interim review report, Father suffered from cancer and his health
condition had deteriorated over the course of several months. As a result, CFS did not
recommend dismissing the dependency proceeding at that time.
According to the report, social workers made an unannounced visit to Mother and
Father’s home on April 19, 2022. They discovered B.J. confined in a bedroom, behind a
baby gate, while looking out to the living area where cartoons were playing on a
television. Cereal and other food items were on the floor around B.J.’s feet. The social
workers observed a mattress in the bedroom with no bedding, displaying urine stains and
black dust. The bedroom also contained a foam mattress that had been torn, which
Mother identified as B.J.’s bed. During this visit, social workers reviewed B.J.’s case
plan with the parents, including reminding the parents of necessary classes and the need
to schedule a developmental assessment for B.J.
On April 23, 2022, social workers conducted another unannounced visit to the
home. B.J. was again found confined in the bedroom, behind a baby gate, in a soiled
diaper. When social workers asked if Mother and Father take B.J. out of the bedroom to
play with him, Mother told them that they “enter the room” to play with B.J. The ripped
foam mattress and the mattress displaying urine stains and black dust remained inside the
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bedroom. When father opened the baby gate, B.J. attempted to get out of the room, but
Father moved to physically prevent B.J. from doing so. Social workers again reminded
Mother of the need to schedule the necessary appointments for B.J. When they attempted
to leave the home, the social workers tried to get B.J. to respond by waiving and speaking
directly to him, but B.J. did not respond to the stimulus.
On May 2, 2022, social workers conducted another unannounced visit of the
home. They again found B.J. confined in the bedroom behind a baby gate. The torn
foam mattress remained in the room, and there was a strong smell of urine emanating
from the bedroom. Food was strewn across the floor of the bedroom, along with a paper
plate and cookie sheet. Social workers attached photographs of the physical condition of
the bedroom on the date of that visit. When the social worker inquired about the state of
the bedroom, Father claimed that B.J. fed himself because B.J. did not cooperate when
parents attempted to feed him. Father also could not articulate how often B.J. was
permitted to leave the bedroom, stating that the parents would take him out of the
bedroom to watch television, but that the parents would end up putting B.J. back in the
room anytime he attempted to disturb other furniture or items. The social workers
admonished Father that the state of the bedroom was unacceptable from a cleanliness
standpoint, and that B.J. needed human interaction for a healthy development.
On May 3, 2022, social workers met with parents to update the case plan and
provide necessary resources. They reemphasized the need for B.J. to have a
developmental assessment. While Mother claimed that she called the referral for that
resource, she could not document the number of calls or when those calls had been
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placed. Mother also acknowledged that the parents would leave B.J. alone for hours to
play quietly on his own in the bedroom.
2. June 20, 2022 Additional Information Report
According to the June 20, 2022 additional information report, a social worker
made an unannounced visit to Mother’s home on June 11. The social worker again
discovered B.J. confined in the bedroom of the home by a baby gate. He appeared
“visibly dirty,” with food in his hair and with black feet. The mattress in the room was
stripped of bedding and continued to display urine stains and black dust. A used,
disposable microwaveable meal tray was broken and mixed in with B.J.’s toys. The rest
of the home displayed no evidence of an active toddler, causing the social worker to
believe that B.J. was not typically permitted to interact with others outside the bedroom.
When the social worker attempted to speak with B.J., B.J. smiled but would not respond
verbally. Father confirmed that B.J. had seen a dentist, but he admitted that he did not
know if the developmental assessment had been scheduled as previously discussed during
their team meeting. As a result, CFS recommended that B.J. be detained.
3. Detention Report and Jurisdictional/Dispositional Report
As a result of the circumstances documented in the June 20, 2022 additional
information report, CFS filed a petition pursuant to section 387, which was accompanied
by a detention report. CFS recommended that B.J. be placed in a more restrictive level of
care.
CFS followed up by filing a jurisdictional/dispositional report in support of its
section 387 petition. According to the report, a social worker met with Mother following
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B.J.’s detention. During this meeting, Mother denied that she was unable to adequately
care for B.J. and blamed Father for B.J.’s lack of care. She acknowledged that B.J. was
being kept confined in a bedroom, but she claimed that she had the intention of hiring a
babysitter. When asked about her failure to schedule the necessary medical appointments
and assessments, Mother claimed that she had plans to do so in the future. A social
worker met separately with Father, who expressed his view that parents should have
permitted B.J. to stay with his prior caretakers. Father acknowledged that he was dealing
with chronic health issues that impacted his ability to care for B.J. and expressed remorse
about the situation in which B.J. had been placed.
The social worker’s assessment of the family acknowledged that Mother had
consistently tested clean, obtained employment, and been able to maintain steady housing
for the family. CFS detailed that both parents completed multiple parenting classes and
eight sessions of parent child interaction therapy, but the social worker opined that the
parents had been unable to demonstrate significant benefit from those services. Based
upon the social worker’s observations during prior visits, it appeared B.J. was being
confined in unsanitary conditions. It appeared that during his time with his parents, B.J.
had not met his developmental milestones.
The jurisdictional/dispositional report also set forth further investigation regarding
Mother’s child welfare history in the State of Oregon. It was reported that Mother
refused child welfare services assistance with respect to one of her children, who
subsequently suffered an accidental death as the result of improper care. A second child
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was removed from Mother’s care after he was born “medically fragile,” and Mother was
not able to reunify with that second child.
Finally, the social worker reported that she witnessed a scheduled visit between
B.J. and his parents on July 11, 2022. When the parents arrived, Mother verbally called
out to B.J., but B.J. did not move toward Mother and simply looked at her expressionless.
B.J. briefly played with some toys Mother brought to the visit but then chose to return to
his caregiver, suggesting a lack of relationship with either parent.
4. August 12, 2022 Additional Information Report
According to the August 12, 2022 additional information report, both Mother and
Father attended a scheduled visit with B.J. on August 7. During that visit, the parents did
not interact with each other. The caregiver also reported that Mother brought an
unknown adult male with her to the visit, and the man stayed around the family the
duration of the visit. The report also detailed that B.J.’s current caregiver had already
scheduled B.J. for an audiology appointment, had been in contact with B.J.’s pediatrician
to obtain a referral for speech therapy, and had identified a speech therapy provider for
B.J. upon receipt of the pediatrician’s referral.
5. Mother’s Testimony
Mother offered her own testimony at the time of the hearing on the section 387
petition. She did not agree with the allegation that she was unable to meet B.J.’s basic
needs. According to Mother, when the dependency case first started, she was informed
that she needed to complete various programs and stated that, as a result, she completed
8
parenting classes and counseling, passed all of her random drug screens, obtained
employment, and obtained stable housing.
Mother testified that the dirty mattress that social workers reported seeing was her
bed, and that B.J. normally slept in a bed located in the living room. Mother
authenticated various pictures, which she testified described their actual living situation.
She acknowledged that Father was struggling with his health, but she believed Father
remained strong enough to care for B.J. while she was at work. Mother stated that she
would personally return home from work during her lunch breaks to feed and change B.J.
She also stated that she had arranged for alternative childcare, should B.J. be returned to
her custody.
Mother admitted that she and Father would often use a baby gate to keep B.J.
confined in the bedroom of their home. However, she stated that they did so only to keep
B.J. from climbing and hurting himself when they needed to attend to other matters
around the home. Mother claimed she would take B.J. out of the bedroom whenever she
was home. She explained that the observations made by social workers regarding B.J.’s
confinement were the result of poor timing, as unannounced visits often coincided with
Mother’s sleep schedule.
On cross-examination, Mother admitted that she did not know how long B.J.
would be kept confined in the bedroom while Mother was at work, and further admitted
that she could not recall any occasion when she discovered B.J. outside the bedroom
upon her return from work. She explained that on a typical day, she would wake up
around 9:00 a.m. and take B.J. out of the bedroom to feed, change, and play with him
9
until approximately 11:30 a.m. She would then return B.J. to the bedroom while she got
ready for work. Mother would then spend another 30-45 minutes with B.J. when she
returned home during her lunch break.
Mother admitted that a social worker had asked her to schedule an autism
assessment for B.J. months earlier, but Mother claimed that she was unable to do so
because the referral never returned her calls. She further admitted that she had begun
looking for alternative childcare in May because Father’s health appeared to be
noticeably deteriorating. Mother acknowledged that she had some concern regarding
B.J.’s speech development, but she was informed by the maternal grandmother that it was
common in her family for kids to not speak at all until three years of age. When asked if
B.J. ever left the home, Mother stated that she would occasionally take B.J. shopping and
to the park when she had the opportunity.
C. Findings and Order
At the conclusion of the hearing on the section 387 petition, the juvenile court
found that the previous disposition returning B.J. to Mother and Father’s custody had
been ineffective in the rehabilitation or protection of B.J. The juvenile court further
found that clear and convincing evidence showed that B.J. should be removed from the
custody of his parents because continuance in their home posed a substantial danger to
B.J.’s physical health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being. As a
result, the juvenile court sustained the allegations of the supplemental petition and
ordered B.J. removed from his parents’ custody. Mother appeals from this order.
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III. DISCUSSION
A. General Legal Principles and Standard of Review
“A section 387 supplemental petition . . . is used to change the placement of a
dependent child from the physical custody of a parent to a more restrictive level of court-
ordered care.” (In re D.D. (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 985, 989-990; see In re T.W. (2013)
214 Cal.App.4th 1154, 1161.)
“The hearing on a supplemental petition is bifurcated. [Citations.] The court first
conducts an adjudicatory hearing at which it must find by a preponderance of the
evidence that the factual allegations of the supplemental petition are or are not true, and
that the allegation that the previous disposition has not been effective is or is not true.
[Citations.] The rules governing jurisdictional hearings apply to the adjudicatory hearing
phase on a supplemental petition.” (In re D.D., supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 990.) During
this jurisdictional phase, the department “need not allege any new jurisdictional facts, or
urge different or additional grounds for dependency because a basis for juvenile court
jurisdiction already exists. [Citations.] The only fact necessary to modify a previous
placement is that the previous disposition has not been effective in protecting the child.”
(In re T.W., supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 1161.)
“If the court finds that the allegations of a supplemental petition are true, it
conducts a further dispositional hearing to determine whether there is a need to remove a
child from his or her current level of placement. [Citations.] The rules that govern an
initial disposition hearing apply to a further dispositional hearing on a supplemental
petition.” (In re D.D., supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 990.) In this phase, the juvenile court
11
must find by clear and convincing evidence that the conditions for removal under section
361, subdivision (c), are met. (In re T.W., supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 1163; In re C.M.
(2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 376, 388 [“ ‘The standard of removal on a supplemental petition is
the same as removal on an original petition.’ ”].) Generally, “[a] removal order is proper
if it is based on proof of (1) parental inability to provide proper care for the minor and
(2) potential detriment to the minor if he or she remains with the parent. [Citation.] The
parent need not be dangerous and the minor need not have been harmed before removal is
appropriate. The focus of the statute is on averting harm to the child.” (In re T.W., at
p. 1163; In re D.D., at p. 996.)
“ ‘We review an order sustaining a section 387 petition for substantial evidence.’
[Citations.] Evidence is substantial if it is ‘ “ ‘ “reasonable, credible, and of solid
value.” ’ ” ’ [Citation.] ‘We do not pass on the credibility of witnesses, attempt to
resolve conflicts in the evidence or weigh the evidence. Instead, we draw all reasonable
inferences in support of the findings, view the record in favor of the juvenile court’s order
and affirm the order even if other evidence supports a contrary finding.’ ” (In re D.D.,
supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 990.) The appellant “bears the burden of showing there is no
evidence of a sufficiently substantial nature to support the findings or order.” (Ibid.)
B. Substantial Evidence Supports the Finding that the Previous Disposition Was
Ineffective
Mother’s first argument on appeal is that there was insufficient evidence to
support the juvenile court’s finding that the previous disposition was not effective in the
rehabilitation or protection of B.J. We disagree.
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The reports admitted into evidence at the time of the hearing on the section 387
petition showed that social workers made unannounced visits to Mother’s home on at
least four occasions over the course of a two-month period.2 On each of these visits,
social workers reported finding B.J. in nearly identical conditions—confined alone in a
bedroom. On each of these visits, social workers observed that B.J. appeared unclean,
and the state of the bedroom appeared unsanitary. They reported that the parents would
not permit B.J. to leave the room, even to interact with the social workers, and further
reported that B.J. appeared to be developmentally delayed in his speech and ability to
engage in age-appropriate social interaction. Despite this, Mother and Father failed to
schedule necessary medical appointments and developmental assessments to address
B.J.’s need for specialized services, even when repeatedly prompted by social workers to
do so over the course of several months. These reports constitute substantial evidence
upon which the juvenile court could rely to conclude that the previous disposition
returning B.J. to Mother and Father’s care had not been effective.
On appeal, Mother repeatedly argues that she “could” remedy the situation if
given the opportunity to do so, emphasizing her own testimony that she was ready to hire
a babysitter to assist with B.J.’s care. However, the juvenile court expressly found
Mother’s testimony lacked credibility and, in reviewing the record for substantial
evidence, this court does not reweigh the credibility of witnesses. (In re Zachary G.
(1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 799, 811-812.) Further, even if Mother presented credible
2 Specifically, social workers visited the home unannounced on April 19,
April 23, May 2, and June 11, 2022.
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testimony on this point, it would not be grounds for reversal of the juvenile court’s order,
since the juvenile court’s decision “will be upheld if it is supported by substantial
evidence, even though substantial evidence to the contrary also exists and the [juvenile]
court might have reached a different result had it believed other evidence.” (In re Dakota
H. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 212, 228.)
We are also unpersuaded by Mother’s argument that she was unable to schedule
necessary medical appointments and developmental assessments due to factors outside of
her control. In support of this argument, Mother implies that CFS and B.J.’s current
caretaker were equally unable to schedule the necessary assessments to ensure B.J.’s
healthy development. However, the record suggests otherwise. B.J. was taken back into
protective custody on June 20, 2022. The August 16 additional information report noted
that B.J.’s caretaker had already scheduled an audiology appointment, been in contact
with B.J.’s pediatrician to obtain a speech therapy referral, and had already identified a
speech therapy provider for B.J. once the referral was processed. This was substantial
evidence upon which the juvenile court could rely to conclude that Mother was not
credible in claiming that she attempted to schedule necessary assessments but was
ignored by care providers.
We conclude that substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s finding that
the previous disposition returning B.J. to his parents’ custody was ineffective at the
rehabilitation and protection of B.J. Thus, we decline to reverse the juvenile court’s
order on this basis.
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C. Substantial Evidence Supports the Juvenile Court’s Removal Decision
The second argument advanced by Mother on appeal is that insufficient evidence
supports the juvenile court’s dispositional order removing B.J. from her custody.
Specifically, Mother argues that there was no clear and convincing evidence of a
substantial risk of harm to B.J. absent removal. Again, we disagree.
Initially, we briefly address Mother’s suggestion that a child cannot be removed
pursuant to section 361, subdivision (c), absent a risk of physical harm, relying on In re
Isayah C. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 684. We observe that section 361, subdivision (c)(3),
expressly provides that removal may be appropriate if “[t]he minor is suffering severe
emotional damage, as indicated by extreme anxiety, depression, withdrawal, or untoward
aggressive behavior . . . .” (§ 361, subd. (c)(3).) More importantly, this court has
previously rejected such a restrictive reading of the removal statute (see In re J.S. (2014)
228 Cal.App.4th 1483, 1493-1494, disapproved on other grounds in Conservatorship of
O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 989, 1003, fn. 4), and the Court of Appeal that issued the opinion
in In re Isayah C. has since reexamined its reasoning in that case to reach a different
conclusion (In re H.E. (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 710, 720-723). Nevertheless, even
assuming that the juvenile court was limited to considerations of potential physical harm
to B.J., we would conclude that substantial evidence in the record supports such a
finding.
In this case, the evidence showed that B.J. was a toddler who had yet to reach two
years of age when he was returned to his parents’ custody. Despite his young age, social
workers consistently discovered that B.J. was kept isolated in a bedroom. Mother’s own
15
testimony suggested that this isolation would persist for hours at a time and comprised
the majority of B.J.’s waking hours in the day. Social workers documented what they
believed to be noticeable regressions in B.J.’s development, noting that B.J. stopped
speaking and demonstrated an inability to appropriately respond to human interaction.
Further, Mother’s own testimony established that she was concerned about B.J.’s speech
development, suggesting that she also noticed signs of developmental delay. Despite
this, Mother acknowledged that she failed to make any of the recommended
appointments to obtain necessary medical or developmental services for B.J. This was
substantial evidence upon which the juvenile court could rely to conclude that there was a
substantial risk of harm to B.J. if he was to remain in Mother’s custody.
We acknowledge that the evidence in this case does not suggest B.J. would have
been subjected to any specific physical injury. We also acknowledge all of the efforts
Mother did make in completing various assigned programs. However, under section 361,
subdivision (c)(1), a removal order is proper if the juvenile court finds clear and
convincing evidence that “[t]here is or would be a substantial danger to the physical
health . . . or physical or emotional well-being of the minor . . . .” (§ 361, subd. (c)(1),
italics added.) Thus, the plain words of the statute make clear that the juvenile court’s
consideration is not limited to the threat of specific physical injuries but includes the
consideration of the risk of substantial harm to a child’s health and development. We
have no hesitation in concluding that evidence of routine, prolonged isolation of a toddler
who is already displaying signs of developmental delays represents a substantial risk to
the toddler’s physical health and well-being. Further, Mother and Father’s admitted
16
inability to obtain the necessary care and services to address B.J.’s developmental delays
was also evidence that the juvenile court was entitled to consider in assessing the risk of
harm to B.J. (See In re John M. (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1126 [“[M]other’s failure
to ensure that [the dependent child] attended his specialized school, and her failure, and
even resistance, to procuring appropriate services . . . , placed [the dependent child] at
substantial risk of serious harm.”].)
We are unpersuaded by Mother’s argument that removal was inappropriate
because “[t]he problem was Father was dying of brain cancer and he was the main
caretaker/homemaker . . . .” As our Supreme Court has explained, a parent need not be
“blameworthy for her failure or inability to supervise or protect her child” in order to
support a dispositional order of removal. (In re R.T. (2017) 3 Cal.5th 622, 624; In re D.L.
(2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 1142, 1148 [“ ‘[T]here need not be a jurisdictional finding as to
the particular parent upon whom the court imposes a dispositional order.’ ”].) “ ‘Rather
than focusing on parental fault or blameworthiness, the focus instead is on “whether the
child is at ‘susbstantial risk’ of ‘serious physical harm or illness.’ ” ’ ” (Guardianship of
Saul H. (2022) 13 Cal.5th 827, 851.) Thus, even if it was true that most of the blame for
the parents’ inability to adequately provide for B.J. can be directed at Father’s
deteriorating health condition, that would not be a basis for reversal of the juvenile
court’s order.
We conclude that substantial evidence in the record was sufficient to support the
juvenile court’s finding that clear and convincing evidence showed B.J. faced a
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substantial risk of harm if left in the custody of Mother and Father. Thus, we find no
basis to reverse the juvenile court’s dispositional order on this ground.
IV. DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
FIELDS
J.
We concur:
CODRINGTON
Acting P. J.
RAPHAEL
J.
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In re B.J. CA4/2
Combined Opinion