In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 23-443
Filed: May 23, 2023 †
MYRIDDIAN, LLC,
Plaintiff,
v.
THE UNITED STATES,
Defendant.
ORDER GRANTING PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
TAPP, Judge.
This Court routinely upholds the United States’ determination that an offeror is ineligible
for award because the offeror did not comply with the Federal Acquisition Regulations (“FAR”)
requirements. See e.g., Thalle/Nicholson Joint Venture v. United States, 164 Fed. Cl. 224 (2023).
This is integral to preserve the integrity of the procurement process. In such cases, the
disappointed offeror must accept that the awardee satisfied every solicitation requirement when
the disappointed offeror failed to do so. In this case, the roles are reversed; the United States
must accept that the awardee failed to satisfy a solicitation requirement.
Before the Court is Plaintiff Myriddian, LLC’s (“Myriddian”) Motion for a Preliminary
Injunction. (Mot. for Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 21). In this post-award protest, Myriddian challenges
the eligibility of the awardee, Cloud Harbor Economics, LLC (“Cloud Harbor”), for a contract
with the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
(“the Agency”). (Mem. Mot. for Prelim. Inj. (“Memo”) at 2, ECF No. 22). The contract is to
provide methodologies to ensure consistent coding of Medicare and Medicaid claims under the
National Correct Coding Initiative (“NCCI”) program. (Id.). Myriddian seeks to enjoin the
United States from proceeding with the contract because Cloud Harbor failed to meet mandatory
the requirement of Solicitation Clause FAR 52.204-7. (Id. at 1). As explained below, the Court
grants Myriddian’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction.
†
This Order was originally filed under seal on May 10, 2023, (ECF No. 30). The Court provided
parties the opportunity to review this Order for any proprietary, confidential, or other protected
information and submit proposed redactions. The proposed redactions were filed on May 17,
2023, (ECF No. 31) and are accepted in-part by the Court. Thus, the sealed and public versions
of this Opinion differ only to the extent of those redactions, the publication date, and this
footnote.
I. Background
The procurement at issue involves an 8(a) small business set-aside firm-fixed price
contract. (Administrative Record “AR” 243–44, ECF No. 20-1). 1 The Solicitation 2 provided for
a one-year base period of contract performance with three one-year option periods, a ten-month
option period, and a three-month transition out period. (AR 364–65). The Solicitation stated the
Agency would make a best value trade-off decision in accordance with FAR Part 15. (AR 244–
45).
The Solicitation required all offerors to comply with its term and conditions to be deemed
eligible for the award. (AR 622). Specifically, it provided that “[i]f an Offeror fails to meet the
solicitation requirements, including the submission of applicable contract documentation, the
Government will not make an award to that Offeror.” (AR 622). The Solicitation also explicitly
incorporated by reference FAR 52.204-7, a provision addressing System for Award Management
(“SAM”). (AR 407). FAR 52.204-7(b)(1) provides that “[a]n Offeror is required to be registered
in SAM when submitting an offer or quotation, and shall continue to be registered until time of
award, during performance, and through final payment of any contract, basic agreement, basic
ordering agreement, or blanket purchasing agreement resulting from this solicitation.”
On November 21, 2022, offerors submitted their proposals. (AR 641–1534). The Agency
fully evaluated a total of six proposals and determined that Cloud Harbor’s proposal provided the
best value trade-off and was eligible for award. (AR 1182, 1877–1907). On March 9, 2023, the
Agency formalized its decision and awarded the contract to Cloud Harbor. (AR 1877–1907).
Myriddian protested the decision before this Court on March 30, 2023 (ECF No. 1). Cloud
Harbor has failed to intervene.
On April 27, 2023, Myriddian filed the Motion for Preliminary Injunction, (ECF Nos. 21,
22), and an Amended Complaint, (ECF No. 23). Myriddian seeks to enjoin the United States on a
single basis: that Cloud Harbor was ineligible for award because it did not comply with FAR
52.204-7’s mandatory SAM registration requirement. (Memo at 1). First, Myriddian argues that
Cloud Harbor violated the plain and clear language of FAR 52.204-7(b)(1) because it was not
continuously registered in SAM for the requisite period and that Myriddian was prejudiced by
the United States’ award decision because it had a “substantial chance” to receive the award. (Id.
at 4–7). Second, Myriddian argues it will suffer insufferable harm if Cloud Harbor continues
performance because it loses potential work and the opportunity to compete on a level playing
field for the contract. (Id. at 7–8). Third, Myriddian argues such harms outweigh the United
States’ interest in continuing performance. (Id. at 8–9). Fourth, Myriddian argues that an
injunction is in the public interest because it will protect the integrity of the procurement process.
1
Citations to the record in this order are from the Administrative Record, (ECF No. 20-1). These
citations refer to the appendix paginations within these documents as filed with the Court and do
not correspond with the ECF-assigned page number on which the appendix appears. Thus, the
Court will cite to the record using “(AR __).”
2
Solicitation No. 75FCMC22R0035 (the “Solicitation” or the “RFP”).
2
(Id. at 9–10). Finally, Myriddian argues that if injunctive relief is granted, no bond is warranted
because “it is clear” it is entitled to an injunction. (Id. at 10).
In its brief Response, the United States proffers no defense to Myriddian’s claim of
entitlement to a preliminary injunction; instead, it merely suggests that the Court defer ruling on
the Motion until it fully addresses the merits in a judgment on the administrative record. (Def.’s
Resp. at 4–5, ECF No. 27). At the Motion hearing on May 4, 2023, the United States advanced
two main arguments not raised in its Response: (1) the lapse in Cloud Harbor’s SAM registration
was immaterial under the FAR, particularly because Cloud Harbor was registered by March 9
when the Agency issued the award; and (2) Cloud Harbor’s registration is distinguishable from
cases where a contractor was deemed ineligible because they were not registered when proposals
were submitted. (May 4, 2023, Hearing Transcript (“Tr.”) 6:9–19:23, ECF No. 29). Neither
argument is availing.
II. Analysis
As an initial matter, the Court may consolidate the hearing on a motion for preliminary
injunction with the trial on the merits. RCFC 65(a)(2). RCFC provides that “[b]efore or after
beginning the hearing on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the court may advance the trial
on the merits and consolidate it with the hearing.” Id. At the May 4 hearing, the United States
requested the Court defer addressing the merits of the case until it could file its Response and
Cross-motion for Judgement on the Administrative Record. (Tr. 4:20–5:17). The Court declines
to do so. The Court further specified it would not consolidate the hearing with the trial on the
merits. (Tr. 5:19–25). Accordingly, this Order addresses only the merits of the Motion for
Preliminary Injunction.
To successfully obtain a preliminary injunction, the movant must establish the following
factors: “(1) likelihood of success on the merits; (2) irreparable harm absent immediate relief; (3)
the balance of interests weighing in favor of relief; and (4) that the injunction serves the public
interest.” Silfab Solar, Inc. v. United States, 892 F.3d 1340, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Importantly,
no one factor is dispositive; the movant must adequately show all four factors. See FMC Corp. v.
United States, 3 F.3d 424, 427 (Fed. Cir. 1993). Here, Myriddian has adequately established each
factor.
The movant must first establish a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits.
Somerset Pharm., Inc. v. Dudas, 500 F.3d 1344, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007). In bid protests, the Court
“appl[ies] the appropriate [Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”)] standard of review, 5 U.S.C.
§ 706, to the agency decision based on the record the agency presents to the reviewing court.”
Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743–44 (1985). The plaintiff must demonstrate
the agency’s decision was likely “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1350 (Fed. Cir.
2004) (internal citations omitted). In other words, the protestor must show that it is likely “(1) the
procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure
involved a violation of regulation or procedure.” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d
1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). If the Court determines the agency’s conduct fails under this
standard, the Court must determine if the “bid protester was prejudiced by that conduct.”
3
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2005). To establish prejudice, the
plaintiff must establish “that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it would have received the contract
award but for the [agency’s] errors.” Id. at 1353.
Myriddian argues that Cloud Harbor was ineligible for award because it failed to comply
with FAR 52.204-7(b)(1) when its SAM registration lapsed. (Memo at 4–7). The United States
does not contest that Cloud Harbor’s registration lapsed but claims that the lapse does not make
it ineligible for award. (See generally Def.’s Resp.; Tr. 6:9–19:23). This issue is resolved by
resorting to the Solicitation language.
The Solicitation explicitly incorporated FAR 52.204-7. (AR 407). “When interpreting
regulations, we apply the same interpretive rules we use when analyzing the language of a
statute.” Boeing Co. v. Sec’y of Air Force, 983 F.3d 1321, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (citing Mass.
Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. United States, 782 F.3d 1354, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2015)). Therefore, the Court’s
analysis begins and ends with the plain and ordinary meaning of the provision. Jimenez v.
Quarterman, 555 U.S. 113, 118 (2009); Banknote Corp. of Am., 365 F.3d at 1353. The Court
must, wherever possible, “giv[e] effect to the plain meaning of each word, clause or sentence.”
ManTech Telecomm. & Info. Sys. Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 57, 67 (2011) (internal
citations omitted).
First, the Court analyzes whether FAR 52.204-7(b)(1) is mandatory. FAR 52.204-7(b)(1)
provides: “An Offeror is required to be registered in SAM when submitting an offer or
quotation, and shall continue to be registered . . . .” (emphasis added). When a contractor is
“required to” perform a task, it imposes a compulsory constraint. See H.B. Mac, Inc. v. United
States, 153 F.3d 1338, 1343–44 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Further, it is well-established that “shall”
“generally imposes a nondiscretionary duty” and “connotes a requirement.” Supernus Pharms.,
Inc. v. Iancu, 913 F.3d 1351, 1359 (Fed, Cir. 2019) (internal citations omitted). Therefore,
registration in SAM is mandatory under FAR 52.204-7(b)(1).
Next the Court turns to the operative phrase in FAR 52.204-7(b)(1), “shall continue to be
registered until time of award . . . .” When regulatory terms are undefined, the Court gives them
their ordinary meaning. See Nicely v. United States, 23 F.4th 1364, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2022)
(internal citations omitted) (interpreting statutory language). Merriam-Webster defines
“continue” as “to maintain without interruption a condition, course, or action.” Continue,
Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/continue (last visited May 8,
2023). It follows that an offeror’s SAM registration may not have an interruption or lapse under
the plain meaning of FAR 52.204-7.
This interpretation is critical because Cloud Harbor’s registration lapsed from February
12 to March 1. (Memo Exs. 1–2, ECF Nos. 22-1, 22-2). This seventeen-day period fell between
November 21, 2022, when Cloud Harbor submitted its proposal and March 9, 2023, when the
4
Government made its award decision. 3 (AR 885–993, 1877–1907). Myriddian argues the
regulation “unambiguously requires that an offeror be registered in SAM when submitting an
offer and that an offeror continue to be registered until the time of award.” (Memo at 6). The
Court agrees with Myriddian. Accordingly, Cloud Harbor violated the plain language of FAR
52.204-7 because it failed to “continue to be registered until time of award[.]”
Myriddian argues such a lapse is fatal because Cloud Harbor did not comply with a
mandatory Solicitation requirement. (Memo at 2–3). Myriddian highlights the Solicitation’s
“Eligibility for Award” clause which provided that “[i]n order to be eligible for award, Offerors
are required to comply with the terms and conditions of the solicitation . . . If an Offeror fails to
meet the solicitation requirements, including the submission of applicable contract
documentation, the Government will not make an award to that Offeror.” (Memo at 2 (quoting
AR 622)). Consequently, failure to comply with FAR 52.204-7, which was incorporated into the
Solicitation, rendered Cloud Harbor ineligible for the award. 4 Regarding Cloud Harbor’s
ineligibility, the United States argues the lapse was not fatal because Cloud Harbor was
registered when it submitted its bid and when the Agency issued the award, so the error was
correctable. (Tr. 6:13–20, 7:1–8, 8:5–19). However, this is a distinction without a difference
under the stark language of the FAR where offerors “shall continue to be registered until time of
award[.]” FAR 52.204-7(b)(1).
It would be nonsensical to carve out an exception for FAR 52.204-7’s continuity
requirement. The United States fails to distinguish the harms arising from a failure to be
registered in SAM when an offer is submitted or when the Agency issues an award—both of
which the United States seems to believe are fatal—from the harm arising from a failure to be
continuously registered as required by FAR 52.204-7(b)(1). (Tr. 7:1–8, 8:8–9:2). Likewise, the
Court declines to draw a distinction based on the duration of the registration lapse. Just as the
FAR does not account for any number of days delay in registration at the time an offeror submits
its bid or following the agency’s award decision, the FAR does not permit such unrestrained
3
The timeline of Cloud Harbor’s SAM registration, which the United States does not challenge,
is: (1) November 21, 2022, Cloud Harbor submitted its proposal, (AR 885); (2) February 2,
2023, Cloud Harbor filed to renew its SAM registration, (Memo Ex. 2 at 1); (3) February 11,
2023, Cloud Harbor’s registration in SAM expired, (Memo Ex. 1 at 1); (4) March 1, 2023, Cloud
Harbor re-registered until February 2, 2024, (Memo Ex. 2 at 1); and (5) March 9, 2023, Cloud
Harbor is awarded the contract, (AR 1877–1907).
4
The Court notes that the United States has previously argued, and the Court accepted, the
mandatory nature of FAR 52.204-7. See e.g., Thalle/Richardson 164 Fed. Cl. at 234–36
(upholding ineligibility determination because offeror not registered at time of proposal
submission); G4S Secure Integration LLC v. United States, 161 Fed. Cl. 387, 395 (2022)
(upholding ineligibility determination because joint venturers not registered at time of proposal
submission); CGS-ASP Sec., JV, LLC v. United States, 162 Fed. Cl. 783, 816–18 (2022) (finding
the current version of FAR 52.204-7 “no longer provides contracting officers with discretion” in
SAM registration).
5
agency discretion. FAR 52.204-7. Such discretion would disqualify some offerors altogether
while disregarding the avoidable blunders of others. 5
The United States also argues that there are procedures, notably in FAR 14.405, 6 to
correct “minor irregularities” in Cloud Harbor’s proposal. (Tr. 14:8–16). To support its argument
the United States cites Master Pavement Line Corp., B-149111, 2020 CPD ¶ 404 (Comp. Gen.
Dec. 16, 2020), a Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) decision, where the GAO
required agencies to overlook failure to register in SAM pursuant to FAR 14.405 because it was
immaterial to the invitation for bids. (Tr. 14:19–15:20). This argument mistakes the law—
namely because the Solicitation was a negotiated procurement subject to FAR Part 15. (AR 244–
45). FAR Part 14 is inapplicable because it only applies to sealed bidding, not negotiated
procurements. Compare FAR 14.000, with FAR 15.000 (“This part prescribes policies and
procedures governing competitive and noncompetitive negotiated acquisitions. A contract
awarded using other than sealed bidding procedures is a negotiated contract”).
Further, Myriddian argues the Agency does not have the authority to waive the
registration requirement because the plain language of FAR 52.204-7(b)(1) is unambiguous. (Id.
at 6). In support, Myriddian cites G4S Secure Integration LLC v. United States, where the Court
determined contracting officers (“COs”) lack discretion “as to when to require SAM registration”
under FAR 52.204-7. No. 21-1817, 2022 WL 211023 at *5 (Fed. Cl. Jan. 24, 2022). 7 In G4S
Secure Integration LLC, the Court analyzed the current version of FAR 52.204-7 which prohibits
agency discretion regarding SAM registration and even instructs offerors to take processing time
into consideration when registering in SAM. 8 2022 WL 211023 at *5–8. The Court is persuaded
by this analysis and finds that the Agency lacks discretion to waive the FAR 52.204-7
requirement.
5
Nothing in this Order should be construed as imposing a requirement that an agency confirm an
offeror’s compliance with FAR 52.204-7. The FAR does not impose such a requirement, and the
Court doubts its authority to do so. This Order merely reflects the reasoning that an agency and
offerors are bound by relevant provisions of the FAR. An agency need not confirm every aspect
of an offeror’s eligibility, but where an agency chooses not to look, the award decision may be
imperiled.
6
FAR 14.405 addresses minor informalities or irregularities in bids. The United States does not
cite to an analogous provision in FAR Part 15.
7
Although, “the court is not bound by other decisions in the Court of Federal Claims, they are
persuasive authority.” Buser v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 248, 259 n.12 (2009) (citing CNG
Transmission Mgmt. VEBA v. United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 327, 336–37 (2008)).
8
“Processing time should be taken into consideration when registering. Offerors who are not
registered in SAM should consider applying for registration immediately upon receipt of this
solicitation.” FAR 52.204-7(d)
6
States acknowledges such information is not in the record or before the Court. 9 (Tr. 23:9–14). 10
Comparatively, Myriddian raises concrete, irreparable harm discussed above. Further, the United
States could mitigate its harm and issue a bridge contract if performance of the contract was
enjoined. See AGMA Sec. Serv., Inc. v. United States, 152 Fed. Cl. 706, 728–29 (2021). Thus, the
irreparable harm to Myriddian outweighs the speculative harm to the United States.
Finally, the public interest will be served by an injunction. Myriddian argues enjoining
the United States from proceeding with a contract that was wrongfully awarded protects the
integrity of the procurement process. (Memo at 9–10). It is undisputed that “[t]here is an
overriding public interest in preserving the integrity of the procurement process by requiring the
Government to follow its procurement regulations.” Bona Fide Conglomerate, Inc. v. United
States, 96 Fed. Cl. 233, 242 (2010). Thus, it is indisputably in the public interest to require the
United States to comply with the terms of FAR 52.204-7, in a manner comparable to its own
requirements for prospective bidders.
Regarding Myriddian’s argument that no bond is warranted, under RCFC 65 the movant
is required to give security when the Court issues a preliminary injunction. RCFC 65(c) specifies
that “[t]he court may issue a preliminary injunction . . . only if the movant gives security in an
amount that the court considers proper to pay the costs and damages sustained by any party
found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained[,]” but “[t]he United States, its officers,
and its agencies are not required to give security.” Myriddian argues no bond is warranted
because “it is clear” it is entitled to injunctive relief. (Memo at 10; Tr. 38:10–16). However, this
is impermissible under the Rule because Myriddian does not qualify for the government
exception. RCFC 65(c). Therefore, the Court requires Myriddian, as movant, to post security of
$405,000. 11
9
The United States suggests the AR regarding Cloud Harbor’s SAM registration was
incomplete, despite certifying that “to the best of [the CO’s] knowledge and belief, and after
careful review, the following documents constitute the record of administrative actions
performed in the above-referenced solicitation that are relevant to the issues raised in the
plaintiff’s complaint.” (AR at 1). The United States expresses a desire to supplement the record
and provide an affidavit from the CO addressing the issue. (Tr. 9:24–10:19). Notably, the United
States failed to supplement the AR prior to the Preliminary Injunction hearing despite a week
passing between the Motion’s filing and the hearing on May 4 and has yet to do so.
10
THE COURT: “Obviously, we don’t – there’s no record of that [type of harm].” THE
UNITED STATES: “Right.”
11
The amount of bond falls within the discretion of the trial court. Sanofi–Synthelabo v. Apotex,
Inc., 470 F.3d 1368, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2006). In bid protests the court relies on the government’s
estimates of costs associated with issuing the injunction. E.g., Bona Fide Conglomerate, Inc. v.
8
III. Conclusion
For the stated reasons, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction,
(ECF No. 21). It is hereby ORDERED that:
1. The United States of America, including the United States Department of Health
and Human Services, its officers, agents, employees, and all other persons who
are in active concert or participation with such persons are ENJOINED from
proceeding with any contract performance connected to Solicitation No.
75FCMC22R0035, to provide support services for the NCCI program as of the
date and time of this Order until the Court has fully resolved this bid protest.
2. Pursuant to RCFC 65(c), the Court ORDERS that Myriddian give security in the
amount of $405,000 to properly pay the costs and damages sustained should the
Court later find that a party has been wrongfully enjoined.
3. The Court ORDERS the parties to proceed with the current briefing schedule.
4. The Court ORDERS the parties to meet and confer and file a Joint Status Report
proposing redactions to this Order by May 17, 2023.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ David A. Tapp
DAVID A. TAPP, Judge
United States, 96 Fed. Cl. at 243. At the May 4 hearing, the United States conceded it had not
discussed the issue with the Agency and did not provide any estimate of potential costs. (Tr.
19:24–20:17). Comparatively, Myriddian made a “quick calculation” that “given it’s a five-year
contract give or take with option years” and its proposal was for , its performance
would cost the Government approximately per day. (Tr. 37:8–14). Here, the
Court exercises its discretion and adopts Myriddian’s method of calculating an amount. It would
cost the Government approximately per day for that performance. The Court believes it is
fair to calculate the costs associated with issuing the injunction for ; therefore, the
amount of bond Myriddian must provide is $405,000.
9