William A. Gregory v. Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections

USCA11 Case: 22-11034 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2023 Page: 1 of 12

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-11034
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________

WILLIAM A. GREGORY,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS,
FLORIDA ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Respondents-Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-11034

D.C. Docket No. 3:18-cv-01378-TJC-MCR
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Before JORDAN, TJOFLAT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
William Gregory, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, ap-
peals the District Court’s denial of both his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 peti-
tion and his motion to alter or amend the judgment against him
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). On appeal, Gregory
first argues that the District Court unreasonably applied deference
to the state court rulings denying his motions to (1) disqualify the
trial judge and (2) suppress testimony from a witness, because the
District Court did not have copies of the relevant state court mo-
tions and transcripts to determine whether the state court adjudi-
cated the issues correctly. Second, Gregory argues that the District
Court erred by not addressing all claims raised in his § 2254 peti-
tion, specifically, Ground 11, as required by Clisby v. Jones, 960 F.2d
925 (11th Cir. 1992) (en banc).
I.
A jury in the state of Florida convicted William Gregory of
breaking into the home of Skyler Meekins, the mother of his child,
and killing both Meekins and her new boyfriend, Daniel Dyer, with
a shotgun. He was sentenced to death for both murders. Gregory
v. State, 118 So. 3d 770, 777–78 (Fla. 2013).
Gregory raised five issues on direct appeal to the Florida Su-
preme Court. As relevant here, he argued that the trial court erred
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(1) by denying his motion to disqualify the judge; (2) by denying his
third motion in limine to exclude the testimony of a former
coworker of Gregory’s; and (3) by admitting, over Gregory’s objec-
tion, double hearsay testimony from two witnesses. The Florida
Supreme Court rejected all Gregory’s arguments and held that the
evidence was sufficient to support his first-degree murder convic-
tions. Id. at 787.
Gregory then filed a Motion to Vacate Judgment and Sen-
tence pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851. State
v. Gregory, 224 So. 3d 719, 727 (Fla. 2017). His motion asserted
twelve claims, none of which are relevant in the instant case. Fol-
lowing an evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court denied all
Gregory’s claims. Id. at 728. Gregory had also filed—without court
permission—a successive post-conviction motion based on newly
discovered evidence, which was denied as well. Id. at 736. The
Florida Supreme Court affirmed the state post-conviction court’s
order denying Gregory relief. Id. at 737.
The Florida Supreme Court did, however, vacate Gregory’s
death sentences pursuant to Hurst v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016),
because a jury had not found all the facts necessary to impose a
death sentence. Id. Further, the Florida Supreme Court found that
the jury in Gregory’s case had not unanimously recommended the
death penalty, which was required before a trial court could impose
such a sentence. See Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40, 57 (Fla. 2016).
Gregory was resentenced and is currently serving three consecu-
tive life sentences in a Florida prison for two counts of first-degree
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murder and one count of burglary while armed with a firearm, as
well as a concurrent 15-year sentence for possession of a firearm by
a convicted felon.
Following his resentencing, Gregory filed a federal habeas
petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 on November 20, 2018. Greg-
ory’s petition raised eleven grounds for relief. As relevant here, he
claimed that the trial court erred by (1) denying Gregory’s motion
to disqualify the trial judge (Ground 8); (2) denying Gregory’s third
motion in limine, which sought to exclude the testimony of Greg-
ory’s former coworker (Ground 9); and (3) admitting double hear-
say testimony from two witnesses over Gregory’s objection (Count
11).
The State’s response argued that, with respect to Grounds 8
and 9, Gregory’s claims were unexhausted and without merit. Ac-
cording to the State, Gregory presented these arguments on direct
appeal, but made no federal law argument in support of the claims;
the State also argued that these claims were grounded exclusively
in state law. Gregory had only cited state law cases, and the Florida
Supreme Court analyzed the claims only under state law standards.
In any event, the State argued that the Florida Supreme Court
properly rejected both claims. The State did not address Ground
11. Gregory’s reply argued that Grounds 8 and 9 of his petition did
raise a fundamental right—the right to a fair trial.
On February 7, 2022, the District Court denied Gregory’s
petition and dismissed it with prejudice. Regarding Ground 8,
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whether the trial judge should have been disqualified, the District
Court stated:
If Petitioner urges that the state court erred under
Florida law when it allowed the state to present this
evidence, this assertion is not cognizable on federal
habeas review. However, to the extent this claim is
cognizable here, the Florida Supreme Court’s adjudi-
cation is entitled to deference. And in applying such
deference, the Court concludes that the state court’s
decision was not based on an unreasonable determi-
nation of the facts given the evidence presented to the
state court, nor was it based on an unreasonable ap-
plication of clearly established federal law.
Order, Doc. 19 at 42–43.
With respect to Ground 9, the admissibility of testimony,
the District Court reasoned that federal courts in habeas cases gen-
erally will not review the trial court’s actions concerning the ad-
missibility of evidence, because the state court has wide discretion
in determining whether to admit evidence at trial. Again, how-
ever, the Court stated that, to the extent the claim was properly
presented to the District Court, the Florida Supreme Court’s deci-
sion was entitled to deference. Importantly, neither a copy of the
relevant motions, nor a transcript of the relevant hearing, were be-
fore the District Court with respect to Grounds 8 and 9. The Dis-
trict Court did not address Ground 11.
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Gregory then moved to alter or amend the order denying
his petition under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). In this
motion, Gregory stated that he was not abandoning his request for
relief on any of the grounds raised in his § 2254 petition, but his
argument in the motion was limited to Grounds 1 and 3, which are
not before us on appeal. The District Court denied this motion as
well.
Gregory timely appealed the District Court’s judgment and
order denying his habeas petition, as well as the order denying his
motion to alter and amend judgment. We granted a certificate of
appealability (“COA”) on two issues:
(1) Whether the District Court properly applied
the deference standard in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) in
denying Grounds 8 and 9 of Gregory’s 28
U.S.C. § 2254 petition, when neither a copy of
the relevant motions, nor a transcript of the
relevant hearing(s), were included in the dis-
trict court record?

(2) Whether the District Court violated Clisby v.
Jones, 960 F.2d 925 (11th Cir. 1992) (en banc), by
failing to address Gregory’s claim, asserted as
Ground 11 of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition, that
the trial court erred in admitting the “double
hearsay” testimony of two state witnesses?
On appeal, Gregory argues that the District Court’s defer-
ence to the state court rulings was unreasonable because the Court
did not have copies of the relevant court motions and transcripts,
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so it could not have properly determined whether the state court
correctly adjudicated Grounds 8 and 9. He also argues that, in fail-
ing to address Ground 11 altogether, the District Court committed
a Clisby error.
The State responds by arguing that the District Court first
found that Grounds 8 and 9 of Gregory’s petition did not raise fed-
eral constitutional violations. The State also argues that the District
Court did not commit reversible error, even in affording the Flor-
ida Supreme Court deference, because “there were more than suf-
ficient facts contained within the briefs and filed on direct appeal
and [in] the decision of the Florida Supreme Court . . . from which
the district court judge could ascertain the facts and properly apply
the deference standard of section 2254(d).” The State agrees with
Gregory that remand is required to address Ground 11.
II.
We review the district court’s denial of a § 2254 petition de
novo, but are highly deferential to the state court’s decision. Fergu-
son v. Culliver, 527 F.3d 1144, 1146 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). Un-
der the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (the
“AEDPA”), after a state court has adjudicated a claim on the merits,
a federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus only if the state
court’s decision:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established Federal law, as determined
by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
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(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an un-
reasonable determination of the facts in light
of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
“[A]n unreasonable application of federal law is different
from an incorrect application of federal law.” Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362, 410, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1522 (2000). A state court deci-
sion is an “unreasonable application” of clearly established law if
the state court unreasonably applied the established law to the facts
of the case. Id. at 407, 120 S. Ct. at 1520.
Thus, a state prisoner seeking federal habeas relief “must
show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in
federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an er-
ror well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any
possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter,
562 U.S. 86, 103, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786–87 (2011). We have stated that,
“[t]o review the actions of a state trial court . . ., federal habeas
courts[,when evaluating the application of deference,] must exam-
ine the state trial record, rather than rely solely on the state appel-
late court’s findings as to what the trial record contains.” See Fergu-
son, 527 F.3d at 1149 (holding that the district court erred in defer-
ring to the state appellate court’s factual findings on a self-represen-
tation claim without examining the trial court record).
However, federal habeas relief is not available for “errors of
state law.” Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67, 112 S. Ct. 475, 480
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(1991). We have explained that “state courts are the final arbiters
of state law, and federal habeas courts should not second-guess
them on such matters.” Herring v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr.,
397 F.3d 1338, 1355 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). A
state’s interpretation of its own laws or rules, therefore, provides
no basis for federal habeas corpus relief because no question of a
constitutional nature is involved. McCullough v. Singletary,
967 F.2d 530, 535 (11th Cir. 1992).
Specifically, “[a]s a general rule, a federal court in a habeas
corpus case will not review the trial court's actions concerning the
admissibility of evidence.” Alderman v. Zant, 22 F.3d 1541, 1555
(11th Cir. 1994). However, when a petitioner claims that a state
court ruling deprived him of his right to due process, “a federal
court should then ‘inquire only to determine whether the error
was of such magnitude as to deny fundamental fairness to the
criminal trial . . . .’” Id. (quoting Osborne v. Wainwright, 720 F.3d
1237, 1238 (11th Cir. 1983)) (alteration adopted).
Additionally, “[b]efore a federal court may grant habeas re-
lief to a state prisoner, the prisoner must exhaust his remedies in
state court.” O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842, 119 S. Ct.
1728, 1731 (1999); 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). Accordingly, he “must
make the state court aware that the claims asserted present federal
constitutional issues.” Snowden v. Singletary, 135 F.3d 732, 735 (11th
Cir. 1998). A petitioner may raise a federal claim in state court “by
citing in conjunction with the claim the federal source of law on
which he relies or a case deciding such claim on federal grounds,
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10 Opinion of the Court 22-11034

or by simply labeling the claim ‘federal.’” Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S.
27, 32, 124 S. Ct. 1347, 1351 (2004).
This Court has found that a petitioner failed to fairly present
the federal grounds for his claim where all the petitioner’s substan-
tive arguments concerned Alabama law, even though the peti-
tioner cited to one federal district court case and referenced the
“United States Constitution” in his concluding paragraph. McNair
v. Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291, 1304 (11th Cir. 2005).
Here, the District Court erred by addressing the merits of
Grounds 8 and 9 without having a full record to review the trial
court’s decision. See Ferguson, 527 F.3d at 1148–49. None of the
records the District Court reviewed contained the motions at issue,
a transcript of the relevant hearing or hearings, or the trial court’s
orders denying the motions at issue. This is especially problematic
with respect to Ground 8, because the state court’s rejection of
Gregory’s argument that the trial judge should have been disquali-
fied relied on a finding that Gregory had misstated the judge’s re-
marks—it is not possible to review this finding without the tran-
script of the hearing that contains the remarks in question.
However, the District Court’s error is not grounds for rever-
sal because the Court should not have even reached the merits of
the claims. The claims raised in Grounds 8 and 9 presented pure
state law issues, and federal habeas review is not available for errors
of state law. See Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67, 112 S. Ct. at 480. Gregory
raised those claims in his direct appeal. In his brief on direct appeal,
he cited only Florida case law and Florida state court rules, indicat-
ing that he understood those to be state law claims. See McNair,
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416 F.3d at 1304. In ruling on the disqualification of the trial judge,
the Florida Supreme Court cited only Florida precedent, Florida
statutes, and Florida Rules of Judicial Administration. See Gregory,
118 So. 3d at 778–80. Similarly, in ruling on the admissibility of the
statement Gregory made to his former coworker, the Florida Su-
preme Court cited only Florida precedent and Florida statutes. See
id. at 780–81.
To the extent that Gregory attempts to frame these as fed-
eral constitutional issues now, that argument also fails. Because
Gregory only cited state law to support these arguments on direct
appeal, and because the Florida Supreme Court only cited state law
in rejecting those claims and made no indication that it understood
those claims to be federal in nature, any federal argument was not
exhausted in the state court and cannot be reviewed on a § 2254
motion. See O’Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 842, 119 S. Ct. at 1731; 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b)(1).
The bottom line is that, although the District Court improp-
erly addressed the merits of the claims without reviewing the rele-
vant record, Gregory is not entitled to habeas relief on those claims
because they only concerned issues of Florida state law and are not
cognizable on federal habeas review. Accordingly, we affirm as to
this issue.
III.
We review de novo the legal question of whether the District
Court violated the rule in Clisby by failing to address a claim.
Dupree v. Warden, 715 F.3d 1295, 1299–1300 (11th Cir. 2013). In
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12 Opinion of the Court 22-11034

Clisby, we held that district courts must resolve all claims for relief
that a habeas petitioner raises, and when a district court fails to do
so, we “will vacate the district court’s judgment without prejudice
and remand the case for consideration of all remaining claims.”
Clisby, 960 F.2d at 938. We will remand without addressing whether
the underlying claim has any merit. Dupree, 715 F.3d at 1299.
In the instant case, the District Court committed Clisby error
because it did not address Ground 11 of Gregory’s § 2254 peti-
tion—that the trial court erred by admitting the double hearsay tes-
timony of two witnesses over Gregory’s objection. As required by
Clisby, we vacate as to this issue and remand for the District Court
to consider Gregory’s 11th ground for habeas relief.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED AND REMANDED IN
PART.