No. 21-0905, West Virginia Division of Corrections & Rehabilitation v. Damein Robbins
FILED
No. 21-0906, Isaiah Blancarte & Bryon Whetzel v. Damein Robbins June 9, 2023
released at 3:00 p.m.
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
Armstead, Justice, concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part: SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
The majority opinion correctly affirms the circuit court’s refusal to dismiss
Damein Robbin’s claims against Officers Isaiah Blancarte and Bryon Whetzel (the
“Officers”) and properly reverses the circuit court’s refusal to dismiss Mr. Robbins’s
negligent training and supervision claim against the West Virginia Division of Corrections
and Rehabilitation (“DOC”); therefore, I concur with Part III.A. and Part III.B.1. of the
majority opinion. However, because I believe that the alleged actions of the Officers fell
outside the scope of their employment, I respectfully dissent in relation to Part III.B.2. of
the majority opinion and would reverse the circuit court’s refusal to dismiss Mr. Robbins’s
vicarious liability claim against DOC.
A “state agency may be vicariously liable for the wrongful acts of a[n]
[employee] committed within the scope of the [employee]’s employment.” Maston v.
Wagner, 236 W. Va. 488, 507, 781 S.E.2d 936, 955 (2015) (emphasis added). Whether
the employee acted within the scope of his employment is a dispositive issue. A state
agency is “immune from vicarious liability” when the “employee is determined to have
been acting outside of the scope of his duties, authority, and/or employment[.]” Syl. Pt.
12, in part, W. Va. Reg’l Jail & Corr. Facility Auth. v. A.B., 234 W. Va. 492, 766 S.E.2d
751 (2014).
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In this case, the circuit court found that “monitoring the inmates and taking
steps to protect inmates from physical harm is a primary charge of DOC[] and its
employees[,]” and the circuit court appeared to believe that this finding showed that the
Officers committed their alleged acts within the scope of their employment. However, as
the majority opinion observes, “‘[s]cope of employment’ is a relative term and requires a
consideration of surrounding circumstances including the character of the employment, the
nature of the wrongful deed, the time and place of its commission and the purpose of the
act.” Griffith v. George Transfer & Rigging, Inc., 157 W. Va. 316, 326, 201 S.E.2d 281,
288 (1973) (emphasis added). Among these considerations, the “purpose of the act” plays
an especially prominent role. We have said that this consideration “is of critical
importance” to our scope-of-employment analysis and “permeates our caselaw[.]” A.B.,
234 W. Va. at 510, 766 S.E.2d at 769. Indeed, we have stated that an employee’s conduct
“is not within the scope of employment if it is [1] different in kind from that authorized,
[2] far beyond the authorized time or space limits, or [3] too little actuated by a purpose to
serve the master.” Id. (original emphasis removed; new emphasis added) (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228 (1958)). Thus, a finding that an employee’s act or
omission was “too little actuated by a purpose to serve the master” is sufficient, by itself,
for concluding that the employee acted outside the scope of his employment.
Scope of employment is usually a jury question. See A.B., 234 W. Va. at
509, 766 S.E.2d at 768. However, there are times when “the relationship between an
employee’s work and wrongful conduct is so attenuated that a jury could not reasonably
conclude that the act was within the scope of employment.” Id. (quoting Mary M. v. City
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of Los Angeles, 54 Cal. 3d 202, 213, 814 P.2d 1341, 1347 (1991)). At such times, and
when the relevant facts are not in dispute, we are “in no way precluded from making a
determination, as a matter of law, as to ‘scope of employment[.]’” A.B., 234 W. Va. at
509, 766 S.E.2d at 768. Because this case is before us on an appeal from a circuit court
order denying a motion to dismiss, we take “all” of Mr. Robbins’s “allegations as true” and
“construe the [amended] complaint in the light most favorable” to him. Sedlock v. Moyle,
222 W. Va. 547, 550, 668 S.E.2d 176, 179 (2008) (per curiam). The question, then, is
whether a jury could reasonably find that Officers Blancarte and Whetzel purposed to serve
DOC when they committed the acts or omissions ascribed to them in the amended
complaint. In my view, no jury could reasonably make such a finding.
According to the amended complaint, Mr. Robbins served a brief period of
incarceration at Potomac Highlands Regional Jail from Friday to Sunday during a week in
July 2018. During intake, other inmates learned that he was a sex offender, which led to
threats of bodily harm. He requested a transfer from the misdemeanor pod, and he was
moved to the “A-6” felony lockdown pod. This pod was a “segregated” unit, and he was
informed both (a) that no one could enter his cell and (b) that he could not leave his cell.
Nevertheless, early Sunday morning, three other A-6 inmates entered his lockdown cell
after Officer Whetzel, the tower officer, “unlocked the cell door and permitted them entry.”
Once inside, the inmates closed the door, covered its windows, and grievously assaulted
Mr. Robbins for “multiple hours.” As a result, he suffered “multiple” broken ribs and a
fractured orbital bone in his cheek. According to the assailants, “this is what happens to
sex offenders.” The inmates also “cut off” his hair with a “makeshift weapon.” At some
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point, the inmates removed him from the cell and “paraded” him “around the pod” to
humiliate him and “show off” their gruesome handiwork—a fact that, as the majority
opinion observes, indicates that his “injuries were obvious while the assault continued.”
The assault continued until approximately 4:45 p.m. on Sunday, when he was released.
Though Officer Whetzel observed the assailants parading Mr. Robbins around the pod, he
did not intervene. Likewise, Officer Blancarte, who was “rover” for the pod, ignored the
assault and allowed inmates to roam the pod and enter Mr. Robbins’s cell. Mr. Robbins’s
injuries, however, were sufficiently obvious that a different corrections officer, who
processed Mr. Robbins for release, asked who had assaulted him. When his wife saw his
injuries, she took him to a hospital. He was later transferred to a “trauma ward” at a
different hospital, where he remained until Wednesday.
Those are, again, the facts according to the amended complaint, and the story
they tell plainly reflects a deliberate and malicious purpose on the part of the Officers to
allow, or even facilitate, a heinous and degrading assault upon Mr. Robbins. If Mr. Robbins
proves the facts alleged in the amended complaint, I fail to see how a jury could reasonably
find that the Officers were “actuated by [any] purpose to serve” DOC, much less “too little
actuated” by such purpose. A.B., 234 W. Va. at 510, 766 S.E.2d at 769 (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228 (1958)). In my view, this places the Officers’
alleged acts and omissions outside the scope of their employment and immunizes DOC
from vicarious liability for the Officers’ conduct.
The majority opinion attempts to avoid this conclusion by noting that “an
employer may be liable for the conduct of an employee, even if the specific conduct is
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unauthorized or contrary to express orders, so long as the employee is acting within his
general authority and for the benefit of the employer.” Travis v. Alcon Lab’ys, Inc., 202
W. Va. 369, 381, 504 S.E.2d 419, 431 (1998). However, the operative words are “so long
as” and “for the benefit of the employer.” Id. I view this standard to be analogous to the
standard set forth in A.B., which provides that, for an act to be within an employee’s scope
of employment, it must be “actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the master[.]”
A.B., 234 W. Va. at 510, 766 S.E.2d at 769 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Agency §
228 (1958)). Because I can discern no such purpose “to serve the master” in the Officers’
alleged acts and omissions, I would reverse the circuit court’s refusal to dismiss Mr.
Robbins’s vicarious liability claim against DOC. Accordingly, while I concur with Part
III.A. and Part III.B.1. of the majority opinion, I respectfully dissent with respect to Part
III.B.2.
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