In the Interest of M.G., a Child v. the State of Texas

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-23-00074-CV
___________________________

IN THE INTEREST OF M.G., A CHILD

On Appeal from the 360th District Court
Tarrant County, Texas
Trial Court No. 360-704341-21

Before Birdwell, Womack, and Wallach, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Birdwell
 MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellants D.H. (Mother) and S.L.G. (Father) appeal the trial court’s judgment

terminating their parental rights to their daughter, M.G.1 In five issues, Mother

contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support statutory

grounds for termination. Father’s appointed appellate counsel has filed a brief under

Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744–45, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 1400 (1967), asserting that

Father’s appeal is frivolous. Because we overrule Mother’s dispositive issues and

because after carefully reviewing the record we agree with Father’s counsel that

Father’s appeal is frivolous, we affirm the trial court’s termination order.2

BACKGROUND

In August 2021, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the

Department) received a report from John Peter Smith Hospital alleging that

Mother—who had just given birth—had untreated mental health issues and was

possibly suffering from Intellectual Developmental Disabilities (IDD). The report

alleged that Mother was “irate” and unable to care for her newborn child, M.G.

After meeting with hospital staff, the Department’s investigator, Nidra Jones,

met with Mother and observed her to be “irate” as indicated in the report. Mother

To protect the anonymity of the child associated with this appeal, we use a
1

pseudonym to refer to her and her family members. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 109.002(d); Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2).
2
As discussed in greater detail below, although it does not affect the outcome
of this appeal, we modify the termination order to remove an unproven predicate-
ground finding as to Father. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b).

2
admitted to having mental health issues but was unable to tell Jones her specific

diagnosis. When Jones asked Mother if she had been seeing a doctor to address her

mental health issues, Mother responded that it was none of her business. Mother also

reported that she had not been taking the medication that she had been prescribed for

her mental health issues because “she was happy.”

In addition to Mother’s mental health issues, Jones had other concerns. Mother

clutched the baby too tightly to her body and refused to bottle feed her even though

she was not latching when Mother tried to breastfeed her. Further, although Mother

had told Jones that Father was her “husband” and that he had been unable to be at

the hospital for the delivery because he had to work, Jones later discovered that

Father was actually married to another woman and that he was not at the hospital

because he had been incarcerated for domestic abuse against his wife. Jones also

discovered that Father had an extensive criminal history, including several violent

offenses. Further, Jones learned that Mother had two other children, one who lived

with a relative in California 3 and another who had been removed from Mother’s

custody by Child Protective Services in Arizona and had subsequently been adopted.

Based on these initial concerns, Jones believed that Mother and Father were

unable to care for M.G. and posed an ongoing risk to her health and safety. Because

3
Mother initially told Jones that her child lived with her mother in California,
but Jones later discovered that Mother’s sister, B.H., had custody of the child.

3
Jones could not locate suitable placement with a family member, 4 she recommended

removal. The trial court signed an order naming the Department as M.G.’s temporary

sole managing conservator, and she was ultimately placed in a foster home.

The Department provided service plans to both Mother and Father to ensure

that they could provide a safe environment for M.G. if she were returned to their

custody. The trial court specifically ordered Mother and Father to comply with all of

the requirements of their respective service plans.

Under Mother’s service plan, she was required to do the following before she

could reunite with M.G.: (1) provide a lease or housing agreement with her name on

it; (2) submit to a psychological evaluation to obtain an updated diagnosis reflecting

her current mental health and follow all recommendations from this assessment;

(3) utilize MHMR5 services to engage in counseling and medication management;

(4) display an understanding of the importance of consistently addressing her mental

health needs and taking her prescribed medication; and (5) keep CPS updated

4
As part of Jones’s efforts to find suitable placement for M.G., she contacted
Mother’s sister, B.H. B.H. informed Jones that she had been trying unsuccessfully to
help Mother deal with her mental health issues, which Mother had experienced her
entire life and which are “very prevalent” in her family. As noted above, see supra note
3, B.H. has custody of one of Mother’s other children and expressed her desire to gain
custody of M.G. as well, but she was unable to travel to Texas from her home in
California at the time she spoke to Jones.
5
MHMR stands for “My Health My Resources,” which is a local government
unit that provides a number of community services, including mental health services,
in Tarrant County. See MHMR, https://www.mhmrtarrant.org/about-us/ (last visited
June 6, 2023).

4
regarding any medication that she was prescribed. However, Mother failed to comply

with all of these requirements. Specifically, she failed to provide a lease or housing

agreement with her name on it; she deliberately refused to participate in—or chose to

prematurely end—court-ordered treatment for her mental health issues; she refused

to comply with recommended services that a psychologist testified were required to

provide a safe environment for M.G.; and she failed to show the Department that she

was consistently taking her medication in the manner prescribed by her mental health

provider.

Father’s service plan required him to undergo a psychological evaluation,

engage in individual counseling, complete a Batterer’s Intervention and Prevention

Program (BIPP), and submit to drug testing. Like Mother, Father failed to comply

with the requirements of his service plan. Specifically, Father did not complete a BIPP

or individual counseling and never underwent a drug test. In fact, Father told a

caseworker that he felt that he did not need to comply with his service plan because it

was not his fault that M.G. had been removed.

During the pendency of the case, Mother and Father not only failed to alleviate

the Department’s initial concerns by completing their service plans but also engaged

in conduct that gave rise to new concerns. For example, after M.G.’s removal, Mother

gave birth to another child who also had to be removed due to Father’s apparent drug

use and Mother’s unwillingness or inability to obtain necessary mental health services.

Additionally, Father was incarcerated from January to March 2022 for violating the

5
terms of his probation. Also, Mother informed a caseworker that Father had

temporarily kicked her out of their apartment after an argument and that she had not

been allowed to return without Father’s permission because her name was not on the

lease. This raised the possibility that Mother could become homeless.

Following a bench trial, the trial court signed an order terminating Mother’s

and Father’s parental rights to M.G. In support of its termination of Mother’s parental

rights, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that Mother (1) had

knowingly placed or knowingly allowed M.G. to remain in conditions or surroundings

which endangered her physical or emotional well-being, see Tex. Fam. Code. Ann.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(D); (2) had engaged in conduct or knowingly placed M.G. with

persons who engaged in conduct which endangered her physical or emotional well-

being, see id. § 161.001(b)(1)(E); and (3) has a mental or emotional illness or a mental

deficiency that renders her unfit to provide for M.G.’s needs and that this illness or

deficiency, in all reasonable probability, will continue to render Mother unfit to

provide for M.G.’s needs until M.G.’s eighteenth birthday, see id. § 161.003. In

addition, the trial court found that Father had constructively abandoned M.G., that

the Department had made reasonable efforts to return M.G. to Father, that Father

had not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with M.G., and that Father

had demonstrated an inability to provide M.G. with a safe environment. See id.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(N). Further, the trial court found that Mother and Father had each

failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the

6
actions necessary for them to obtain the return of M.G. after she had been removed

from their care for abuse or neglect and after she had been in the Department’s

managing conservatorship for at least nine months and that termination of Mother’s

and Father’s parental rights was in M.G.’s best interest. See id. § 161.001(b)(1)(O), (2).

Mother and Father each appealed.

MOTHER’S APPEAL: THE EVIDENCE IS SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT TERMINATION

In five issues, Mother contends that the evidence is insufficient to uphold the

findings supporting termination. For a trial court to terminate a parent–child

relationship, the party seeking termination must prove two elements by clear and

convincing evidence: (1) that the parent’s actions satisfy one ground listed in Family

Code Section 161.001(b)(1); and (2) that termination is in the child’s best interest. Id.

§ 161.001(b); In re Z.N., 602 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Tex. 2020). Evidence is clear and

convincing if it “will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 101.007; Z.N., 602 S.W.3d at 545.

Due process demands the heightened standard of clear and convincing

evidence because “[a] parental rights termination proceeding encumbers a value ‘far

more precious than any property right.’” In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex. 2012)

(quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982)); In re

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002); see also In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex.

2012). In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to

7
erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges,

duties, and powers normally existing between them, except the child’s right to inherit.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985).

Consequently, “[w]hen the State seeks to sever permanently the relationship between

a parent and a child, it must first observe fundamentally fair procedures.” E.R., 385

S.W.3d at 554 (citing Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747–48, 102 S. Ct. at 1391–92). For the

same reason, we carefully scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly construe

involuntary-termination statutes in the parent’s favor. E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802;

E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 563; Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20–21.

To determine whether the evidence is legally sufficient in parental-termination

cases, we look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding

to determine whether a reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction

that the finding is true. Z.N., 602 S.W.3d at 545. The factfinder may draw inferences,

but they must be reasonable and logical. Id. We assume that the factfinder settled any

evidentiary conflicts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done

so. Id. We disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved,

and we consider undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. Id.; J.F.C., 96

S.W.3d at 266. That is, we consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable

factfinder could, and we disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder

could not. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005). The factfinder is the sole

judge of the witnesses’ credibility and demeanor. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346

8
(Tex. 2009).

We must perform “an exacting review of the entire record” in determining the

factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the termination of a parent–child

relationship. In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 500 (Tex. 2014). Nevertheless, we give due

deference to the factfinder’s findings and do not supplant them with our own. In re

H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We review the whole record to decide

whether a factfinder could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that the

Department proved one or more of the conduct-specific grounds on which the

termination was based and that the termination of the parent–child relationship would

be in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); In re C.H., 89

S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002). If the factfinder reasonably could form such a firm

conviction or belief, then the evidence is factually sufficient. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 18–19.

A. Failure to Comply with the Provisions of a Court Order Under
Section 161.001(b)(1)(O)
In her third issue, Mother contends that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support termination under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O) of the Family

Code. This subsection authorizes the termination of parental rights when a parent

fails to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the

actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of a child who has been in the

permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department for not less

9
than nine months as a result of the child’s removal for abuse or neglect. Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(O).

As set forth above, the trial court made a predicate finding pursuant to Section

161.001(b)(1)(O) that Mother had failed to comply with the provisions of a court

order that specifically established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of

M.G. Although Mother’s brief includes as one of her enumerated appellate issues an

assertion that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support termination

under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O) and sets forth the law applicable to termination under

that subsection, it fails to point out any specific deficiencies in the evidence

supporting the trial court’s predicate finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O). Indeed,

while the argument section of Mother’s brief contains subsections addressing the lack

of evidence to support the trial court’s predicate findings under Sections

161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E) and the trial court’s finding that termination is in M.G.’s

best interest under Section 161.001(b)(2), it contains no such subsection addressing

the trial court’s findings under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O).6 Essentially, Mother leaves it

up to us to brief her issue, but we have no duty to do so. See O’Neal v. Dale, No. 02-

20-00173-CV, 2021 WL 210848, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 21, 2021, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (citing Huey v. Huey, 200 S.W.3d 851, 854 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no

pet.)). Thus, Mother has forfeited the issue due to inadequate briefing. See Tex. R.

6
Mother discusses service-plan related facts in the brief’s Statement of Facts,
but those are relevant to all of her appellate issues.

10
App. P. 38.1; Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex.

1994) (observing that error may be waived by inadequate briefing); see also Jackson v.

Vaughn, 546 S.W.3d 913, 922 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2018, no pet.); McKinnon v. Wallin,

No. 03-17-00592-CV, 2018 WL 3849399, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 14, 2018,

pet. denied) (mem. op.).

Even if Mother had not forfeited the issue, the record contains ample evidence

to support termination under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O).7 As detailed above, the trial

court ordered Mother to comply with all of the requirements of her service plan.

These requirements included, among other things, providing a lease or housing

agreement with her name on it; submitting to an updated psychological evaluation and

following all recommendations from this assessment; utilizing MHMR services to

engage in counseling and medication management; and staying consistent with her

prescribed medication. 8 The permanency specialist assigned to M.G.’s case testified

that Mother had deliberately refused to participate in—or chose to prematurely end—

court-ordered treatment for her mental health issues; had refused to comply with

recommended services that a psychologist testified were required to provide a safe

7
Because the record reflects that the Department was named M.G.’s temporary
sole managing conservator as of August 9, 2021, it is beyond dispute that M.G. has
been in the Department’s temporary managing conservatorship for not less than nine
months as required by Subsection (O). See Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(O).
8
These requirements are sufficiently specific to notify Mother of the actions she
had to take to retain custody. See In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 239 (Tex. 2019)
(requiring courts of appeals to consider order’s specificity in Subsection (O)
sufficiency analysis).

11
environment for M.G.; and had failed to show the Department that she was

consistently taking her medication in the manner prescribed by her mental health

provider. While Mother testified that she had taken her medication after M.G. was

born, she also admitted that she was not currently taking it at the time of trial and that

she had not taken it during her most recent pregnancy. She also admitted that she

could not provide a lease or housing agreement with her name on it. This evidence

could have rationally enabled the trial court to form a firm belief or conviction that

Mother had failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically

established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of M.G. 9 See Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(O).

9
The trial court’s termination order specifically found that Mother failed to
prove her affirmative defense under Section 161.001(d), which provides that a court
may not order termination under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O) if a parent proves by a
preponderance of the evidence (1) that she was unable to comply with specific
provisions of the court order and (2) that she made a good faith effort to comply with
the order and the failure to comply is not her fault. Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 161.001(d). Although Mother never references or cites to Section 161.001(d) in her
brief, some of her arguments concerning whether termination was in M.G.’s best
interest touch on Mother’s efforts to comply with the provisions of her service plan.
See In re Z.M.M., 577 S.W.3d 541, 542–43 (Tex. 2019) (holding that although father
did not explicitly raise a Section 161.001(d) argument in the court of appeals, his
arguments should have alerted the court that he was urging a Section 161.001(d)
defense). Therefore, in the interest of completeness, we hold that the evidence was
legally and factually sufficient to uphold the trial court’s finding that Mother failed to
prove her affirmative defense under Section 161.001(d). The permanency specialist
testified that Mother was discharged from her counseling program because “[s]he was
not consistent with her involvement with the therapist” and “expressed throughout
that she did not want to participate anymore” and that it was Mother’s fault that her
MHMR mental health assessment was never completed because Mother refused to
cooperate regarding scheduling. Although Mother tried to explain that her failure to

12
 Because Mother forfeited her challenge to the trial court’s Subsection (O)

predicate-ground finding and because we conclude that, even if she had not, the evidence

is legally and factually sufficient to support termination under that subsection, see J.P.B.,

180 S.W.3d at 573; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28–29, we overrule Mother’s third issue.

B. Endangerment Under Section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E)
Having concluded that Mother forfeited her challenge to the trial court’s

Subsection (O) predicate-ground finding, we have already determined that the

requirements of Section 161.001(b)(1) have been satisfied in the present case. See Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003)

(recognizing that “[o]nly one predicate finding under [S]ection 161.001[(b)](1) is

necessary to support a judgment of termination”). This would ordinarily end our

Section 161.001(b)(1) analysis. See, e.g., In re C.W., 586 S.W.3d 405, 406 (Tex. 2019)

(“To affirm termination of parental rights on appeal, appellate courts often detail the

evidence in support of only one termination ground . . . even if the trial court based

the termination on more than one ground.”). But the Texas Supreme Court has

recognized that because Subsection (M) allows a trial court to terminate the parental

rights of a parent whose parent–child relationship with another child was terminated

based on a finding under (D) or (E), Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(M), a trial

court’s finding under either Subsection (D) or (E) has consequences for termination

complete her court-ordered service plan was due to a lack of understanding, the trial
court, as the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility, see J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 346, was
free to reject her explanation.

13
of parental rights as to other children. C.W., 586 S.W.3d at 406. Thus, when a parent

challenges a Subsection (D) or (E) finding, due process and due course of law demand

that we address the finding and detail our analysis. N.G., 577 S.W.3d at 235, 237; see

C.W., 586 S.W.3d at 407 (relying on N.G. and holding same); see also Z.M.M., 577

S.W.3d at 543 (relying on N.G. to hold that the court of appeals erred by not

addressing the father’s sufficiency challenge to the trial court’s Subsection (D)

finding). Accordingly, we address Mother’s first and second issues in which she

challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the trial court’s predicate-ground

findings under Subsections (D) and (E).10

Section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E) both require a finding of endangerment.

“‘[E]ndanger’ means to expose to loss or injury” or “to jeopardize.” In re J.F.-G., 627

S.W.3d 304, 312 (Tex. 2021) (quoting Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d

531, 533 (Tex. 1987)); see also In re J.V., No. 02-15-00036-CV, 2015 WL 4148500, at *3

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 9, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“A child is endangered

when the environment creates a potential for danger that the parent is aware of but

disregards.”). The specific danger to a child’s physical or emotional well-being need

not be established as an independent proposition, but it may be inferred from parental

misconduct. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs., 727 S.W.2d at 533.
10
Because the evidence concerning Subsections (D) and (E) is interrelated, we
address these issues together. See In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 503 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) (op. on reh’g); see also Vann v. Gaines, No. 02-06-00148-CV,
2007 WL 865870, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 22, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(addressing interrelated issues together).

14
 Endangerment under Subsection (D) arises from the child’s environment, but a

parent’s conduct can contribute to an endangering environment. In re J.T.G.,

121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). “[A]busive or violent

conduct by a parent or other resident of a child’s home may produce an environment

that endangers the physical or emotional well-being of a child.” Id.; see J.V.,

2015 WL 4148500, at *3 (“Inappropriate, abusive, or unlawful conduct by persons

who live in the child’s home or with whom the child is compelled to associate on a

regular basis in his home is a part of the ‘conditions or surroundings’ of the child’s

home under section 161.001(b)(1)(D).”). To prove endangerment, it is not necessary

that a parent’s conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffer injury.

J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125. A parent’s decision to continue living with someone who

has committed instances of domestic violence may support an endangerment finding

under Subsection (D). See In re M.V., 343 S.W.3d 543, 547 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011,

no pet.). We may consider a parent’s endangering conduct toward other children to

determine whether the parent engaged in behavior that endangered the child at issue.

See In re S.H., No. 02-17-00188-CV, 2017 WL 4542859, at *11 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth Oct. 12, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). Additionally, Subsection (D) permits

termination based upon a single act or omission. Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 721

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied).

Under Subsection (E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that the

endangerment of the child’s physical well-being was the direct result of the parent’s

15
conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act. In re T.T.F., 331 S.W.3d 461, 483

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); accord In re E.M., 494 S.W.3d 209, 221 (Tex.

App.—Waco 2015, pets. denied). Either the parent’s conduct or the conduct of a

person with whom the parent knowingly leaves a child that endangers his or her

physical or emotional well-being is sufficient. E.M., 494 S.W.3d at 221. Termination

under Subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; the statute

requires a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent.

M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d at 502.

Applying the standards articulated above, we conclude that legally and factually

sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s findings under Subsections (D) and (E)

that Mother endangered M.G. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). First,

Mother’s living situation created a dangerous situation for M.G. As detailed above,

Mother was unable to present a lease or a housing agreement with her name on it as

required by her service plan. 11 Because Mother lived with Father but was not married

to him and was not named on his apartment lease, her living situation was subject to

Father’s whims—and was thus unstable. 12 The instability of this situation is

11
Nothing in the record suggests that Mother’s failure to present a lease or
housing agreement with her name on it was due to economic disadvantage. See Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(c). To comply with her service plan, Mother only needed
to have her name added to the existing lease on the apartment she shared with Father;
there was no explicit requirement that she obtain additional or separate housing.

The Department argues that Mother’s living situation created a dangerous
12

environment for M.G. not only because it was unstable but also because Mother lived

16
demonstrated by the fact that Father had already kicked Mother out of the apartment

at least twice following arguments, leaving her with nowhere to go.

Second, the record shows that Mother failed to cooperate with the

Department. See In re T.J., No. 05-22-00954-CV, 2023 WL 1988838, at *9 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Feb. 14, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that evidence showing

“[m]other failed to cooperate with the Department and failed to participate in the

services she needed to complete in order to preserve her relationship with the

children” supported a finding of endangerment). Mother lied when first approached

by the Department’s investigator at the hospital, telling her that Father was her

husband and that he was not present for M.G.’s birth because he was working when,

in reality, Father was married to another woman and was not present because he had

with Father—a man with an extensive criminal history, including multiple convictions
for family violence. See, e.g., In re L.W., 609 S.W.3d 189, 200 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2020, no pet.) (“[A]busive or violent conduct by a parent or other resident of a child’s
home can produce an environment that endangers the physical or emotional well-
being of a child.” (quoting In re B.E.T., No. 06-14-00069-CV, 2015 WL 495303, at *5
(Tex. App.—Texarkana Feb. 5, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.))). But, as Mother points
out, although the Department asked the trial court to terminate Father’s parental
rights on Subsection (D) and (E) grounds, the trial court declined to do so, which
suggests that the trial court determined that Father’s mere presence in the home
would not be sufficient to create a dangerous environment. We note that the trial
court’s refusal to find that the Department had satisfied its burden to show that
Father’s parental rights should be terminated under Subsections (D) or (E) does not
equate to a positive finding that Father’s presence in the home posed no danger to
M.G. See, e.g., Phila. Indem. Ins. v. White, 490 S.W.3d 468, 488 (Tex. 2016). However,
because the record contains other sufficient evidence to support termination of
Mother’s parental rights under Subsections (D) and (E), we need not determine
whether Mother’s continued cohabitation with Father may be considered as additional
evidence of endangerment.

17
been incarcerated for domestic abuse against his wife. In addition, on a few occasions,

Mother denied the permanency specialist access to her home, preventing the specialist

from fully assessing whether the home was safe for M.G. Mother also refused—

without explanation—to discuss her psychological evaluation with the permanency

specialist, thereby impeding the Department’s efforts to assess and address Mother’s

mental health problems.

Third, as detailed above, Mother failed to complete her service plan. See T.J.,

2023 WL 1988838, at *9; see also In re A.J.A.D., No. 01-22-00521-CR, 2022 WL

17813763, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 20, 2022, pet. denied) (mem.

op.) (noting that “a parent’s voluntary failure to engage in or complete services can

constitute evidence of child endangerment, particularly to the extent the parent’s

failure to do so indicates that past endangering conduct remains unaddressed and is

likely to persist in the future”); In re R.F., 115 S.W.3d 804, 811 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2003, no pet.) (providing that as part of the endangering-conduct analysis, a court may

consider a parent’s failure to complete a service plan). Mother’s service plan was

primarily designed to address her mental health issues; thus, her failure to complete

her services and to demonstrate that she was taking her prescribed medication

strongly supports the trial court’s endangerment findings.13 See In re L.L.F., No. 02-11-

13
This case is distinguishable from In re C.E. in which we held that the evidence
was insufficient to support termination under Subsection (E) and Section 161.003
because there was no “competent evidence . . . of how the [parent’s] mental health
diagnosis le[d] to [her] concerning behavior.” No. 02-22-00285-CV, 2023 WL 170762,

18
00485-CV, 2012 WL 2923291, at *15 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 19, 2012, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (recognizing that “a parent’s failure to take medication can create an

environment or expose a child to an environment that endangers the child’s

emotional or physical well-being”); In re K.G., 350 S.W.3d 338, 355 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2011, pet. denied) (“[T]he trial court could have chosen to believe that

Mother’s . . . failure to . . . take steps to treat her mental health issues demonstrated an

inability to provide [the child] with a safe environment.”); see also In re E.G., No. 07-

20-00098-CV, 2020 WL 3477176, at *1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo June 25, 2020, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (listing mother’s failure to “complete[] a number of her court-ordered

services aimed at improving her mental health and parenting skills” as evidence

supporting termination under Subsections (D) and (E)).

In sum, there was evidence that Mother failed to secure stable housing, did not

fully cooperate with the Department, and did not comply with her service plan.

Giving due deference to the trial court’s findings, see H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108, we

find that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support termination of

at *15–19 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 12, 2023, pet. filed) (mem. op.). Like C.E.,
much of the evidence in this case concerning how Mother’s mental health issues
might affect her ability to parent M.G. is speculative. However, unlike the mother in
C.E., who completed all of her required services, including attending therapy sessions,
see id. at *17, *21, Mother only made “minimal progress” on her service plan. Her
failure to take steps that the Department believed were necessary to ensure a safe
environment for M.G., including addressing her mental health issues and taking her
prescribed medication consistently, supports termination under Subsections (D) and
(E). See T.J., 2023 WL 1988838, at *9; A.J.A.D., 2022 WL 17813763, at *8; R.F., 115
S.W.3d at 811.

19
Mother’s parental rights under Subsections (D) and (E). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). Accordingly, we overrule Mother’s first and second issues.

C. Best Interest Under Section 161.001(b)(2)
In her fifth issue,14 Mother contends that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to show that termination of her parental rights to M.G. is in the child’s

best interest. There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the

child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). We review the entire

record to determine the child’s best interest. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 250 (Tex.

2013). The same evidence may be probative of both a Subsection (b)(1) predicate

ground and best interest. Id. at 249; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. Factors that the trier of

fact in a termination case may also use in determining the best interest of the child

include (1) the desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child

now and in the future, (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in

the future, (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the

programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child,

(6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody, (7)

the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) the acts or omissions of the

parent that may indicate that the existing parent–child relationship is not a proper

14
We address Mother’s fifth issue next because its disposition, coupled with our
disposition of Mother’s first three issues, obviates the need to address Mother’s fourth
issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; see also Giant Res., LP v. Lonestar Res., Inc., No. 02-21-
00349-CV, 2022 WL 2840265, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 21, 2022, no pet.).

20
one, and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544

S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976); see E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 249 (stating that in

reviewing a best interest finding, “we consider, among other evidence, the Holley

factors”); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 807. These factors are not exhaustive, and some

listed factors may not apply to some cases. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. Furthermore,

undisputed evidence of just one factor may be sufficient to support a finding that

termination is in the child’s best interest. Id.

We hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to show that

termination of Mother’s parental rights to M.G. is in the child’s best interest. The trial

court could have reasonably found that the evidence discussed above that supports

the predicate-ground findings under Subsections (D), (E), and (O) also reflects that

termination is in M.G.’s best interest. See E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 249; C.H., 89 S.W.3d

at 28; see also In re C.V., 531 S.W.3d 301, 305 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2017, pet. denied)

(“Unchallenged predicate-ground findings are binding and can support the best

interest finding.” (first citing In re K.M., No. 07-16-00120-CV, 2016 WL 3660076, at

*3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo June 29, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.); and then citing In re

E.A.F., 424 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied)));

cf. In re J.P.-L. 592 S.W.3d 559, 582–88 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2019, pet. denied)

(discussing caselaw on competence and capacity and pointing out the impact a

parent’s mental health issues can have on a child). In addition, the record shows that

Mother has had four children, all of whom have been removed from her care, see In re

21
B.K.D., 131 S.W.3d 10, 22 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied) (per curiam)

(considering parent’s CPS history as a factor in best interest analysis), and that M.G.’s

foster parents have an appropriate home, are taking good care of M.G., and are

adoption motivated, see C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (noting that evidence about placement

plans and adoption are relevant to child’s best interest); see also In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d

105, 118 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (considering the fact that

child was being well cared for by foster parents as a factor in best interest

determination). Furthermore, M.G.’s attorney ad litem supported the termination of

Mother’s parental rights. Cf. In re G.H., No. 02-17-00193-CV, 2017 WL 4683925, at *9

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 19, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (considering an attorney ad

litem’s recommendation in a best-interest review).

Considering all of the evidence discussed above and the remainder of the

record, we conclude that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the

trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in M.G.’s best

interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(2); A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 500; J.P.B., 180

S.W.3d at 573. Accordingly, we overrule Mother’s fifth issue.15

In her fourth issue, Mother challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
15

evidence to support termination under Family Code Section 161.003. See Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 161.003. Having overruled Mother’s other issues and thus having
concluded that the evidence was sufficient to support termination under Section
161.001(b), we need not address Mother’s fourth issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

22
 FATHER’S APPEAL: THE APPEAL IS FRIVOLOUS

In Father’s appeal, his appointed appellate counsel has filed a motion to

withdraw and brief in support of that motion in which he asserts that Father’s appeal

is frivolous. 16 See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744–45, 87 S. Ct. at 1400; see also In re K.M.,

98 S.W.3d 774, 776–77 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, order) (holding that Anders

procedures apply in parental termination appeals). The brief meets the requirements

of Anders by presenting a professional evaluation of the record and by demonstrating

why there are no arguable grounds for appeal. Neither Father nor the Department

filed a response to the Anders brief.

Once an appellant’s court-appointed attorney files a motion to withdraw on the

ground that the appeal is frivolous and fulfills the requirements of Anders, we must

independently examine the record to determine if any arguable grounds for appeal

exist. See Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Mays v. State,

904 S.W.2d 920, 922–23 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, no pet.); see also In re P.M.,

520 S.W.3d 24, 27 & nn.9–10 (Tex. 2016) (order). When analyzing whether any grounds

16
Although Father’s counsel asserts that the appeal is frivolous because there is
sufficient evidence to support termination of Father’s parental rights under Section
161.001(b)(1)(O) and (b)(2), he points out that the evidence is insufficient to support
the trial court’s predicate-ground finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(N) and
therefore requests that we modify the trial court’s order to delete the Subsection (N)
finding. As more fully discussed below, we agree that the evidence is insufficient to
support the Subsection (N) finding and therefore grant Father’s counsel’s request to
modify the trial court’s judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b).

23
for appeal exist, we consider the record, the Anders brief, and any pro se response. In re

Schulman, 252 S.W.3d 403, 408–09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (orig. proceeding).

After carefully reviewing the record, we have determined that the evidence is

insufficient to support the trial court’s predicate-ground finding under Subsection (N).

To support termination of a parent’s rights under Subsection (N), a factfinder must

find by clear and convincing evidence that, among other things, “the parent has not

regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child.” Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(N)(ii). As Father’s appellate counsel points out in his brief, the

evidence in this case—including the testimony of the Department’s own witnesses—

shows that Father regularly visited M.G. and maintained significant contact with her.

Indeed, the Department did not even seek termination of Father’s parental rights on

Subsection (N) grounds. Therefore, even though correcting this finding does not alter

the final outcome of this case, we nonetheless “modify the trial court’s order to match

the facts” by striking the unproven Subsection (N) predicate-ground finding. See In re

A.O., No. 02-21-00376-CV, 2022 WL 1257384, at *13 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

Apr. 28, 2022, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (modifying termination order to remove

erroneous reference to the mother’s indecency with a child even though “correcting

this finding d[id] not alter the final outcome of th[e] case”); In re J.A., No. 04-20-

00242-CV, 2020 WL 5027663, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 26, 2020, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (modifying judgment to remove three predicate findings because “[t]he

record show[ed], and the parties agree[d], that the Department pled and argued that

24
[the mother’s] parental rights should be terminated under only grounds (N), (O), and

(P), not under grounds (D), (E), or (K)”); see also Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b).

Except for the modification to the termination order discussed above, we agree

with counsel that Father’s appeal is wholly frivolous and without merit. See Bledsoe v.

State, 178 S.W.3d 824, 827 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Because counsel does not show

good cause for withdrawal independent from his conclusion that the appeal is

frivolous, we deny the motion to withdraw. See P.M., 520 S.W.3d at 28; In re C.J., 501

S.W.3d 254, 255 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, pets. denied).

CONCLUSION

Having overruled Mother’s dispositive issues and having agreed with Father’s

counsel that Father’s appeal is frivolous but that the evidence is insufficient to

support the trial court’s predicate-ground finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(N), we

modify the trial court’s termination order to remove the unproven finding that

termination of Father’s rights is appropriate under Section 161.001(b)(1)(N) and

affirm as modified the trial court’s order terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental

rights to M.G.

/s/ Wade Birdwell

Wade Birdwell
Justice

Delivered: June 15, 2023

25