Case: 21-40705 Document: 00516791490 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/19/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 19, 2023
No. 21-40705 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
CEATS, Inc.,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
TicketNetwork, Inc.; Ticket Software, LLC,
Defendants—Appellees,
consolidated with
No. 22-40028
CEATS, Inc.,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
TicketNetwork, Inc.; Ticket Software, LLC,
Defendants—Appellees,
versus
Milford Skane; Brian Billett; Sonja McAuliffe,
Appellants.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas
USDC No. 2:15-CV-1470
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Before Elrod, Haynes, and Willett, Circuit Judges.
Don R. Willett, Circuit Judge:
This consolidated appeal concerns the injunctive and monetary
sanctions that the district court imposed after a company and three
individuals violated the court’s protective order. The company and the
individuals challenge the sanctions on several grounds, many of which have
merit. We hold that the district court erred by sanctioning the individuals
without notice, by imposing litigation-ending sanctions without first finding
bad faith, and by failing to adequately explain and failing to consider essential
factors in its calculation of attorney fees. We AFFIRM in (small) part,
VACATE in (large) part, and REMAND for further proceedings.
I
A
CEATS, Inc. is a non-practicing intellectual property company that
owns patents for technologies used in online ticketing. TicketNetwork, Inc.
and Ticket Software LLC (together “Ticket”) maintain an online
marketplace for tickets to live events. More than a decade ago, CEATS filed
a patent-infringement lawsuit against Ticket and other providers (the “2010
Lawsuit”). Two years later, CEATS and Ticket settled that suit. The
settlement agreement gave Ticket a license to use CEATS’s patents in
exchange for a lump-sum payment from Ticket and for ongoing royalty
payments from Ticket and its affiliates (the “License Agreement”).
CEATS continued its litigation against the remaining, non-settling
defendants, but the jury in that case found that CEATS’s patents were
invalid. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed.1
1
CEATS, Inc. v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 526 F. App’x 966 (Fed. Cir. 2013).
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Ticket then filed this suit seeking declarations that Ticket did not
infringe CEATS’s patents, that the CEATS patents at issue in the License
Agreement are invalid, and that the License Agreement is unenforceable.
CEATS counterclaimed, arguing that Ticket breached the License
Agreement. CEATS also sought an accounting of payments due under the
License Agreement (because Ticket had stopped paying).
After the district court denied summary judgment, Ticket moved to
dismiss its claims voluntarily. The district court granted that motion, and it
dismissed all three counts from Ticket’s complaint. The parties then moved
forward with discovery on CEATS’s counterclaims. At trial, the jury found
that Ticket breached the License Agreement by using CEATS’s intellectual
property without payment, and it awarded compensatory damages. The
district court also awarded fees and costs to CEATS.
B
The protective-order violation at the center of this appeal occurred
after the jury trial was over and while CEATS’s claim for attorney fees was
still pending. Ticket allows its affiliate websites to view and sell Ticket’s own
inventory. During this case’s discovery phase, CEATS moved to compel
Ticket to produce a list of those affiliates. Following two contentious
hearings, the district court ordered Ticket to produce the list. But the court
made clear that the parties’ protective order prohibited CEATS from using
the list for any purpose other than the present litigation. The protective order
also prohibited CEATS’s in-house representatives from accessing “highly
confidential” documents, and it required anyone who did access such
documents to take reasonable care to ensure confidentiality. Because the list
was so sensitive, the district court further required CEATS to certify that
the list would not “be viewed by attorneys who are identifying or targeting
licensing prospects.”
3
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Ticket produced the affiliate list in a password-protected, encrypted
ZIP file containing an Excel spreadsheet. The file also included an image
bearing the Bates number TN002528 and the designation “HIGHLY
CONFIDENTIAL—OUTSIDE COUNSEL EYES ONLY.” But the native
spreadsheet itself—that is, the actual affiliate list—did not include a
confidentiality designation in the file name or in the spreadsheet’s text.
Milford Skane was CEATS’s CEO. Sonja McAuliffe and Dr. Brian
Billett were CEATS’s litigation consultants. Because Skane was CEATS’s
CEO, the protective order prohibited him from viewing the affiliate list (or
any other of Ticket’s “highly confidential” documents). Nonetheless, Skane
asked the litigation consultants for a “non-confidential” list of Ticket’s
affiliates to aid in global settlement negotiations with Ticket. McAuliffe and
Billett each separately sent Skane a copy of the Ticket affiliate list. Neither
copy bore any confidentiality designation. CEATS, Skane, McAuliffe, and
Billett argue that this discovery violation was inadvertent. According to
them, because the native Excel sheet did not contain the “highly
confidential” designation in the document title when Ticket produced it, the
consultants did not realize that it had been so designated. CEATS also insists
that Skane was relying on the consultants to avoid sending him protected
documents and that he was unaware that the list was designated “highly
confidential.”
Skane then emailed a settlement demand to Ticket’s CEO, attaching
the affiliate list as a “starting point” for negotiations. Skane wrote (in part):
Don:
We both know the sites involved (attached) and what the
numbers are. These can certainly be our starting point. As
previously indicated, I am willing to discount past claims and
future royalties reasonably. For guidance purposes . . . we are
4
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willing to consider an 8-figure (not $99m, but not $10m either)
global settlement for any and all Ticket[] owned affiliates.
Ticket responded by filing a “Motion for an Order to Show Cause why
CEATS or Others Should Not Be Sanctioned for Violation of Protective
Order.” The district court held an initial evidentiary hearing in April 2019.
The court ordered further discovery, and it appointed forensic investigators
to prepare and submit a report to the court and the parties. The court held
additional hearings nearly two years later, after the investigators had
completed their report, including an all-day evidentiary hearing in January
2021. The district court issued an opinion and order (the “Sanctions Order”)
finding that Skane, McAuliffe, and Billett (together, the “Individuals”)
violated the protective order. The court also found that CEATS violated the
protective order, because Skane’s violation occurred within the course and
scope of his employment as CEO.
The Sanctions Order had two parts. First, the district court enjoined
CEATS and the Individuals from “contacting, seeking licensing fees, suing,
or seeking damages from or related to Ticket[] or any of the companies or
websites contained in the . . . affiliate list” for a thirty-month period (the
“Licensing Bar”). Second, the district court imposed joint and several
liability on CEATS and the Individuals (in their individual capacities),
ordering them to pay Ticket’s reasonable attorney fees, costs, and expenses
incurred in connection with prosecuting the protective-order violation. The
Sanctions Order also provided that CEATS, Skane, McAuliffe, and Billett
could file “a memorandum containing any objections, not to exceed seven
(7) pages.” The Individuals had testified as witnesses at the hearings, but this
was their first chance to submit briefing on sanctions.
The court then issued a ruling containing a calculation of all
reasonable expenses related to the protective-order violations (the
“Calculation Order”). The court imposed a total monetary sanction of about
5
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$500,000 on CEATS and the Individuals, jointly and severally. CEATS
and the Individuals timely (but separately) appealed both the Sanctions
Order and the Calculation Order. We consolidated the appeals.
II
Before addressing the merits, we must confirm our jurisdiction.
Ticket’s complaint for declaratory relief invoked jurisdiction for federal
claims generally (under 28 U.S.C. § 1331) and for patent claims specifically
(under 28 U.S.C. § 1338). CEATS’s state-law counterclaims invoked
supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) and diversity
jurisdiction under § 1332(a)(1). Ticket later moved to voluntarily dismiss its
federal-question claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2). The
district court granted the motion, dismissing Count One of Ticket’s
complaint with prejudice and Counts Two and Three without prejudice. All
of Ticket’s claims having been dismissed, the district court proceeded with
discovery on CEATS’s state-law counterclaims.
The Federal Circuit has exclusive jurisdiction “of an appeal from a
final decision of a district court of the United States . . . in any civil action
arising under . . . any Act of Congress relating to patents.”2 To determine
whether a civil action arises under federal patent law, we use the well-pleaded
complaint rule to examine the plaintiff’s statement of their claims.3
At first glance, Ticket’s complaint appears to plead claims arising
under federal patent law such that the Federal Circuit would have exclusive
jurisdiction over this appeal. But the district court dismissed Ticket’s claims.
“[T]he dismissal of a [] claim without prejudice operate[s] as an amendment
2
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
3
Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 808–09 (1988).
6
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of the complaint.”4 By contrast, a “dismissal . . . with prejudice constitutes an
adjudication of the claims on the merits.5 Here, the district court dismissed
Counts Two and Three of Ticket’s complaint without prejudice. But it
dismissed Count One with prejudice—that is, on the merits. For
jurisdictional purposes, then, those dismissals essentially left Count One as
the only claim in Ticket’s suit. Thus, we must determine whether Ticket’s
Count One arises under federal patent law.
An action arises under federal patent law and thereby triggers the
Federal Circuit’s exclusive jurisdiction when federal patent law creates the
cause of action, or when there is a “substantial question of patent law” that
is “disputed and require[s] resolution on the merits.”6 Count One of
Ticket’s complaint sought a declaratory judgment that the royalty provisions
in the Licensing Agreement are unenforceable. That is a state-law contract
claim, not a federal-law patent claim. Nor did Count One require resolution
of a disputed question of patent law. Ticket’s argument that the License
Agreement was unenforceable hinged entirely on the jury’s invalidation of
CEATS’s patent claims in the 2010 Lawsuit. All substantive questions of
patent law relevant to Count One were already resolved in the 2010 Lawsuit.
Therefore, Ticket’s suit, as amended after the district court’s dismissals, did
4
Zenith Elecs. Corp. v. Exzec, Inc., 182 F.3d 1340, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
5
Id. (emphasis added); see also Yoffe v. Keller Indus., Inc., 580 F.2d 126, 131 n.13
(5th Cir. 1978) (“[D]ismissal with prejudice goes to the merits of a case . . . .”).
6
Lab’y Corp. of Am. Holdings v. Metabolite Lab’ys, Inc., 599 F.3d 1277, 1284 (Fed.
Cir. 2010); see Sanders v. Flanders, 564 F. App’x 742, 744 (5th Cir. 2014) (holding that the
Federal Circuit lacked exclusive jurisdiction over plaintiff’s state-law claims because any
underlying patent issues did “not carry the [necessary] level of significance with respect to
federal patent law”); USPPS, Ltd. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 541 F. App’x 386, 390 (5th Cir.
2013) (retaining jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s state-law claims for fraud and breach of
fiduciary duty because “the underlying hypothetical patent issues” were not “of
substantial importance to the federal system as a whole”).
7
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not arise under federal patent law. And as a result, the Federal Circuit does
not have exclusive jurisdiction.
This conclusion invites the question whether federal jurisdiction
exists here. After all, Count One’s state-law claim is the only part of Ticket’s
complaint that the district court adjudicated on the merits. The simple
answer is that this is an appeal from CEATS’s counterclaims—not Ticket’s
original complaint. “If an independent jurisdictional ground exists for a
counterclaim, the district court can retain jurisdiction over the counterclaim
even if the original claims are dismissed for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction.”7 So, regardless of Ticket’s pleadings, the district court had
subject-matter jurisdiction over the counterclaims because CEATS invoked
diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1).
Finally, we have appellate jurisdiction over the parties’ appeals of the
Sanctions Order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292, because that order grants an
injunction. And we have appellate jurisdiction over the parties’ appeals of the
Calculation Order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, because that order is a final
decision which disposed of all remaining sanctions issues. When a court
imposes sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37, we review for
abuse of discretion.8 “We review de novo a district court’s invocation of its
inherent power and the sanctions granted under its inherent power for an
abuse of discretion . . . .”9 A court abuses its discretion regarding sanctions
when it bases its ruling “on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly
erroneous assessment of the evidence.”10
7
McLaughlin v. Miss. Power Co., 376 F.3d 344, 355 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam)).
8
Tollett v. City of Kemah, 285 F.3d 357, 363 (5th Cir. 2002).
9
FDIC v. Maxxam, Inc., 523 F.3d 566, 590 (5th Cir. 2008).
10
Matta v. May, 118 F.3d 410, 413 (5th Cir. 1997).
8
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III
The Individuals argue that the district court never gave them notice
that it was considering monetary sanctions against them personally. We agree
that the Individuals did not receive the process that our precedent says was
due. As a preliminary point, the district court did not specify whether it
sanctioned the Individuals under Rule 37 versus under its inherent power.
Yet Rule 37 authorizes sanctions only against a party (or a party’s attorney).11
The Individuals were neither parties nor attorneys, so the district court must
have drawn on its inherent power when it sanctioned them.
When a court contemplates sanctions under its inherent power, “it
must comply with the mandates of due process,”—both “in determining
that the requisite bad faith exists” and “in assessing fees.”12 Due process
requires “fair notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record.”13
Notice is fair if it is “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to
apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action.”14 The court must
11
Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2), 37(c); see Gen. Ins. Co. of Am. v. E. Consol. Utilities,
Inc., 126 F.3d 215, 220 (3d Cir. 1997) (“On its face, however, Rule 37(b)(2) applies only to
parties, and we have found no case that has applied Rule 37(b)(2) to a nonparty.”); Beverly
v. Interior Elec. Inc. Nevada, No. 21-55645, 2023 WL 355692, at *2 (9th Cir. Jan. 23, 2023)
(similar); 7 Moore’s Federal Practice § 37.40 (3d ed. 1997) (“[O]nly Rule 37(b)(1),
governing a deponent’s failure to be sworn or to answer a question after being directed to
do so by the court, applies to nonparties. Rule 37(b)(2), governing all other failures to obey
discovery orders, does not apply to nonparties.” (emphasis added)).
12
Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 50 (1991).
13
Roadway Exp., Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 767 (1980).
14
Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 550 (1965) (quoting Mullane v. Central
Hanover Bank & Trust, 39 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)).
9
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provide a hearing that allows the party facing sanctions “an opportunity to
present their objections”15 and “an opportunity to mount a defense.”16
Here, the Individuals did not received notice that monetary sanctions
were “pend[ing]” against them.17 Ticket’s show-cause motion after it
discovered the protective-order violation asked for sanctions against
“CEATS or Others.” This vague request did not put the Individuals on
notice that they might be personally on the hook for fees and costs. And while
the motion did ask the court to sanction McAuliffe and hold him in contempt,
it did not mention him or any of the Individuals when it asked for monetary
sanctions. Instead, Ticket asked the court to “order CEATS to pay all
attorney[] fees and costs . . . associated with CEATS’s breach of the
Protective Order, including the fees and costs for investigating the breach.”
Similarly, the district court’s show-cause orders did not flag the possibility of
individual monetary sanctions against the Individuals. The Individuals also
did not get a hearing that allowed them to defend their state of mind. While
Skane and McAuliffe testified in the first evidentiary hearing, and while all
three Individuals testified in the second, they had no indication that they
were testifying as more than witnesses.
Instead, the Individuals learned that they might face sanctions at the
same time that they learned that they would face sanctions. The Sanctions
Order made findings about the Individuals’ states of mind, and it held them
jointly and severally liable for Ticket’s fees and costs. But that was after the
discovery, forensic investigation, and evidentiary hearings had ended. True,
15
Id.
16
Kenyon Int’l Emergency Servs., Inc. v. Malcolm, No. 12-20306, 2013 WL 2489928,
at *5 (5th Cir. May 14, 2013) (discussing Rule 11 sanctions).
17
Armstrong, 380 U.S. at 550.
10
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the district court did allow the Individuals to submit briefing before it issued
the Calculation Order. But that post-deprivation opportunity to respond (in
a brief not to exceed seven pages) is no substitute for the pre-deprivation notice
and hearing that due process here requires.18
The Individuals did not receive notice that monetary sanctions were
pending against them, and they did not receive a pre-deprivation opportunity
to defend themselves at a hearing. By the time the district court heard their
response, it had already decided against them. That was an abuse of
discretion. Therefore, we VACATE the Sanctions Order insofar as that
order imposes monetary sanctions against the Individuals.
IV
A
CEATS first argues that the district court made an error of law by
imposing the Licensing Bar as a sanction for CEATS’s protective-order
violations. The Licensing Bar is one component of the Sanctions Order. It
prohibits CEATS from “contacting, seeking licensing fees, suing, or seeking
damages from or related to Ticket[] or any of the companies or websites
contained in the TN002528 Ticket[] affiliate list” for 30 months.
The district court sanctioned CEATS under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 37(b)(2). That rule empowers a court to sanction a party that
disobeys a discovery order. “District Courts have broad discretion in
determining whether to impose a sanction under Rule 37, and, if so, what
sanction to impose.”19 Sanctions under this rule must be both “just” and
“related to the particular ‘claim’ which was at issue in the order to provide
18
See NASCO, 501 U.S. at 50.
19
SEC v. First Fin. Grp. of Texas, Inc., 659 F.2d 660, 664–65 (5th Cir. 1981).
11
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discovery.”20 Yet “[o]ur caselaw imposes a heighted standard for litigation-
ending sanctions (sometimes called “death penalty” sanctions),” as so:
[T]he district court must make four additional findings to
impose a litigation-ending sanction: (1) the discovery violation
was committed willfully or in bad faith; (2) the client, rather
than counsel, is responsible for the violation; (3) the violation
“substantially prejudice[d] the opposing party”; and (4) a
lesser sanction would not “substantially achieve the desired
deterrent effect.”21
We agree with CEATS that the Licensing Bar was a litigation-ending
sanction. Dismissals with prejudice and default judgments are both litigation-
ending.22 Ticket argues that this case is different than those prototypical
examples, though, because the Licensing Bar prohibits CEATS from
initiating future actions against Ticket and its affiliates. Our caselaw takes a
more practical view of what counts as litigation-ending. For example, we have
held that a sanction is litigation-ending when the court strikes a defendant’s
answer and denies a request to replead (something that would occur only in
the future).23 And we have treated a dismissal without prejudice as litigation-
ending when the statute of limitations will prohibit the party from refiling
(also in the future).24 Likewise here. The Licensing Bar is litigation-ending
because it prohibits CEATS from filing any lawsuits that it may have a right
to bring against Ticket and its affiliates for a 30-month period. That is
20
Law Funder, L.L.C. v. Munoz, 924 F.3d 753, 758 (5th Cir. 2019).
21
Id. at 758–59.
22
See, e.g., FDIC v. Conner, 20 F.3d 1376, 1380 (5th Cir. 1994) (dismissal with
prejudice is litigation-ending); Pressey v. Patterson, 898 F.2d 1018, 1019 (5th Cir. 1990)
(striking defendant’s pleading and entering default judgment is litigation-ending).
23
Matter of United Mkts. Int’l, Inc., 24 F.3d 650, 654 (5th Cir. 1994).
24
Pond v. Braniff Airways, Inc. 453 F.2d 347, 348–49 (5th Cir. 1972).
12
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perhaps even harsher than “the severest remedies under Rule 37(b)—
striking pleadings or dismissal of a case.”25
We also agree with CEATS that the district court did not make the
bad-faith finding that is a prerequisite to litigation-ending sanctions under
Rule 37(b).26 Instead, the district court found that CEATS acted recklessly,
and then it equated recklessness with bad faith. We have rejected that
equivalence. Evidence of “negligent or even reckless” discovery conduct
does not show that a party acted “in bad faith or that it willfully abused the
judicial machinery” sufficient to permit litigation-ending sanctions.27
Ticket argues that CEATS forfeited the bad-faith argument by failing
to assert it in the district court. While it is true that we tend not to entertain
arguments that a party asserts for the first time on appeal, “an argument is
not [forfeit]ed on appeal if the argument on the issue before the district court
was sufficient to permit the district court to rule on it.”28 Here, CEATS told
the district court that a discovery violation “must be committed willfully or
in bad faith for the court to award the severest remedies available under Rule
37(b).” CEATS also argued that it did not violate the Protective Order
willfully or in bad faith, because the “communications . . . were clearly
inadvertent.” That argument was enough to put the district court on notice
that CEATS opposed any definition of “bad faith” that includes inadvertent
conduct.29
25
Pressey, 898 F.2d at 1021.
26
See Law Funder, 924 F.3d at 758.
27
Pressey, 898 F.2d at 1023–24 (5th Cir. 1990).
28
See In re Liljeberg Enters., Inc., 304 F.3d 410, 427 n.29 (5th Cir. 2002).
29
See City of Alexandria v. CLECO, Corp., 547 F. App’x. 568, 570 (5th Cir. 2013)
(“Inadvertence is inconsistent with a finding of bad faith.”); Bethel v. Woods Haven Senior
13
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We VACATE the Sanctions Order insofar as that order applies the
Licensing Bar to CEATS and the Individuals.30
B
Next, CEATS argues that the district court erred by denying its
motion to toll the statute of limitations for certain of CEATS’s potential
claims against Ticket and Ticket’s affiliates. CEATS had asked the district
court to toll limitations for the period during which the district court
considered Ticket’s show-cause motion.” As part of the Sanctions Order,
the district court denied that motion as moot. However, if the district court
chooses not to re-impose the Licensing Bar against CEATS on remand, then
that motion will no longer be moot. If that happens, the district court may
wish to revisit CEATS’s tolling motion. Accordingly, we VACATE the
Sanctions Order as it pertains to the tolling motion.
C
CEATS’s final objection to the Sanctions Order is that the district
court violated Rule 37(b) by imposing joint and several liability on CEATS.
But CEATS forfeited this argument by failing to press it in the district
court.31 Even putting that forfeiture aside, the argument fails. CEATS says
that it cannot face liability for others’ misconduct. But when the protective-
order violation occurred, Skane was CEATS’s CEO, and McAuliffe and
Citizen Home Inc., 229 F.3d 1148 (5th Cir. 2000) (requiring “intentional rather than
negligent behavior” for a court to impose litigation-ending sanctions).
30
The Individuals do not devote much argument to the Licensing Bar, but they
have asked us to reverse the whole Sanctions Order. The district court found that the
Individuals acted only recklessly. CEATS and the Individuals are therefore entitled to
identical relief with respect to the Licensing Bar.
31
See Nissho–Iwai Am. Corp. v. Kline, 845 F.2d 1300, 1307 (5th Cir. 1998).
14
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Billett were CEATS’s litigation consultants. We have not held that Rule 37
prohibits joint and several liability, but we have held that Rule 37 allows a
court to sanction a party for discovery violations that its retained experts
commit.32 We therefore AFFIRM that part of the Sanctions Order that
imposes joint and several monetary liability on CEATS.
D
Turning to the Calculation Order, CEATS argues that the district
court abused its discretion when it tallied the monetary sanction. When a
court awards attorney fees as part of a sanction under Rule 37, it generally
still must use the familiar two-step lodestar process.33 Here, Ticket provided
the district court with an accounting of rates, hours, and costs, and it asked
for about $750,000 in fees and costs. The district court reduced that amount
after it saw discrepancies between Ticket’s request and its attorneys’
invoices, saw duplication in some attorneys’ work, concluded that some
attorneys’ rates were excessive, and concluded that fees from in-house
counsel were unrecoverable. The court granted Ticket costs and fees in the
reduced amount of about $500,000. We agree with CEATS that the district
court abused its discretion in both steps of this process.
Under the first step, a court must calculate the “lodestar,” which is
equal to the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by an
appropriate hourly rate (excluding hours that are excessive, duplicative, or
inadequately documented).34 To determine the rate, the court looks to the
32
Honey-Love v. United States, 664 F. App’x 358, 361–62 (5th Cir. 2016).
33
See Tollett, 285 F.3d at 367 (5th Cir. 2002).
34
See Smith & Fuller, P.A. v. Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., 685 F.3d 486, 490 (5th Cir.
2012); Watkins v. Fordice, 7 F.3d 453, 457 (5th Cir. 1993).
15
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market rate in the community for similar work.35 The court must give “a
reasonably specific explanation for all aspects of a fee determination,”
including its determination of appropriate hourly rates.36
Here, there was a significant disparity between the rates that the
district court approved when it awarded attorney fees to CEATS (at an
earlier stage of litigation) versus the rates that it approved when it awarded
attorney fees to Ticket (as part of the sanction against CEATS). For
CEATS, the court approved hourly rates between $425 and $495 for
partners, and between $175 and $275 for associates. But for Ticket, as part of
the Calculation Order, the court approved much higher hourly rates—
between $650 and $850 for partners, and between $499 and $650 for
associates.
We have never required parity in awards of attorney fees. Nor have we
held that a finding that certain rates are reasonable precludes the possibility
that higher rates are also reasonable. As between CEATS and Ticket, there
may be good reasons for the discrepancy in reasonable hourly rates, especially
since the forensic investigation was highly technical. But the district court
failed to provide a “reasonably specific explanation” for the rates that it
approved for Ticket. Instead, the court said only that it “d[id] not agree with
CEATS that the Court’s prior decision on attorney fees in this case prevents
it from finding different numbers also are reasonable.” It is true that the
court’s prior approval of CEATS’s rates was in no sense binding for future
fee requests. Nor did the court clearly err by setting plainly unreasonable
rates for Ticket. Still, the district court did not explain why Ticket’s rates
35
Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 551 (2010).
36
Id. at 558.
16
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were reasonable.37 An explanation is particularly necessary “where, as here,
[the] sanctions are substantial in amount.”38 Thus, the district court abused
its discretion by failing to explain the rates that it approved under the first
step of the calculation.
Under the second step, a court must consider whether the lodestar
amount should be adjusted up or down according to the 12 factors that appear
in Johnson v. Georgia Highway Exp., Inc.39 “If the Johnson factors are not
evaluated and explained by the district court with a reasonable degree of
specificity in making its fee award determination, the case will be remanded,
if necessary, for an explanation to facilitate appellate review.”40 Here, while
the district court recited the Johnson factors and reduced some of the rates
and hours based on CEATS’s objections, it failed to “use the Johnson
factors to evaluate the fee award, or describe or discuss the application of
Johnson in a manner that would facilitate meaningful appellate review.”41
Therefore, we VACATE the Calculation Order and REMAND for
the district court to recalculate the fees and to provide a “reasonably specific
explanation”42 of both any rates that it approves and the Johnson factors.
37
Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 439 n.15 (1983) (observing that “a mere
conclusory statement that [a] fee [is] reasonable” is not a sufficient explanation).
38
Smith Int’l, Inc. v. Texas Com. Bank, 844 F.2d 1193, 1202 (5th Cir. 1988)
(quotation omitted). Here, the sanctions award was higher than the jury award, and it was
nearly as high as the attorney fees that the district court awarded to CEATS for successfully
litigating the entire breach-of-contract counterclaim against Ticket.
39
488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974).
40
Riley v. City of Jackson, 99 F.3d 757, 760 (5th Cir. 1996).
41
Hoenninger v. Leasing Enters., Ltd., 2022 WL 340593, at *5 (5th Cir. 2022) (citing
Harkless v. Sweeny Indep. Sch. Dist., 608 F.2d 594, 596 (5th Cir. 1979)).
42
Perdue 559 U.S. at 558.
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V
We AFFIRM that part of the Sanctions Order that imposes joint and
several monetary liability against CEATS. We VACATE those parts of the
Sanctions Order that impose joint and several monetary liability against the
Individuals, that impose the Licensing Bar, and that deny CEATS’s tolling
request. We also VACATE the Calculation Order, and we REMAND for
further proceedings.
18