[Cite as Neagles v. R.K. Holdings, L.L.P., 2023-Ohio-2099.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
MARION COUNTY
JASON C. NEAGLES, ET AL.,
CASE NO. 9-22-63
PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,
v.
RK HOLDINGS LLP dba
MARION RURAL KING, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.
Appeal from Marion County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 22 CV 17
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: June 26, 2023
APPEARANCES:
Matthew Bodeman for Appellants
Jesse J. Shamp for Appellee
Case No. 9-22-63
WILLAMOWSKI, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellants Jason C. Neagles (“Neagles”) and Heidi Neagles,
his wife, (collectively “Appellants”) bring this appeal from the judgment of the
Court of Common Pleas of Marion County granting summary judgment to
defendant-appellee RK Holdings LLP dba Marion Rural King (“RK”). Appellants
claim on appeal that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment as there is
a material issue of fact to be resolved. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment
is affirmed.
{¶2} On January 25, 2020, Neagles went to the Marion Rural King store.
Neagles entered the store at around 8:00 pm. At that time, it was cold with snow on
the ground and more falling. Approximately 40 minutes later, Neagles left the store
by the same door that he had entered and started to walk towards his car. After
taking a few steps, Neagles’ feet slid out from under him and he landed on his back.
Neagles realized that the area was covered in ice and snow.
{¶3} On January 25, 2022, Appellants filed a complaint against RK alleging
that it was negligent by allowing the public areas outside the store to become icy
and slippery and then failing to warn customers of the danger. The complaint also
contained a claim for loss of consortium. RK filed its answer on February 18, 2022.
On September 6, 2022, RK filed a motion for summary judgment claiming that the
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condition of the sidewalk was an open and obvious condition and that Ohio’s no-
duty winter rule applied. Appellants filed a memorandum in opposition to RK’s
motion on September 29, 2022. On September 30, 2022, the magistrate granted
summary judgment to RK.
{¶4} Apellants filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. Appellants
claimed that 1) there was a material issue of fact as to whether the slippery
conditions were concealed; 2) he exercised the same care as an ordinarily prudent
person; 3) RK had superior knowledge of the icy condition; and 4) RK had an extra
duty because its training materials instructed employees to clear areas where snow
and ice accumulated. RK filed its response to the objections on October 20, 2022.
On November 1, 2022, the trial court entered judgment overruling the objections
and granting summary judgment to RK. Appellants appealed from this judgment.
On appeal, Appellants raise the following assignment of error.
The trial court erred by granting summary judgment where a
genuine dispute of material fact remains.
{¶5} The sole assignment of error in this case raises the question as to
whether the lower court erred in granting summary judgment.
An appellate court reviews a trial court’s summary judgment decision
de novo, independently and without deference to the trial court's
decision. * * * Summary judgment is appropriate only “when the
requirements of Civ.R. 56(C) are met.” * * * The party moving for
summary judgment must establish: (1) that there are no genuine issues
of material fact; (2) that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law; and (3) that reasonable minds can come to but one
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conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party, said
party being entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in
his favor. * * * In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court
may not “weigh evidence or choose among reasonable inferences * *
*.” * * * Rather, the court must consider the above standard while
construing all evidence in favor of the non-movant. * * *
The party moving for summary judgment must identify the basis of
the motion to allow the non-movant a “meaningful opportunity to
respond.” * * * In its motion, the moving party “must state
specifically which areas of the opponent’s claim raise no genuine
issue of material fact and such assertion may be supported by
affidavits or otherwise as allowed by Civ.R. 56(C).” * * * If the
moving party fails to meet its burden, summary judgment is
inappropriate; however, if the moving party meets its initial burden,
the non-moving party has a “reciprocal burden outlined in Civ.R.
56(E) to set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue
for trial * * *.”
(Citations omitted). Lillie v. Meachem, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-09-09, 2009-Ohio-
4934, ¶21-22. As the standard of review is de novo, we will review whether
reasonable minds could reasonably reach a verdict in favor of Neagles based upon
the claims set forth in the complaint.
{¶6} The facts in this case are straightforward. Neagles testified in his
deposition that it was snowing on the day of the incident and that he observed the
parking lot being wet and snow covered when he entered the store. Neagles stated
that there was enough snow in the parking lot area “to make it like a slush.” Tr. 33.
Neagles arrived at the store around 8 p.m. and it was already dark. Neagles
remained in the store for approximately 40 minutes. Then Neagles left the store
from the same entrance. Neagles identified Exhibit B as a photo of him leaving the
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store. Neagles testified that the area outside the door in the photo looked wet . Just
a few steps outside the door, Neagles slipped on ice and fell. Neagles testified that
he was not looking at the ground because he was looking at his vehicle and looking
for traffic in the parking lot. After he fell, Neagles realized there was ice under the
snow, but also testified that there were no defects in the concrete.
{¶7} The complaint in this matter alleges a claim for negligence. “To
establish a cause of action for negligence, a plaintiff must show the existence of a
duty, breach of that duty, and an injury proximately caused by the breach.” Daley
v. Fryer, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-14-48, 2015-Ohio-930, ¶ 16, 30 N.E.3d 213. “To
defeat a defendant’s properly supported motion for summary judgment in a
negligence action, the plaintiff must first establish that the defendant owed him a
duty.” Bakies v. RSM Maintenance, Inc., 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-19-03, 2019-Ohio-
3323, ¶ 13, 141 N.E.3d 635. A failure to show such a duty and that the duty was
breached causes the negligence claim to fail. Id. “A presumption of negligence is
never indulged from the mere fact of injury, but the burden of proof is upon the
plaintiff to prove the negligence of the defendant and that such negligence is a
proximate cause of injury and damage.” Kraft v. OMCO Building, LLC, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 17AP-743, 2019-Ohio-621, ¶ 29.
{¶8} Generally, “an owner or occupier of land ordinarily owes no duty to
business invitees to remove natural accumulations of ice and snow from the
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premises, or to warn invitees of the dangers associated with such natural
accumulations of ice and snow.” Miller v. Tractor Supply Co., 6th Dis. Huron No.
H-11-0001, 2011-Ohio-5906, ¶ 8. One of the inherent dangers of living in Ohio in
the winter is that snow and ice will naturally accumulate on sidewalks. Brinkman
v. Ross, 68 Ohio St.3d 82, 85, 1993-Ohio-72, 623 N.E.2d 1175. In instances where
the owner of a business premise is not shown to have notice that the natural
accumulation of snow and ice on the premises has created a condition substantially
more dangerous than business invitees should reasonably anticipate, there is a
failure of proof of an actionable negligence claim. Id. The rationale for this rule is
that everyone is presumed to appreciate the risks associated with the natural
accumulation of ice and snow and is responsible to protect themselves from those
dangers. Bakies, supra at ¶ 23. This is why Ohio has the “no-duty winter rule” that
expects everyone to appreciate and protect themselves against risks associated with
natural accumulations of ice and snow in addition to the open and obvious doctrine,
which only requires people to protect themselves from dangers they observe and
appreciate. Id.
{¶9} The undisputed evidence in this case is that Neagles was a business
invitee of RK and that RK was the occupier of the land. Under the no-duty winter
rule, RK owed no duty to remove natural accumulations of snow and ice from the
parking lot or even to warn Neagles of the dangers of the naturally occurring
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accumulations of snow and ice. Thus, the only way the negligence claim survives
is if there is an exception to the rule.
{¶10} Generally, Ohio courts recognize two exceptions to the no-duty winter
rule. The first exception is if there is an “unnatural” accumulation of ice and snow.
Luft v. Ravemore, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-16, 2011-Ohio-6765. The second
exception is if there is an “improper” accumulation. Id. A “natural accumulation
of ice and snow is one which accumulates as a result of an act of nature, whereas an
unnatural accumulation is one that results from an act of a person.” Crossman v.
Smith Clinic, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-10-10, 2010-Ohio-3552, ¶ 12. To prevail on a
claim that there is an unnatural accumulation of ice and snow, a plaintiff must show
that 1) the defendant created or aggravated the hazard, 2) the defendant had
knowledge, actual or implied, of the hazard, and 3) that the hazard was substantially
more dangerous than it if was in its natural state. Id. at ¶ 13. To be “unnatural”,
there must be factors besides inclement weather including low temperatures and
precipitation, but must instead include something man-made. Bakies, supra at ¶ 26.
{¶11} Pursuant to the evidence in this case, Neagles was aware that the
parking lot and entrance area were snowy and wet when he entered the store. He
also testified that the weather was cold. Tr. 32. In Ohio, it is common for snowy
and wet conditions to become icy when it is cold. Appellants did not present any
evidence that the natural accumulation of the ice and snow was created or
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aggravated by an action of RK. Nor did Appellants present any evidence that the
hazard was substantially more dangerous than one would normally expect of icy and
snowy weather in Ohio. No evidence was presented that RK had any superior
knowledge regarding the conditions than Neagles did, especially since Neagles had
traversed the same area forty minutes earlier and admitted that the parking lot was
snowy and wet.
{¶12} Appellants claims that RK had a policy to shovel and salt its walks
when snow and ice were present. Appellants argues that this policy created a duty.
However, just because a business attempts to keep walks clear does not mean that
the business now owes a duty to invitees to do so. “[I]t is unwise as a matter of
public policy to punish business owners who, as a courtesy, attempt to maintain safe
sidewalks.” Cunningham v. Thacker Serv., Inc. 10th Dist. Franklin No. 03AP-455,
2003-Ohio-6065, ¶ 14. The failure to salt and shovel the entranceway did not cause
the accumulation to become unnatural. The evidence clearly established that
Neagles knew it was snowing and that the snow was accumulating. His duty to
protect himself from the known risks does not end merely because RK had a policy
to try to assist in reducing the risks. Thus, the first exception does not apply.
{¶13} The second exception to the no-duty winter rule is that there was an
improper accumulation of ice and snow. An improper accumulation are “instances
where a natural accumulation of snowfall hid or covered a hazardous condition
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about which the property owner knew or should have known.” Crossman, supra at
¶ 15. The hidden hazard must be “substantially more dangerous than conditions
normally associated with ice and snow, and about which the owner or occupier has
actual or constructive knowledge.” Luft, supra at ¶ 16. Neagles testimony in his
deposition was that there was no hazard where he fell besides the ice that was under
the snow. This is not substantially more dangerous than any other instance where
ice is covered by snow. Thus it is not an improper accumulation and the second
exception does not apply.
{¶14} As mentioned above, the evidence in this matter is undisputed. The
only question before this court is whether RK is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Appellants, there is no
genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the snow and ice was the result of
natural accumulation. Appellants has presented no evidence to show that the ice
upon which he slipped and fell were created by any means other than meteorological
forces or that the natural accumulation of snow and ice hid another danger.
Accordingly, the no-duty winter rule would apply in this case. RK did not have a
duty to remove the natural accumulations of snow and ice or to warn business
invitees of the dangers of the natural accumulations. From the record before this
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Court, reasonable minds could only reach one conclusion and that conclusion is
adverse to Appellants.1 The assignment of error is overruled.
{¶15} Having found no error prejudicial to the Appellants in the particulars
assigned and argued, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Marion County
is affirmed.
Judgment Affirmed
MILLER, P.J. and WALDICK, J., concur.
/hls
1
The loss of consortium claim is a derivative claim that can only succeed if the underlying claims succeed.
Bowen v. KilKare, Inc., 63 Ohio St.3d 84, 585 N.E.2d 384 (1992).
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