Com. v. Mull, S.

J-S22019-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SETH MULL :
:
Appellant : No. 2245 EDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 13, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County Criminal Division
at No(s): CP-48-CR-0001794-2019

BEFORE: BOWES, J., McCAFFERY, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED JUNE 27, 2023

Seth Mull (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence entered in

the Northampton County Court of Common Pleas, following his conviction of

solicitation to commit promoting prostitution.1 Appellant raises sufficiency,

weight, and admissibility of “prior bad acts” evidence challenges. Based on

the following, we affirm.

The underlying facts2 and procedural history are as follows. While an

inmate at the Northampton County Correctional Facility for unrelated

convictions, Appellant engaged in communication via phone, digital

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1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 902(a)/5902(b)(3).

2The summary of the facts is based on the testimony and evidence presented
at Appellant’s two-day bench trial.
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messaging,3 and in letter form with the then 27-year-old female victim, C.F.

(the Victim),4 for the purpose of soliciting her to perform sexual acts for

money. The Victim indicated that Appellant first contacted her in July of 2018

because her father was housed in the same prison as Appellant and her father

asked Appellant to contact the Victim because he was being transferred to a

different facility. N.T., 5/3/21, at 62-63; N.T., 5/4/21, at 8. Appellant and

the Victim continued to communicate with one another until January of 2019,

when Appellant lost phone and tablet privileges. N.T., 5/3/21, at 40, 67-68.

During this time, the communications between Appellant and the Victim

progressed from friendly conversations to discussions sexual in nature. N.T.,

5/3/21, at 68. Appellant also directed that the Victim address him as “sir”

and provided her with a set of ten rules. Id. at 69. He informed her that if

she did not follow these rules, “there would be consequences.” Id. He

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3 Inmates were provided with a computer “tablet.” N.T., 5/3/21, at 36. To
communicate with inmates, family and friends needed to create an account
on “gettingout.com.” Id. They would then access the website to talk with
inmates via phone or electronically. Id. Inmates are assigned “a self-
identifier” and when they use the tablet, they enter a personalized pin number.
Id. The tablet also requires facial recognition where inmate takes a picture
at the beginning of a session “and then unbeknownst to them[, the tablet]
takes a picture several minutes [later] to make sure the person who is still on
[is] the same person.” Id. The communications are stored on a computer
server and the prison officials are able to run reports from the use of those
devices for monitoring purposes. Id. at 37.

4 At the time, the Victim had given birth to a child she shared with her
husband, was suffering from postpartum depression, and was having financial
issues. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 66.

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requested that the Victim perform certain tasks, which ranged from talking to

his grandmother to not wearing underwear to work. Id. at 70-71. He asked

the Victim to engage in “cosplay,” which she described as dressing up “in sexy

costumes” and playing video games on camera for “donations.” Id. at 71-72.

Appellant also “demanded” that she sign up for a website called

“rabbitscam.com,” which she believed was for the “purpose” of making money

by “doing sexual things.” N.T., 5/3/21, at 73. The Victim did not want to

create an account and said that she would “try to talk [to him] about

something else and he would go back [and say], did you sign up for that, it’s

very important . . . for you to sign up for that, do you understand me?” Id.

He also “talked about going to sex parties and doing sexual stuff at his condo,”

which she understood to be “fantasy” because he was incarcerated. Id. at

74. At one point, that conversation turned when he “demanded” that the

Victim have sex with 20 to 30 men in one night. Id. She “knew he was

serious because he kept demanding it.” Id. She also noticed Appellant’s

“demeanor got really nasty” when she did not immediately agree to the

command.5 Id. at 75.

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5 Nevertheless, the Victim kept communicating with him because she “was
very scared that he would do something or have somebody come after” her.
N.T., 5/3/21, at 75.

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The Victim told Appellant about her financial problems and his solution

was to have her “fuck for him to make money.” N.T., 5/3/21, at 77. On

January 2, 2019, Appellant texted her:

[W]e need to get this going [as soon as possible] especially . . . if
you are having financial issues and if I can’t get to any of [my
money] right now. I need you to be strong for me and get this
going. We’re going to make a ton of money. Trust me.

Id. at 130.

On January 3, 2019, Appellant’s phone and tablet privileges were taken

away and he began to use a fellow inmate’s account to continue

communicating with the Victim, making 11 phone calls from that date until

January 15th. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 77-78, 113. The Victim indicated that

Appellant told her to go to the District Attorney’s Office to find out why the

phone was “disconnected[,]” but then started “yelling” at her for talking to a

detective. Id. at 79.

Appellant was subsequently charged with solicitation to commit

promoting prostitution. He filed an omnibus pre-trial motion on September

12, 2019. The Commonwealth filed a motion for evidence of prior bad acts

pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b),6 seeking admission of

testimony from four women that had been victimized by Appellant during the

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6 Pa.R.E. 404(b) prohibits admission of a defendant’s prior bad acts to prove
the defendant’s character, unless such evidence is admitted for other
purposes. See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1)-(2).

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period of September 1, 2017 and October 29, 2017, and his convictions of

numerous crimes committed against them. See Commonwealth’s Motion for

Admission of Evidence of Prior Bad Acts Pursuant to Pa.R.E. 404(B)

(Commonwealth’s Rule 404(b) Motion), 11/7/19, at 2 (unpaginated). The

Commonwealth argued that “the prior convictions for involuntary servitude –

sexual servitude and human trafficking committed by [Appellant] can be

shown to establish a common scheme, plan, intent, absence of mistake and

motive for the current solicitation of [the Victim] to engage in prostitution for

his financial benefit.” Id. at 4. Moreover, the Commonwealth alleged the

“prior sexual assault convictions demonstrate[d] similarity to the instant

case[ ] as the initial interaction with each victim was legitimate until

[Appellant] created an opportunity to attack, all white females, groomed them

into trusting him, exploited that trust, directed the women to enter into a sex

slave contract with him, had the women set up accounts on websites to solicit

men and then had the women raped by other men for his financial benefit.”

Id.

Appellant filed a response in opposition to the Commonwealth’s Rule

404(b) Motion on May 26, 2020, arguing that the evidence did not

demonstrate “a common plan or scheme, or motive, or absence of mistake,

or intent in regard to the crime charged in the instant case” and “would

unfairly prejudice the jury against” him. Appellant’s Response in Opposition

to the Commonwealth’s Rule 404(b) Motion, 5/26/20, at 1. On April 5, 2021,

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the trial court granted the Commonwealth’s Rule 404(b) Motion as to two of

the four victims — A.F. and J.M. See Order, 4/15/21.

The matter proceeded to a two-day bench trial on May 3, 2021. At trial,

the Victim testified about her relationship and communications with Appellant.

A copy of their tablet messages, which was 46 pages in length, was admitted

into evidence. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 79-80. The Victim was asked about

certain messages she exchanged with Appellant. See id. at 80-89. For

example, when the Victim messaged him about her financial issues, he texted

her that “cosplay was an easy way” to make money and that “[w]ebcamming

pays a ton.” Id. at 80. He also sent her the rules for participating in a

dominant-submissive relationship,7 and stated:

Well, what turns me on is when I see my sub doing whatever it is
I tell her to do. You need to transcend from just the physicality.
I am going to teach you how to be greater than just that. Be more
than just touch. I want you to set up an account on
rabbitscam.com. That needs to be done today. No debate on that
one. The amount to start is doing to be anywhere from 20 to 30
[men]. It will be an all night thing. We can go to a sex club for
the first time or maybe just the condo we have. The guys will
listen to me or they’ll get fucked up. Bottom line is very simple,
if they deviate from anything, it will be the same result.

Id. at 87. Approximately one hour after he sent that message, he texted her:

“The Rabbits Cam startup is free. You ask[ed] how many guys and I told you.

I can see myself falling [for you], yes. I also see you not doing what I told

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7 See N.T., 5/3/21, at 84.

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you to do. That is unacceptable. Do you understand me?” Id. at 87-88. The

final message sent by Appellant to the Victim was: “That’s why I am trying to

tell you, it’s going to be rough here now especially when I have you start doing

your tasks, when I start having you fuck for me.” Id. at 88.

On cross-examination, the Victim testified that “sexual[ly] explicit

communications” were done “[s]olely on the tablet.” N.T., 5/3/21, at 89.

Defense counsel questioned the Victim about when she became scared of

Appellant and she stated that it was after he demanded that she have sex

with 20 to 30 men because his “demeanor” changed where he “was all nice

and friendly, and then all of a sudden it was . . . you’re going to do this for

me.” Id. at 97. The Victim indicated that she felt “[v]ery compelled” to agree

with him because “[i]f [her] demeanor changed to him, he would have caught

. . . on” and she did not know what would have happened after that. Id. at

99. The Victim stated that they “never had a plan financially” as to who was

going to get paid and how much they would be paid because “[t]hat was all

up to him. [She] had nothing to do with it.” Id. at 100.

The Commonwealth also introduced the testimony of A.F. and J.M. as

Rule 404(b) witnesses. A.F.8 testified that that she met Appellant on October

19, 2017, at a hotel in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 137,

142. She was originally supposed to meet at a friend at the hotel who told

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8 A.F. was 19 years old at the time. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 137.

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her that she could make some money, but when she got there, “things seemed

kind of suspicious” because “people were forcing” her to take drugs. Id. at

140-41. A.F. stated Appellant specifically forced her: (1) to sniff and smoke

drugs; (2) get undressed and remain naked; and (3) have sex with men for

money while she was “blindfolded and tied up.” 9 Id. at 141-42. She could

hear him asking for $100.00 from each person that came into the room. Id.

at 143. A.F. never received any money from the sex acts. Id.

Appellant forced A.F. to adhere to certain “rules and tasks” — like call

him “sir” and she “would get yelled at for saying something else.” N.T., 5/3/21,

at 143-44, 150. He also demanded that she “create a Backpage,” which was

“some type of prostitution website.” Id. at 142. A.F. stated that the purpose

was “to try and get . . . more men and women to come.” Id. at 144. A.F.

testified that she could not figure out how to create an account and Appellant

became “very angry” with her. Id. A.F. indicated that she tried to comply

with his request because Appellant had hit and threatened her before. Id. at

145. A.F. believed she stayed with Appellant for approximately eight days,

but she was allowed to go back and forth to her mother’s house. Id. She

stated she continued to return to Appellant’s hotel room because she “feared

that [Appellant] would come after” her so she “just wanted to play the game,

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9 A.F. believed it was three men because she was blindfolded, she did not
know an exact number. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 151.

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keep him happy so nobody [she] knew would get hurt.” Id. at 145-46. A.F.

eventually went to the police and Appellant was convicted of human

trafficking, involuntary servitude, and terroristic threats. Id. at 147.

J.M. also testified at Appellant’s trial. J.M. stated that she met Appellant

in person on October 27, 2019, at a Bethlehem hotel, after communicating

with him on a dating application and then over the phone.10 See N.T., 5/3/21,

at 158. They drank alcohol and smoked weed, and Appellant tricked J.M. into

“smoking crystal meth” by telling her that she was “smoking THC oil wax.”

Id. at 162. Appellant then proceeded to sexually assault J.M for

approximately 15 hours. Id. at 163-64. He gave her “instructions[,]” which

included watching animal pornography while being raped by him and at the

same time, texting “men on Seeking Arrangements[11] to set up dates with

them for money that [she] was going to then bring back to him.” Id. at 164.

She said she was beaten for not doing exactly what he requested. Id.

Additionally, like A.F. and the Victim, Appellant told J.M. that “sir was his

name.” Id. at 165.

J.M. testified that Appellant’s plan “was to have [her] meet these men”

on the Seeking Arrangements website and “sleep with them, get money,

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10 J.M. was 26 years old at the time. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 157.

11 J.M. described “Seeking Arrangements” as a dating website where “older
men pay for [younger] women to go on dates with them.” See N.T., 5/3/21,
at 165. She stated “it is commonly used for prostitution.” Id.

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collect it, and give it to him. And then when [she] came back to the room, he

was going to also have men lined up waiting for [her] to just . . . one at a time

or all together, do whatever they wanted to do with [her].” See N.T., 5/3/21,

at 166. Appellant placed a “GPS tracker” on J.M.’s phone and a “Cash App

. . . to exchange money.” Id. at 167. She also testified that Appellant had

punched her in the face, strangled her, and burned her back with a butane

lighter. Id. at 169. J.M. said she agreed to comply with his request because

she “had to play his game” in order to escape. Id. at 168. Therefore, she

arranged for a date with a man named “Anthony” who would pay $300.00 to

have sex with her. Id. at 166-67. J.M. used meeting “Anthony” as a ploy —

she escaped the room and called her father, who contacted the police. Id. at

170. Appellant was charged with multiple offenses relating to the incident,

and convicted of rape, strangulation, attempted human trafficking, terroristic

threats, and simple assault. Id. at 171.

Appellant also took the stand and testified at his trial. He stated that

the Victim initiated the sexually explicit communications when she asked him

about his “fantasies” and he “gravitated [his] conversation towards that as

well.” N.T., 5/4/21, at 10. He stated he never “forced” her to engage in these

types of conversations, and did not yell at her. Id. at 10-11. Appellant recited

text messages that were sent by the Victim, indicating that she “care[d]

about” him, his well-being, and his happiness. Id. at 16. He stated that the

“dominant/submissive relationship” was “all fantasy.” Id. at 17. He refuted

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telling the Victim that “she would be having sex with men for money” on

rabbitscam.com. Id. at 20. Moreover, he testified that the idea of her having

sex with 20 to 30 men was a “fantasy” he suggested after she asked for him

to describe a “wild fantasy.” Id. He stated the idea of going to a sex club or

having sex in a condo were also fantasies. Id. at 21. Appellant also denied

that there was any reference made by him that the Victim would have sex for

money, including when he texted her that he was going to have her “fuck for

[him].” Id. at 22. He compared it to a situation where someone “tell[s a]

friend, go have a drink for me.” Id. at 23.

On cross-examination, Appellant denied “trying to make [himself] look

good” at the beginning of his relationship with the Victim.12 See N.T., 5/4/21,

at 24. He also denied that the assaults against A.F. and J.M. ever happened.

Id. at 30, 32-33. He rebuffed the Victim’s testimony that he required her to

call him “sir,” stating he “thought it was a fantasy that she would like.” Id.

at 37. Lastly, he did not recall why he wanted her to contact the police, but

that he did not want her to talk to them because the Victim “said that [the

District Attorney’s Office was] . . . forcing her to talk to them, which [he] didn’t

think was right because [they] didn’t do anything wrong.” Id. at 45, 47.

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12 Appellant told the Victim he was a “regional vice president for LA Fitness”
in the Pittsburgh region, but police officers discovered that his job position
was listed as a “[t]rainer” on tax filings. See N.T., 5/4/21, at 25, 68.

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On May 4, 2021, the trial court found Appellant guilty of solicitation to

commit promoting prostitution. On May 13, 2021, the court sentenced

Appellant to a term of 19 months to seven years’ incarceration, to be served

consecutive to sentences for which he was already serving. Appellant filed

post-sentence motions on May 24, 2021, raising, inter alia, claims that there

was insufficient evidence to support his conviction, the verdict was against the

weight of the evidence, and trial court erred in admitting the Rule 404(b)

evidence. The Commonwealth filed a brief in opposition to Appellant’s post-

sentence motion on October 1, 2021. The court then denied Appellant’s

motion on October 20, 2021, and included a statement of reasons. This timely

followed.13

Appellant presents four issues for our review:

A. Was the evidence presented at trial insufficient to convict
Appellant of promoting prostitution?

B. Was the evidence presented at trial insufficient to convict
Appellant of solicitation to promote prostitution because the
evidence was at variance with the charge in the [c]riminal
[i]nformation?

C. Was Appellant’s conviction against the weight of the evidence
and did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion in finding to the
contrary?

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13 On November 2, 2021, Appellant complied with the trial court’s directive to
file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of matters complained of on appeal.
On December 2, 2021, the trial court filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) statement,
indicating that it was going to rely on its October 20, 2021, statement of
reasons.

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D. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion in allowing A.F. and
J.M. to testify as [Pa.R.E.] 404(b) witnesses?

Appellant’s Brief at 6.

In Appellant’s first argument, he alleges there was insufficient evidence

to convict him of promoting prostitution or soliciting the promotion of

prostitution. See Appellant’s Brief at 16. He states that none of three

instances of “promotions” for which he was accused of — cosplay,

rabbitscam.com, and having sex with 20 to 30 men — “were promotions of

prostitutions.” Id. at 19. He alleges that he never “instructed or advised [the

Victim] to have sex for money.” Id. He complains that “despite alleging in

the [c]riminal [i]nformation that [Appellant] pressured [the Victim] to enter

into a sex slave contract,” the Commonwealth never presented any evidence

to support that contention, and in contrast, “even [the Victim] agreed that

[Appellant] did not promote her prostitution over the phone or in letters.” Id.

at 19-20.

Relying on Commonwealth v. Bleigh, 586 A.2d 450 (Pa. Super.

1991), Appellant maintains that what he “was describing as cosplay comes

nowhere near the meaning of prostitution” because “it did not involve actual

sexual activity.” Appellant’s Brief at 20. Moreover, as for the

“rabbitscam.com” conduct, Appellant states there was no evidence he “stated

or intended for [the Victim] to have sex on the webcam, nor is there any

evidence that [the Victim] understood [his] statements or intentions to be that

she would have sex on the webcam.” Id. Furthermore, he asserts “[t]he

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group sex parties were not prostitution since there was no discussion that

money or anything of value would be exchanged in connection with such

activities.” Id. Appellant alleges his comments about the sex parties were

“pure fantasy,” explaining:

The takeaway from that message was clearly that [Appellant]
imagined [the Victim] having sex with 20-30 men throughout the
night while he was present . . . and that the group sex would take
place at a sex club or “the condo we have.” [Appellant] promised
that “the guys” having sex with [the Victim] would listen to him.
Indeed, a fair review of the tablet messages demonstrates that
[he] was referring to [the Victim] having sex with 20-30 men at
condo sex parties.

Id. at 20-21 (italics in original; citations omitted).

Additionally, Appellant contends the Commonwealth failed to

demonstrate that he “encouraged [the Victim] to make money off of her

having sex with those 20-30 men.” Appellant’s Brief at 21-22 (footnote

omitted). He points to the Victim’s testimony expressing excitement

regarding the idea of doing these acts for profit, while he “merely” messaged

the Victim and said, “‘We are going to make a ton of money, trust me.’” Id.

at 22 (citation omitted). He also states that “no reasonable person could take

[these fantasy suggestions] seriously, especially given the constraints on [his]

ability to attend such parties.” Id. at 24-25. Likewise, with regard to when

he asked the Victim to set up a “rabbistcam.com” account, he states: “[T]he

logical inference is that [Appellant] was addressing making money from

rabbitscam.com webcamming, and not [the Victim] having sex with other

men.” Id. at 22-23. Appellant further defends his actions, stating that if he

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were encouraging [the Victim] to prostitute herself, i.e., engage
in sexual relations for money, surely he would have been more
explicit in explaining to [the Victim] how having sex with other
men would generate income for the two of them. He did not tell
[her] what to charge, when and how to collect payment, or how
he planned to aid her in this venture while serving an effective life
sentence.

Id. at 24 (italics in original).

We begin with our well-settled standard of review:

The standard we apply when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
applying the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and
substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we
note that the facts and circumstances established by the
Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may
be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses
and the weight of the evidence produced is free to believe
all, part or none of the evidence.

Furthermore, in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, we do
not review a diminished record. Rather, the law is clear that we
are required to consider all evidence that was actually received,
without consideration as to the admissibility of that evidence or
whether the trial court's evidentiary rulings are correct.

Commonwealth v. Gray, 867 A.2d 560, 567 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citations &

quotations marks omitted).

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“A person is guilty of solicitation to commit a crime if with the intent of

promoting or facilitating its commission he commands, encourages or

requests another person to engage in specific conduct which would constitute

such crime or an attempt to commit such crime or which would establish his

complicity in its commission or attempted commission.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 902(a).

A person is guilty of prostitution, in relevant part, if they are “an inmate of a

house of prostitution or otherwise engages in sexual activity as a

business[.]”14 18 Pa.C.S. § 5902(a)(1). A person is guilty of promoting

prostitution, in pertinent part, when they “encourage[e], induc[e], or

otherwise intentionally caus[e] another to become or remain a prostitute[.]”

18 Pa.C.S. § 5902(b)(3).

Here, the trial court found the evidence produced at trial sufficiently

supported Appellant’s conviction. See Trial Ct. Op., 10/20/21, at 6. The court

pointed to the “tasks” Appellant commanded the Victim to follow, which

included having sex with 20 to 30 men in exchange for money, and that he

told her that she would “‘fuck for him to make money.’” Id. at 6-7 (record

citation omitted). The court also noted the “testimony of A.F. and J.M. further

demonstrated [Appellant]’s plan, lack of mistake, and common scheme of

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14In other words, “in order for there to be prostitution, there must not only
be sexual activity (i.e., manual sexual stimulation), but a payment of money
as well, in other words, a prostitution business. . . . Business is a commercial
activity engaged in for gain.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 670 A.2d 666,
669 (Pa. Super. 1996) (citation & quotation marks omitted).

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exploiting women for money through sexual acts.” Id. at 7. The court

concluded:

In the communications between [the Victim] and
[Appellant], [Appellant] blatantly promotes prostitution. [He]
encouraged and induced [the Victim] to engage in sexual activity
as a business. Certainly, the underlying act of having sex with 20
to 30 men for money constitutes prostitution as defined in 18
Pa.C.S.[ ] § 5902(a). The testimony of A.F. and J.M. further
supports [Appellant]’s conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.
Therefore, the Commonwealth produced sufficient evidence to
convict [Appellant] of promoting prostitution under 18 Pa.C.S.[ ]
§ 5902(b).

Id. at 7-8.

We agree with the trial court’s well-reasoned opinion. Contrary to

Appellant’s argument, a review of the record reveals he formed a relationship

with the Victim via text messaging for the purpose of seeking to have her

engage in sexual acts with men for a financial benefit. He began by asking

the Victim to participate in a dominant/submissive relationship where he

provided “rules” and “tasks” for her, and if she did not follow them, there

would be “consequences.” See N.T., 5/3/21, at 69-71, 82-84. He then

suggested the Victim engage in “cosplay,” which he described as dressing up

“in sexy costumes” and playing video games on camera for “money.” See

N.T., 5/3/21, at 71-72; see also Commonwealth’s Exhibit 3 at 14-15.15 He

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15 The Commonwealth introduced into evidence a 46-page copy of all text
messages between Appellant and the Victim from November 21, 2018 to
January 3, 2019. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 79.

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also tried to convince the Victim to sign up for the website, “rabbitscam.com,”

for the purpose of making “money [by] doing sexual things[,]” and proposed

that she participate in a sexual activity where she would have intercourse with

20 to 30 men in one night. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 73-74. Specifically, on

January 2, 2019, at 7:12 a.m., he texted the Victim:

Well what turns me on is when I see my sub doing whatever
it is I tell her to do. . . . I want you to set up an account on
rabbitscam.com. That needs to be done today. No debate
on that one.

The amount [of men] depends but to start its going to
be anywhere from 20 [to] 30 [men]. It will be an all night
thing. . . . The guys will listen to me or they’ll get fucked up.
Bottom line and very simple. If they deviate from anything it will
be the same result.

See Commonwealth’s Exhibit 3 at 43 (paragraph break & emphases added).

At 8:23 a.m. that same morning, he texted: “The rabbitcam start up is free.

You asked how many guys and I told you. . . . I also see you not doing what

I told you to do. That’s unacceptable. Do you understand me?” Id.

Approximately seven minutes later, he sent two text messages:

We need to get this going [as soon as possible]. Especially [i]f
you are having financial issues and if I can’t get to any of
mine right now. I need you to be strong for me and get this
going. We are going to make a ton of money, trust me.

Tell me you’re ready to take that many at once or one after
another for your man. Tell me you’ll take as many as I tell you
to. Tell me how you want it done and tell me if you prefer them
at once or one after another. Now.

Id. (emphases added). In additional texts sent later that morning, Appellant

again told the Victim “to get that rabbitcams [sic] started today” and that “[i]f

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money mean[t] a lot to [her,]” then she should “listen” to him and he would

“show” her “how [she] can make it.” Id. at 43-44 (emphasis added). The

following day, Appellant sent another message, stating: “That’s why I’m trying

to tell you it[’]s going to be rough here now. Especially when I have you

start doing your tasks. When I start having you fuck for me.” Id. at

46 (emphasis added). Based on the totality of the circumstances, it is evident

from Appellant’s own words that not only did he encourage, but he demanded

that the Victim engage in sexual activity for the purpose of making money via

the “rabbitscam.com” website and having sex with “20 to 30 men” over the

course of one night.16

To the extent Appellant argues the Victim testified that Appellant did not

promote prostitution over the phone or in letters, he misconstrues the

evidence — the Victim did testify that their sexually explicit communications

took place solely over the tablet. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 89. Therefore, this

argument is meritless. Moreover, regarding his assertion that there was no

evidence he intended for the victim to have sex via web camera, we discern

that while Appellant did not set forth specifics regarding what the Victim was

supposed do on the “rabbitscam.com” website, the record is clear that he

wanted her to set up the account for the purpose of making money while

____________________________________________

16We also agree with the trial court that A.F.’s and J.M.’s testimony further
supports the conviction because their statements demonstrate Appellant’s
common scheme of exploiting women for money through sexual acts.

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committing sexual acts, and he repeatedly asked her to do so. Id. at 73; see

also Commonwealth’s Exhibit 3 at 43-44. The Victim also testified that while

there was no financial plan as to the distribution of income from the “20 to 30

men” night, it “was all up to” Appellant because he gave her a command and

she listened. Id. at 100. As such, that assertion is of no avail.

Additionally, while Appellant tries to argue that the Victim expressed

excitement over having sex with 20 to 30 men, she testified that she played

along because she was afraid Appellant would retaliate against her and she

“did not know what type of person or people he ha[d] outside of the prison.”

See id. at 76, 78. Moreover, we note that while the Victim recognized that

some of Appellant’s requests could be considered fantasies, she testified she

knew he was “serious” about the 20 to 30 men situation “because he kept

demanding it.” Id. at 74. We reiterate that the trial court, sitting as the fact-

finder, was “free to believe all, part or none of the evidence[,]” and here, it

chose to believe the Victim’s testimony. See Gray, 867 A.2d at 567.

Lastly, we find Appellant’s reliance on Bleigh, supra, is misplaced. In

Bleigh, a panel of this Court held that “self-masturbation for hire without any

physical contact between performer and viewer is not the type of conduct

intended to come within the purview of [S]ection 5902.” Bleigh, 586 A.2d at

453. Here, however, the trial court did not just rely on the fact that Appellant

suggested the Victim engage in cosplay, which would purportedly involve

masturbation, to find that he committed the crime of solicitation to commit

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promoting prostitution — the court also relied on the above-mentioned sexual

acts which involved sexual intercourse. Moreover, we also note that in a 1996

case, Johnson, supra, a panel of this Court opined that “masturbation of a

male by a female for money constitute[s] sexual activity as a business” for

prostitution purposes. Johnson, 670 A.2d at 669. Therefore, we are not

persuaded by Appellant’s argument with respect to Bleigh. Accordingly, we

conclude that his first argument fails.

In Appellant’s second argument, he alleges: “[E]ven if this Court

believes that sufficient evidence existed to find that [he] promoted [the

Victim] to engage in prostitution, there is absolutely no evidence to find [him]

guilty of the offense with which he was actually charged in the [c]riminal

[i]nformation.” Appellant’s Brief at 26. He states that “the evidence

presented at trial did not support the charge set forth in the [c]riminal

[i]nformation, which resulted in the evidence at trial being at variance with

the charge in the [c]riminal [i]nformation. Thus, the [c]riminal [i]nformation

as filed misled [Appellant] as to the charge against him.” Id. at 27.

With respect to variance, we are guided by the following:

If there exists a variance between the allegations of an
information and proof at trial, such variance is harmless error
unless a defendant could be misled at trial, prejudicially surprised
in efforts to prepare a defense, precluded from anticipating the
prosecution’s proof, or otherwise impaired with respect to a
substantial right.

Commonwealth v. Lohr, 468 A.2d 1375, 1377 (Pa. 1983). “A variance is

not fatal unless it could mislead the defendant at trial, impairs a substantial

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right or involves an element of surprise that would prejudice the defendant’s

efforts to prepare his defense.” Commonwealth v. Einhorn, 911 A.2d 960,

978 (Pa. Super. 2006). It also merits mention that “[i]ndictments must be

read in a common sense manner and are not to be construed in an overly

technical sense.” Commonwealth v. Ohle, 470 A.2d 61, 73 (1983) (citation

omitted).

Turning to the certified record, the criminal information17 charged

Appellant with “Criminal Solicitation to Promote Prostitution-Encourage

Prostitution.” Criminal Information, 5/3/21. The information identified the

statutory subsections are 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 902(a) and 5902(b)(3). See id. The

grading of the offenses was correctly identified as a third-degree felony. See

id. The factual predicate supporting the charge was as follows:

Defendant while an inmate at the Northampton County Correction,
did engage in sexual explicit communication via phone, digital
message, and in writing with a 27 year old female for the purpose
of soliciting her to perform sex acts for money. The Defendant
comm[un]icated with the victim on numerous occasions and his
instructions for her to enter into a sex slave contract with him at
his direction she would engage in various sex acts for money,
which they would both profit from.

Id.

____________________________________________

17 We note the original information was docketed on July 17, 2019; however,
a copy was not included in the record. Nevertheless, an amended information
was included in the record and indicated that the only change from the original
copy was a spelling error regarding the word, “communicated.” See Amended
Information, 5/3/21. Therefore, we will refer to this version.

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Thus, applying a common-sense approach, we find that Appellant’s

argument flies in the face of the record. At trial, the Victim testified to facts

that were substantially similar to those set forth in the information — that she

communicated with Appellant via telephone, letters, and text messaging. See

N.T., 5/3/21/ at 89. He provided her with a set of ten rules which she was

required to follow. See id. at 69. As stated above, she testified that he

commanded her to engage in several sexual enterprises for monetary

purposes. See id. at 72-74; 76-77, 87-88, 100. Accordingly, we do not

discern that Appellant was “misled at trial,” or was “prejudicially surprised” in

such a way that he could not prepare a defense that anticipated the

Commonwealth’s proof. See Lohr, 468 A.2d at 1377. Therefore, Appellant’s

second sufficiency argument is unavailing.

In Appellant’s third claim, he claims that the conviction was against the

weight of the evidence.18 See Appellant’s Brief at 27. Appellant

“incorporates” his sufficiency discussion, and states that the evidence

“demonstrated that [the Victim] could not have reasonably believed that [he]

intended for her to engage in any acts that would constitute prostitution.” Id.

at 28. Moreover, he maintains that “any purported acts of prostitution in

which [he] would participate with [the Victim] were mere fantasies since [he]

____________________________________________

18 Appellant properly preserved his weight claim by raising it in his post-
sentence motion. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A)(3); see also Commonwealth v.
Thompson, 93 A.3d 478, 491 (Pa. Super. 2014) (failure to preserve weight
claim pursuant to Rule 607 results in waiver).

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was serving an effective life sentence for multiple rapes and other serious

crimes.” Id. Likewise, he suggests the Victim portrayed herself as “some

helpless, vulnerable, damsel in distress” at trial while her text messages to

Appellant “reflect a free-flowing conversation over many months between [the

two] that alternated between the mundane, the raunchy, and the frankly

depraved, but always with [the Victim] as a willing and eager participant.” Id.

at 29. He notes that she “resisted his entreaties” to engage in cosplay, sign

up for “rabbitscam.com,” and have sexual relations with 20 to 30 men. Id.

Appellant also relies on his testimony to support his weight claim,

pointing out that he testified: (1) the “brief discussion” about the Victim

having sex with 20 to 30 men was just “a ‘wild fantasy;’” (2) he never intended

the Victim to have sex with other men while engaging cosplay or while on

“rabbitscam.com”; and (3) he “was offering up fantasies to [the Victim] upon

her request[.]” Appellant’s Brief at 29-30. Appellant concludes that if he

“were truly promoting the prostitution of [the Victim], he would have done so

over the telephone where he could have explained his plans in detail, as

opposed to doing so ambiguously through the constraints of the tablet text

messages.” Id. at 30.

We note the relevant standard of review for challenges to the weight of

the evidence:

The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact, who
is free to believe all, none or some of the evidence and to
determine the credibility of the witnesses. Resolving contradictory
testimony and questions of credibility are matters for the finder of

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fact. It is well-settled that we cannot substitute our judgment for
that of the trier of fact.

Moreover, [a]ppellate review of a weight claim is a review
of the exercise of discretion, not the underlying question of
whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because
the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the
evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest
consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial
judge when reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict
is [or is not] against the weight of the evidence. One of the least
assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the lower
court’s conviction that the verdict was or was not against the
weight of the evidence and that a new trial should be granted in
the interest of justice.

Furthermore, in order for a defendant to prevail on a
challenge to the weight of the evidence, the evidence must be so
tenuous, vague and uncertain that the verdict shocks the
conscience of the court.

Commonwealth v. Miller, 172 A.3d 632, 642-43 (Pa. Super. 2017)

(citations & quotation marks omitted).

Further, this Court will not find an abuse of discretion

based on a mere error of judgment, but rather . . . when the [trial]
court has reached a conclusion which overrides or misapplies the
law, or where the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable,
or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will. Importantly,
[this C]ourt should not find that a trial court abused its discretion
merely because [we] disagree[ ] with the trial court’s conclusion.
Indeed, when reviewing the trial court’s exercise of discretion, it
is improper for [this C]ourt to step[ ] into the shoes of the trial
judge and review the evidence de novo. In other words, [this
C]ourt may not disturb a trial court’s discretionary ruling by
substituting its own judgment for that of the trial court.

Commonwealth v. Gill, 206 A.3d 459, 467 (Pa. 2019) (citations & quotation

marks omitted).

Here, the trial court found the following:

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[Appellant] illustrates the discussions of [the Victim] having sex
with 20 to 30 men as mere fantasy. Contrary to this contention,
as mentioned above, [Appellant] outright demanded that [the
Victim] have sex with these men for money. Combined with the
testimony of A.F. and J.M[.], the weight of the evidence supports
[Appellant]’s conviction.

Trial Ct. Op. at 9 (record citations omitted).

We again agree with the trial court’s determination. Appellant’s

argument essentially amounts to a request for this Court to reassess the

credibility of the Commonwealth’s witnesses, particularly the Victim, and

Appellant’s own testimony. Moreover, he seeks for us to reweigh the

testimony and evidence presented at trial in his favor and find that these

communications just amounted to fantasy talk between himself and the

Victim. We are not permitted to entertain this request. See Miller, 172 A.3d

at 642-43. Our review of the record shows that the evidence was not tenuous

or vague, the trial court did not reach a conclusion that overrode or misapplied

the law, the judgment was not manifestly unreasonable and the result of

partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will, and the verdict was not so contrary as to

shock the trial court’s conscience. See id.; see also Gill, 206 A.3d at 467.

Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion regarding the trial court’s denial

of Appellant’s weight claim. Therefore, his third claim fails.

Lastly, Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting the testimonies of A.F. and J.M. as Pa.R.E. 404(b) witnesses. See

Appellant’s Brief at 31. Specifically, he alleges that “[m]ost of the claimed

commonalities between” the three cases “are without any basis in the trial

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record.” Id. at 33. In support of his argument, Appellant points to the fact

that there was no evidence that A.F. and J.M. struggled financially, and none

of the victims testified that he forced them into a sex slave contract. Id. at

33. Furthermore, he states:

The [t]rial [c]ourt also claims that [he] “required all three victims
to accomplish ‘tasks’ that were sexual in nature, and he
threatened the victims with consequences if they failed to
complete the ‘tasks.’” Again, one is at a loss to understand what
the [t]rial [c]ourt is referring to here. While there is a reference
in the tablet exchanges to [the Victim] performing “tasks[,”]
[Appellant] did not “threaten” her with consequences if she failed
to perform them. With regard to J.M. and A.F., the [t]rial [c]ourt
does not even attempt to explain what “tasks” it refers to, or what
the threats were if those two women failed to complete them.

Id. at 33-34. Appellant also argues “neither of the A.F. or J.M. fact patterns

involved grooming[,]” which was alleged in the present case. Id. at 34. He

states, “The dissimilarities between the cases are readily apparent when one

considers that [he] was not charged with promoting the prostitution of J.M. or

A.F. and was not charged in [the Victim]’s case with any of the offenses

charged in the prior trial.” Id.

He claims the “prior bad acts” evidence failed to demonstrate absence

of mistake because he “did not assert he was mistaken about what he was

doing in the tablet messages with [the Victim]. He knew what he was doing;

however, what he was doing was not promoting prostitution.” Appellant’s

Brief at 34-35 (italics in original). As for motive, Appellant alleges the

following:

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The Commonwealth argued that [he] encouraged [the Victim] to
prostitute herself so that he could share in the earnings. If that
is true, then the Commonwealth already had evidence of motive,
i.e., to make money, from the self-contained facts of this case and
did not need as witnesses the victims from another case involving
entirely different charges and fact patterns. Even assuming that
[Appellant] had the same motive in prior crimes does not mean
the prior crimes motivated him to commit this crime. The
Commonwealth and the [t]rial [c]ourt confused motive with
common plan/scheme, which is equally inapplicable here.

Id. (italics in original). Lastly, he asserts the “prior bad acts” evidence at

issue does not go to common plan or scheme because “the cases of J.M. and

A.F. involved allegations of [him] being in a hotel room with the alleged

victims and forcing them into having sex with him and, in some cases, other

men[,]” whereas here, he was imprisoned and communicating remotely with

the Victim and therefore, he could not have raped her or forced her to have

sex with other men. Id. at 35. He maintains, “In contrast to the simple but

concrete plans involving J.M. and A.F. having sex with other men for money,

the sexual discussions with [the Victim] were in the realm of pure fantasy.”

Id. at 36.

We note the applicable standard of review for admissibility of evidence

challenges:

Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence lie within
the sound discretion of the trial court, and a reviewing court will
not reverse the court’s decision on such a question absent a clear
abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion may not be found
merely because an appellate court might have reached a different
conclusion, but requires a result of manifest unreasonableness, or
partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support so as
to be clearly erroneous.

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Commonwealth v. Crosley, 180 A.3d 761, 768 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations

& quotation marks omitted).

Generally speaking, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible[.]” Pa.R.E.

402. Evidence is deemed relevant if: “(a) it has any tendency to make a fact

more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact

is of consequence in determining the action.” Pa.R.E. 401(a)-(b). Regardless

of relevancy, however, the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence generally preclude

the type of evidence alleged to be at issue herein — evidence of a defendant’s

prior crimes or bad acts. See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1).

Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1) prohibits evidence of a defendant’s prior crimes or

bad acts simply to prove their bad character. See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1).

However, such evidence may be admissible when offered for another purpose,

such as to prove motive, intent, identity, or absence of mistake, or pursuant

to the res gestae exception, that is, where it is “part of the history of the case

and form[s] part of the natural development of facts.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2);

Commonwealth v. Ivy, 146 A.3d 241, 251 (Pa. Super. 2016). “In a criminal

case, this evidence is admissible only if the probative value of the evidence

outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).

Here, the trial court explained its rationale for admitting the testimony

of A.F. and J.M. as Rule 404(b) evidence:

[Appellant]’s prior bad acts against A.F. and J.M. show [his]
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, and plan to prostitute
[the Victim]. All three victims share similar characteristics. The
victims are all white females close in age to [Appellant], and all of

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the victims struggle financially. [Appellant] initially met the three
victims through seemingly legitimate interactions, and he then
groomed each victim over time. Eventually [he] forced each
victim into a sex slave contract and promoted prostitution.
[Appellant] required that each victim call him “sir” and established
a dominant/submissive relationship with each victim. [Appellant]
required all three victims to accomplish “tasks” that were sexual
in nature, and he threatened the victims with consequences if they
failed to complete the “tasks.” Additionally, there is a lack of
remoteness between the incidents. In fact, the incidents involving
[the Victim] occurred throughout the duration of [Appellant]’s trial
for the crimes committed against A.F. and J.M. and continued after
[Appellant]’s conviction.

Given the stark similarities between the conduct relating to
all three of the victims and the lack of remoteness in time,
evidence of [Appellant]’s prior bad acts against A.F. and J.M. is
probative in this case and is not outweighed by its potential for
unfair prejudice against [Appellant].

Trial Ct. Op. at 10-11 (record citation omitted).

We agree with the court’s rationale and conclude that the circumstances

concerning Appellant’s prior bad acts committed against A.F. and J.M. are

substantially similar to the present matter such that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in admitting their testimony. Appellant attempts to

quibble over semantics in distinguishing the case sub judice from the prior two

cases. Nevertheless, he is incorrect with his assertions. For example,

Appellant argues that neither witness testified they struggled financially but

A.F. stated that she told a friend she wanted to make money and that friend

introduced her to Appellant. See N.T., 5/3/21, at 141. He also misconstrues

the court’s rationale by stating the court found Appellant forced all three

women into sex slave contracts when it did not detail what “tasks” it referred

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to with regard to the demands Appellant made on all three women, or specify

the threats he made against those women if they failed to obey. However,

the court did mention that Appellant required all three women to call him “sir,”

he demanded that they sign up for certain websites in order to prostitute

themselves, and he threatened each of them if they failed to adhere to his

rules by physical means or via text messaging. The disputed evidence showed

Appellant had a pattern or common scheme where he demanded these women

to adhere to his rules by completing different tasks. See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).

Notably, Appellant fails to present any authority to persuade us otherwise.

Appellant also attempts to emphasize the fact that he was incarcerated

when he committed the crimes at issue and therefore, this case is dissimilar

to the other two. We find this argument unavailing. The focus is not on the

location of Appellant at the time he committed the crimes but the fact that in

all three cases, he either forced the woman to engage in sexual activities for

money (A.F.) or attempted to solicit the woman to engage in prostitution (J.M.

and the Victim) by setting up accounts on websites.

This evidence also was relevant to show that Appellant was not merely

engaging in fantasy conversations — this was not a mistake or

miscommunication on the part of the Victim. Accordingly, we conclude the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this Rule 404(b) prior bad

acts evidence because it was offered motive, absence of mistake, and common

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scheme. See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). Therefore, Appellant’s final argument has

no merit.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/27/2023

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