Reynaldo Figueroa-Sanabria v. State of Florida

Supreme Court of Florida
____________

No. SC2021-1070
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REYNALDO FIGUEROA-SANABRIA,
Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.

June 29, 2023

COURIEL, J.

Reynaldo Figueroa-Sanabria was convicted of two counts of

first-degree murder after stabbing John Travlos and Germana

Morin to death on their houseboat. See § 782.04(1)(a), Fla. Stat.

(2013). At the end of the penalty phase, he was sentenced to death

for each murder. This is Figueroa-Sanabria’s direct appeal of his

convictions and sentences, over which we have jurisdiction. See

art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const.

We affirm Figueroa-Sanabria’s convictions. The trial court

committed no reversible error during Figueroa-Sanabria’s guilt
phase proceedings, and the State presented competent, substantial

evidence to support the jury’s verdicts. But we set aside Figueroa-

Sanabria’s sentences of death and remand his case for a new

penalty phase because we find that he was deprived of his right to

“have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence” when the trial

court put him to an improper choice at the outset of that phase of

the proceedings. Amend. VI, U.S. Const.

I

A

Early in the morning on April 12, 2013, Germana Morin and

John Travlos were stabbed to death on their houseboat in St.

Petersburg. Both were found face down; duct tape bound together

Morin’s ankles and wound around Travlos’s left wrist and ankle.

Morin was stabbed first in bed and then, mortally, on the

ground. A stab wound twenty centimeters long severed her jugular

vein; it was deep enough to hit a disc of her spinal cord. She also

suffered two stab wounds to the chest, which resulted in two

perforations of her left lung and slowly made it harder for her to

breathe. Travlos, too, was first stabbed in bed, then suffered ten

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more stab wounds to his chest before he died. The intruder made

off with the victims’ jewelry, valued at over $80,000.

As the authorities investigated, they learned that the last time

the victims were seen alive was around 9:00 p.m. on April 11 by a

visiting neighbor. Security footage showed that the houseboat’s

motion-sensing lights, which could be triggered by a person walking

across the gangplank, turned off at 10:42 p.m. on the 11th and

were next illuminated at 2:29 a.m. on the 12th. The lights then

turned off at 3:49 a.m. and did not come on for the rest of the day.

An examination of Travlos’s computer revealed that someone had

used it to access his contact list at 3:43 a.m. That list contained

the combination to his safe where some of the jewelry was stored.

There was no evidence of damage to any of the locks on the

houseboat. Two workers found the bodies around 11:00 a.m.

According to a neighbor, Reynaldo Figueroa-Sanabria was

seen at the houseboat at 7:00 p.m. on the 11th, but he left soon

after. Figueroa-Sanabria, the victims’ handyman, was often given a

key to the houseboat so that he could access it to work. Some

weeks earlier, according to both Figueroa-Sanabria and other

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witnesses, Figueroa-Sanabria had argued with Travlos about his

wages, but he eventually returned to the job.

Figueroa-Sanabria lived in an apartment complex across the

street from the marina where the houseboat was docked with his

girlfriend, Tessa Cooper. According to Cooper, who later assisted

the police with its investigation, the couple went to sleep around

1:00 a.m. on the 12th. She woke up to a phone call from Figueroa-

Sanabria around 4:30 a.m. that morning. He sounded to Cooper

“like he was in a panic” and asked her to pick him up near the

marina.

Cooper found Figueroa-Sanabria holding a backpack. He told

her that he needed to travel to New York to see his brother. 1 The

couple stopped at their apartment before heading to the airport. On

the way to the airport, however, Figueroa-Sanabria told Cooper he

had changed his mind; he asked her to take him to rent a car.

1. Figueroa-Sanabria was in frequent communication with his
brother on the 11th and 12th. One detective testified that certain
text messages sent to Figueroa-Sanabria by his brother after the
crimes occurred were no longer on Figueroa-Sanabria’s phone.

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Cooper later testified that, sometime during this drive, she saw

Figueroa-Sanabria hold a knife in his lap with his hand over it.

They stopped at a gas station and Cooper vacuumed out her

van. Figueroa-Sanabria walked over to a dumpster and threw away

some grocery bags. Later, the assistant manager of the gas station

discovered bloodstained clothes in the dumpster, including two t-

shirts—one white and the other gray—a pair of jeans, and a belt, all

of which Cooper later identified as Figueroa-Sanabria’s. 2 After

leaving the gas station, the couple went back to their apartment,

and then later went on the hunt for a rental car.

Failing to find one, the couple instead went to a jewelry store.

There, around 9:30 a.m., Figueroa-Sanabria sold a necklace and

bracelet for a combined $2,569, which included $2,000 in bills

wrapped in a bank strap. 3 Cooper testified that Figueroa-Sanabria

2. Some of the clothing also had what appeared to be white
paint stains. Figueroa-Sanabria testified that he had been painting
the victims’ houseboat on April 11.

3. Figueroa-Sanabria also tried to sell two rings but,
according to testimony of a staff member at the jewelry store, he
decided against it when the staff member informed him that a
gemologist would need to look at them first. Figueroa-Sanabria told
one investigator that he had owned the jewelry for a while, yet at

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carried the jewelry in the backpack that he had when she picked

him up earlier that morning.

After leaving the jewelry store, Figueroa-Sanabria finally found

a company that would rent him a car. There, after Figueroa-

Sanabria instructed Cooper to mention nothing about the morning

other than that she dropped him off at a car rental business and

that he was traveling to see his brother, the couple parted ways.

Figueroa-Sanabria began to travel northeast, reaching a shipping

business in Palm Coast on the afternoon of the 12th. From there,

Figueroa-Sanabria sent a package to his brother in New York. It

was later found to contain over one hundred pieces of jewelry.

As Figueroa-Sanabria continued north, the investigation into

the murders began. According to the testimony of a detective, the

name “Rey” came up repeatedly around the marina. Soon

investigators found the apartment complex where Cooper and

Figueroa-Sanabria lived and impounded the van that the couple

had been driving around town. Cooper told the police what had

another point testified that Cooper had given it to him that
morning. The jewelry was later identified as Travlos’s.

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happened earlier that morning. 4 They persuaded a judge to issue a

warrant for Figueroa-Sanabria’s arrest.

Figueroa-Sanabria’s run ended just hours later in North

Carolina. The officer who arrested him explained that law

enforcement in Florida wanted to speak with him; Figueroa-

Sanabria replied that he “figured they would.” A search of

Figueroa-Sanabria’s vehicle revealed, among other things, a cell

phone with the battery removed and a black backpack. He was

carrying the money band from the jewelry store that he had visited

the prior day; later, he tried to get rid of it outside the county jail

where he was held. An officer found it tucked behind a gutter.

On April 18, 2013, a grand jury indicted Figueroa-Sanabria on

two counts of first-degree murder.

4. Cooper and Figueroa-Sanabria remained in communication
throughout the day on the 12th. At one point, Figueroa-Sanabria
texted Cooper asking her if she had seen the police. He told her
that he had received a call from the property manager of their
apartment complex informing him that police were there and
wanted to speak with him.

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 B

The court appointed Keith Hammond as Figueroa-Sanabria’s

lawyer in January 2014 after the public defender’s office withdrew

for conflict reasons. 5 The attorney-client relationship between

Figueroa-Sanabria and Hammond was fraught. Over the next five

years, Figueroa-Sanabria repeatedly expressed dissatisfaction with

Hammond’s representation. Along with complaints raised in

pretrial hearings, Figueroa-Sanabria filed three motions before trial

in which he asked the court to dismiss Hammond and appoint new

counsel. His grievances included a lack of communication and a

lack of progress in preparing for trial. For example, at one hearing

Figueroa-Sanabria told the court that Hammond had not visited

him for almost a year, and at a later hearing he told the court that

Hammond had only been to see him ten times in the preceding

twenty-two months, with the visits cumulatively lasting less than

ten hours.

5. The court also appointed Daniel Hernandez as co-counsel,
who was assigned to handle the penalty phase if Figueroa-Sanabria
was convicted.

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 Hammond himself recognized these issues, telling the court

once that he had an “ethical problem” because of his workload and

low staffing, and then suggesting to the court that it should

“seriously consider appointing somebody else.” At another hearing,

speaking of Figueroa-Sanabria, Hammond remarked that “I drive

him crazy, and he drives me crazy.” And on another occasion,

Hammond said that his ability to represent Figueroa-Sanabria was

“borderline,” and projected that his representation of Figueroa-

Sanabria was “going to cause a problem for the next 20 years.”

Despite these issues, Hammond told the court that he could

represent Figueroa-Sanabria.

All three motions filed by Figueroa-Sanabria were denied by

the trial court. 6 Each time, the court, after a hearing, found that

Figueroa-Sanabria had not provided an adequate basis for his

request and that Hammond was providing adequate representation.

After the first request, which was in October 2014, Hammond met

6. The three motions were denied by three different trial
judges. The first, Judge Nancy Moate Ley, moved divisions, so
Judge Thane Covert took over in early 2015. Judge Pat Siracusa
then took over in early 2017 and eventually presided over the trial.

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twice with Figueroa-Sanabria, demonstrated progress on discovery

matters, and successfully sought a continuance. At one point,

however, after his second request to replace Hammond was denied,

Figueroa-Sanabria decided to represent himself. But almost six

months later, in August 2016, he changed his mind and asked for

counsel. Hammond, who was serving as standby counsel, was

reinstated.

In September 2017, after denying Figueroa-Sanabria’s third

request to replace Hammond, the court asked Figueroa-Sanabria to

list discovery objectives that he wanted accomplished. It told

Figueroa-Sanabria that it would appoint a new attorney if

Hammond failed to accomplish what was listed. Hammond

demonstrated progress over the course of pretrial hearings that took

place the next year; however, Figueroa-Sanabria continued to send

letters to the court documenting his frustration with Hammond’s

representation.

In March 2019, the trial court asked Hammond and the State

about the progress of certain discovery matters. Among other

things, Figueroa-Sanabria had requested several depositions and

background checks, and the acquisition of surveillance videos from

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the gas station where the clothes were dumped. Hammond sought

a continuance to allow for additional time to prepare for trial, which

the court granted. Over the next months, Hammond again

displayed progress when it came to Figueroa-Sanabria’s requests,

leading the trial court to conclude that the case was ready to be

tried.

Only a few days before trial, though, Figueroa-Sanabria wrote

another letter to the court with objections about Hammond’s

representation. He again complained about Hammond’s lack of

communication and lack of progress in investigating certain issues,

such as whether the clothes found in the dumpster were Figueroa-

Sanabria’s size or had his DNA on them, and the State’s acquisition

of Figueroa-Sanabria’s cell phone and the historical cell site

location information (CSLI) about the phone’s usage.7 The court

7. When a cell phone is in use, it connects “to a set of radio
antennas called ‘cell sites,’ ” which “typically have several
directional antennas that divide the covered area into sectors.”
Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2211 (2018). Each
time a cell phone connects to one of these cell sites, “it generates a
time-stamped record” that constitutes CSLI. Id. In this case, as the
intelligence analyst testified at trial, the historical CSLI allowed
investigators to determine “a geographical area that the device
could have been in” at the time of an incoming or outgoing phone

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acknowledged receipt of the letter before jury selection began, and

later that same day asked Figueroa-Sanabria if he had any

questions or concerns that it could address. At that point, however,

Figueroa-Sanabria did not mention any issue with Hammond, and

he did not again raise an issue with Hammond’s representation

throughout the rest of the trial.

Figueroa-Sanabria, though, did ask the court about certain

evidentiary issues, including the State’s acquisition of historical

CSLI. Figueroa-Sanabria argued that the State’s warrantless

acquisition of five days’ worth of CSLI, which the State planned to

use in establishing Figueroa-Sanabria’s whereabouts on the dates

relevant to the murders, violated the Fourth Amendment. 8

In response, the State told the court that it went through all of

the normal procedures for acquiring the evidence and had the

call. It provides nothing further, however, such as a precise GPS
location of the device.

8. Five years after the historical CSLI was acquired in this
case, but before trial, the United States Supreme Court concluded
in Carpenter that the acquisition of seven days of historical CSLI
constituted a search under the Fourth Amendment, and as such,
had to be supported by a warrant issued upon probable cause. 138
S. Ct. at 2217 n.3.

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documentation to prove it. 9 After hearing this, the trial court did

not rule on the admissibility of the evidence in light of the Fourth

Amendment. Instead, the court only provided that the acquisition

of the historical CSLI would “certainly be part of the appellate

issues that [Figueroa-Sanabria] would be contesting” if he was

convicted. The record does not reflect any further objection when

the historical CSLI evidence was admitted at trial.

During the two-week trial that finally began on October 8,

2019, the jury heard from the officers who conducted the

investigation. They heard from those with whom Figueroa-Sanabria

had interacted during the morning of April 12, such as the staff

member at the jewelry store that purchased the necklace and

bracelet, and the owner of the rental car business who rented

Figueroa-Sanabria the vehicle. The jury also heard from Cooper,

who testified about what had happened after she picked up

Figueroa-Sanabria on the morning after the murders, and the

girlfriend of Figueroa-Sanabria’s brother, who testified about

9. The State later produced the subpoena used to acquire the
historical CSLI.

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receiving the jewelry in the mail. The State additionally called the

medical examiner, who informed the jury that the cause of death for

both victims was multiple sharp-force injuries and the manner of

death for both was homicide.

The jury heard from an intelligence analyst who had mapped

out the general positioning of Figueroa-Sanabria and Cooper on

April 11 and 12 using the historical CSLI acquired from Figueroa-

Sanabria’s and Cooper’s service providers. The CSLI evidence

revealed that, when Figueroa-Sanabria and Cooper spoke at 4:15

a.m. and 4:16 a.m., his phone used an antenna south of the one it

normally used when he was at the marina or his apartment.

However, the analyst also testified that the southern antenna

sometimes provides the strongest signal for a phone at the marina.

In contrast, the analyst testified that Cooper’s phone used one

antenna, at the same longitude and latitude, throughout the night

of the 11th and into the morning of the 12th when she

communicated with Figueroa-Sanabria at 4:15 a.m. and 4:16 a.m.

This antenna covered the area where both the marina and the

couple’s apartment were located.

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 A DNA analyst also took the stand. The analyst testified that

Figueroa-Sanabria’s DNA was found, within a reasonable degree of

scientific certainty, on both a roll of duct tape and a wad of duct

tape left at the scene. As the jury learned from a trace materials

analyst who also testified, the duct tape used to restrain both

victims came from this roll. As for the white shirt found in the

dumpster, the DNA analyst testified that the blood from the cuff

area of the right sleeve matched Morin’s DNA within a reasonable

degree of scientific certainty, and testing of blood on the collar

revealed that Travlos’s DNA was a major contributor. As for the

jeans, testing of blood in three areas revealed the presence of

Travlos’s DNA within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty, and

testing of blood on another area of the jeans revealed the presence

of Morin’s DNA within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty. 10

The analyst also conducted testing on carpet clippings from the

10. The analyst performed additional DNA tests on different
areas of the white and gray shirts, the jeans, and the belt, but the
results were largely inconclusive as to the presence of the DNA of
Figueroa-Sanabria and Cooper.

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front passenger side of Cooper’s van, which revealed the presence of

Travlos’s DNA within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty.

After the State rested, Hammond called only one witness:

Figueroa-Sanabria. He testified that he awoke around 4:00 a.m. on

April 12 to find that Cooper was gone. He said he called her, and

she told him that she had gone to get cigarettes. When she

returned, according to Figueroa-Sanabria, she asked him to drive

her to an addiction treatment center. On the way to the treatment

center, he said, Cooper asked him to stop at a gas station and

vacuum out her van. She also, he said, asked him to throw away a

grocery bag in the dumpster, which he did.

Figueroa-Sanabria testified that Cooper was the source of the

jewelry-filled backpack, which, he said, she gave him to make up for

her selling his vehicle while he served a stint in prison. Figueroa-

Sanabria testified that he decided to sell some of the jewelry, which

he did at a jewelry store. Figueroa-Sanabria said that he gave

Cooper most of the money earned from selling the jewelry, and that

he promised her the proceeds from future sales. Figueroa-Sanabria

said that he eventually rented a car, planning to visit his brother in

New York, who would help him sell the rest of the jewelry. On the

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way to New York, Figueroa-Sanabria shipped the jewelry to his

brother.

On October 23, the jury returned guilty verdicts for both first-

degree murder charges.

C

The matter proceeded to the penalty phase. At a hearing on

October 28, Daniel Hernandez, who had at that point taken over as

counsel, told the court that Figueroa-Sanabria did “not wish

mitigation to be presented.” The court asked Figueroa-Sanabria if

those were in fact his wishes. He responded that he did not want

his friends and family to “beg for life” to the jury on his behalf.

Hernandez said he “obviously . . . was not seeking to do something

against [Figueroa-Sanabria’s] wishes,” but he “suspected that the

Court would require [him] to do so.” After failing to convince

Figueroa-Sanabria that he should present mitigation, the court said

that if Hernandez “wants to call [mitigation witnesses],” then the

court is “going to let him call them so that they can do what’s

necessary.” Figueroa-Sanabria responded by stating that if the

court is “going to let [Hernandez] do it, then [he] would like to

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dismiss [Hernandez]” and represent himself. The court made this

effort to confirm Figueroa-Sanabria’s decision:

THE COURT: Okay. So, Mr. Sanabria, are you telling me
that not only you don’t want your family members to
testify on your behalf, but you also don’t want the
doctors to testify on your behalf[?] Is that what you’re
saying?
THE DEFENDANT: Yeah, I don’t.
THE COURT: You want nothing presented on your
behalf? And for the record he’s shaking his head. Now
he doesn’t want anything.
THE DEFENDANT: No, your Honor. I’m sorry. No.
THE COURT: Now you’re saying you’re willing to
represent yourself. If I’m going to order Mr. Hernandez to
present things on your behalf, you’ll represent yourself so
that you won’t have to present anything because I may
have to order Mr. Hernandez to present things on your
behalf?
THE DEFENDANT: That’s what I say, your Honor, yes.

After taking a short break, the court told Figueroa-Sanabria

that it could not have defense counsel “go forward representing

[him] not presenting . . . any mitigation,” and so “if [Hernandez]

represents [Figueroa-Sanabria], he’s going to present mitigation on

[Figueroa-Sanabria’s] behalf.” The colloquy concluded this way:

THE COURT: With that in mind do you want to represent
yourself or do you want to let Mr. Hernandez present the
mitigation against your wishes?
THE DEFENDANT: I don’t want no mitigation.
THE COURT: Okay. So you want to represent yourself
and not put on any mitigation?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.

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 After a court-appointed expert witness testified that Figueroa-

Sanabria was competent to make the decision to waive mitigation

and represent himself, the court held a Faretta 11 hearing. At this

hearing, the court inquired into Figueroa-Sanabria’s knowledge of

the relevant law and procedural rules, reminded Figueroa-Sanabria

of the difficulties of self-representation, and told Figueroa-Sanabria

that he would not have much time to prepare before the penalty

phase started. The trial court also ensured that Figueroa-Sanabria

understood that the maximum penalty he could receive was death

and told him that he would have a much better chance to receive a

sentence of life if he was represented by counsel. Figueroa-

Sanabria still chose to proceed pro se.

Before accepting Figueroa-Sanabria’s waiver, the trial court

asked Hernandez if there was any lawful reason that the court

should not accept Figueroa-Sanabria’s decision, and Hernandez

responded that there was not. After Hernandez summarized the

11. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975) (concluding that
a defendant has a constitutional right to proceed without counsel in
a state criminal trial as long as he knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily chooses to do so).

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mitigation evidence he planned to present, the court accepted

Figueroa-Sanabria’s waiver and appointed Hernandez as standby

counsel.

During the penalty phase, the State presented one expert

witness—who testified to the physical and medical condition of the

victims—and victim impact testimony. Figueroa-Sanabria did not

present mitigation evidence, nor did he provide an opening

statement or closing argument. After the State’s closing argument,

the trial court instructed the jury on its duties, and deliberations

began.

An hour in, the jury returned with questions about the verdict

form, and Hernandez offered to provide some assistance. After the

court assured Figueroa-Sanabria that the reinstatement of

Hernandez would not affect his waiver of mitigation, Figueroa-

Sanabria agreed to allow Hernandez to represent him again.

Following deliberations, the jury unanimously found five

aggravating factors and unanimously recommended sentences of

death. After a series of Spencer 12 hearings at which both sides

12. Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993) (setting out a
procedure that affords both the State and the defendant an

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presented evidence on, among other things, whether Figueroa-

Sanabria was cognitively impaired, the trial court sentenced

Figueroa-Sanabria to death for each murder. This appeal follows.

II

A

Figueroa-Sanabria argues that two errors committed during

the guilt phase require us to set aside his convictions. First,

Figueroa-Sanabria argues that the trial court erred in refusing,

more than once, to appoint new counsel before the start of the guilt

phase. Second, Figueroa-Sanabria argues that the trial court erred

in admitting historical CSLI that had been acquired without a

warrant, in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Neither alleged

error justifies reversing Figueroa-Sanabria’s convictions. And

because, after a review of the record, we find that Figueroa-

Sanabria’s convictions are supported by competent, substantial

evidence, we affirm them.

opportunity to be heard and present additional evidence to the trial
court before it decides whether to impose a death sentence).

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 1

As to the first issue, Figueroa-Sanabria argues that the trial

court erred in refusing to dismiss Hammond from the case and

appoint substitute counsel.13 We review a “trial court’s decision

involving withdrawal or discharge of counsel . . . for abuse of

discretion.” Guardado v. State, 965 So. 2d 108, 113 (Fla. 2007).

Discretion is abused only when no reasonable person “would take

the view adopted by the trial court.” Canakaris v. Canakaris, 382

13. Figueroa-Sanabria argues that the trial court violated the
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which
guarantees him “the Assistance of Counsel for his defence,” amend.
VI, U.S. Const., when it denied his motions to dismiss Hammond
and appoint substitute counsel after it became apparent that the
relationship between Figueroa-Sanabria and Hammond had
“completely collapsed.” But the U.S. Supreme Court has rejected
the claim “that the Sixth Amendment guarantees a ‘meaningful
relationship’ between an accused and his counsel.” Morris v.
Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 14 (1983). Instead, the Sixth Amendment only
guarantees “the right to effective assistance of counsel at all critical
stages of a criminal prosecution.” Taylor v. State, 87 So. 3d 749,
758 (Fla. 2012). Recognizing that our cases generally leave
ineffective assistance arguments for postconviction proceedings, see
Steiger v. State, 328 So. 3d 926 (Fla. 2021), Figueroa-Sanabria does
not now argue that Hammond was ineffective. Because of this, we
decline to consider Figueroa-Sanabria’s Sixth Amendment
arguments related to Hammond.

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So. 2d 1197, 1203 (Fla. 1980) (quoting Delno v. Mkt. St. Ry. Co., 124

F.2d 965, 967 (9th Cir. 1942)). Here, we cannot say that.

In reviewing the trial court’s refusal to discharge defense

counsel and appoint a new one, we are mindful “that an indigent

defendant has no right to choose a particular court-appointed

attorney.” Weaver v. State, 894 So. 2d 178, 187 (Fla. 2004). Thus,

“if a trial court decides that court-appointed counsel is providing

adequate representation, the court does not violate an indigent

defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights if it requires him to keep the

original court-appointed lawyer or represent himself.” Id. at 188.

This makes sense given the “essential aim” of the Assistance of

Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment, which is “to guarantee an

effective advocate for each criminal defendant rather than to ensure

that a defendant will inexorably be represented by the lawyer whom

he prefers.” Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159 (1988).

In past cases we have concluded that a “lack of

communication is not a ground for an incompetency claim.”

Morrison v. State, 818 So. 2d 432, 440-41 (Fla. 2002); see, e.g.,

Glover v. State, 226 So. 3d 795, 807-08 (Fla. 2017); Davis v. State,

136 So. 3d 1169, 1209 (Fla. 2014); Guardado, 965 So. 2d at 115.

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We also have rejected claims based on a defendant’s “displeasure

with counsel’s refusal to provide copies of legal documents and

efforts in contacting witnesses,” and a defendant’s “complaints

about his attorney’s trial preparation, witness development, and

trial strategy.” Morrison, 818 So. 2d at 441; see Sexton v. State, 775

So. 2d 923, 930-31 (Fla. 2000). It is also our settled law that

generalized grievances concerning these issues do not provide cause

for a Nelson 14 hearing. See, e.g., Morrison, 818 So. 2d at 441;

Guardado, 965 So. 2d at 115.

Here, Figueroa-Sanabria’s concerns with Hammond boil down

to two issues: a lack of communication and a lack of progress in

preparing for trial. Neither supplies a basis for the relief he seeks.

The trial court convened multiple Nelson hearings to consider

Figueroa-Sanabria’s grievances. The court inquired into

Hammond’s ability to handle the case and Hammond’s stated

14. Nelson v. State, 274 So. 2d 256, 258 (Fla. 4th DCA 1973)
(“[W]here a defendant, before the commencement of trial, makes it
appear to the trial judge that he desires to discharge his court
appointed counsel, the trial judge, in order to protect the indigent’s
right to effective counsel, should make an inquiry of the defendant
as to the reason for the request to discharge.”).

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concerns about his relationship with Figueroa-Sanabria. We find

the court conducted “sufficient inquiry to determine whether there

was reasonable cause to believe that counsel was not rendering

effective assistance.” Morrison, 818 So. 2d at 442.

The court also continually tracked Hammond’s progress on a

list prepared by Figueroa-Sanabria enumerating issues he wanted

addressed before trial. And, throughout trial, the court repeatedly

asked Figueroa-Sanabria if he had any questions or concerns that

could be addressed; not once during these colloquies did Figueroa-

Sanabria object to Hammond’s preparation or representation.

On the record before us, we cannot say the trial court

inadequately addressed Figueroa-Sanabria’s concerns; to the

contrary, the three separate judges who considered Figueroa-

Sanabria’s motions each reasonably concluded that he failed to

assert a sufficient basis for replacing Hammond. Figueroa-

Sanabria has therefore failed to show that the court abused its

discretion in denying his motions to substitute counsel, and he is

not entitled to a new guilt phase on this basis.

- 25 -
 2

Figueroa-Sanabria next argues that the trial court reversibly

erred when it refused to exclude historical CSLI obtained without a

warrant. First, however, we must decide whether this question is

preserved for our review.

We have stated that “no magic words are required to make a

proper objection.” Aills v. Boemi, 29 So. 3d 1105, 1109 (Fla.

2010). An issue is preserved when it is “timely raised before, and

ruled on by, the trial court” and was in its presentation “sufficiently

precise that it fairly apprised the trial court of the relief sought and

the grounds therefor.” § 924.051(1)(b), Fla. Stat. The argument on

appeal “must be the specific contention asserted as legal ground for

the objection, exception, or motion below.” Steinhorst v. State, 412

So. 2d 332, 338 (Fla. 1982).

In a hearing after the first day of jury selection, Figueroa-

Sanabria questioned the legality of the State’s warrantless

acquisition of historical CSLI given the U.S. Supreme Court’s

decision in Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2217, which, in Figueroa-

Sanabria’s words, provided that the State “need[ed] a search

warrant for cellular call logs, towers, and everything.” The court

- 26 -
told Figueroa-Sanabria that if the State could not show that it went

through the procedural steps required to obtain the historical CSLI

and Figueroa-Sanabria was convicted, then the acquisition of the

historical CSLI would “certainly be part of the appellate issues that

[he] would be contesting.” 15

While this interaction cannot be said to have conclusively and

clearly preserved the issue for our review, Figueroa-Sanabria did

put “the trial judge on notice that error may have been committed,”

Castor v. State, 365 So. 2d 701, 703 (Fla. 1978), and we decline, on

these facts, to penalize Figueroa-Sanabria for proceeding in

accordance with the trial judge’s statement about the preservation

of the issue for appeal. We thus proceed on the assumption that

this issue was preserved.

Next, while we normally would address whether the State’s

acquisition of Figueroa-Sanabria’s historical CSLI was a warrantless

15. The court also said that “if a mistake was made . . . then
certainly your appellate lawyer will look into it because Mr.
Hammond has preserved that for appeal.” Hammond did file a
motion to suppress, which was denied, but that motion only sought
to suppress evidence garnered from Figueroa-Sanabria’s cell phone
before the acquisition of a warrant, not the historical CSLI.

- 27 -
Fourth Amendment search, and if so, whether the exclusionary rule

applies, we need not reach these issues to resolve this case. That is

because the allegedly erroneous introduction of the CSLI evidence is

harmless.16

A trial court’s error in admitting evidence obtained from an

unconstitutional search is subject to harmless error analysis.

Smallwood v. State, 113 So. 3d 724, 739 (Fla. 2013); see § 924.33,

Fla. Stat. “The harmless error test . . . places the burden on the

state, as the beneficiary of the error, to prove beyond a reasonable

16. When the State acquires evidence as the result of a
constitutionally unreasonable search, the exclusionary rule may
bar its admission. The exclusionary rule is a prudential doctrine
created by the U.S. Supreme Court to “compel respect for the
constitutional guaranty” found in the Fourth Amendment, Davis v.
United States, 564 U.S. 229, 236 (2011) (quoting Elkins v. United
States, 364 U.S. 206, 217 (1960)), by deterring “deliberate police
misconduct,” Rodriguez v. State, 187 So. 3d 841, 845 (Fla. 2015).
The U.S. Supreme Court, however, has provided that the
exclusionary rule does not apply when “the police conduct a search
in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent.”
Davis, 564 U.S. at 249-50. Although we do not reach the
applicability of the good-faith exception, we note that, when the
State acquired the historical CSLI in this case, binding precedent
provided that the acquisition of such data was not a “search” under
the Fourth Amendment—meaning a warrant was not
constitutionally required. See Mitchell v. State, 25 So. 3d 632, 635
(Fla. 4th DCA 2009); Johnson v. State, 110 So. 3d 954, 958 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2013).

- 28 -
doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict

or, alternatively stated, that there is no reasonable possibility that

the error contributed to the conviction.” State v. DiGuilio, 491 So.

2d 1129, 1135 (Fla. 1986). The test is focused “on the effect of the

error on the trier-of-fact” and is not a “sufficiency-of-the-evidence, a

correct result, a not clearly wrong, a substantial evidence, a more

probable than not, a clear and convincing, or even an overwhelming

evidence test.” Id. at 1139.

Although the CSLI evidence is indeed inculpatory and was a

part of the State’s case, after “an examination of the entire

record . . . including a close examination of the permissible evidence

on which the jury could have legitimately relied, and in addition an

even closer examination of the impermissible evidence which might

have possibly influenced the jury verdict,” id. at 1135, we conclude

the State has met its burden here. The CSLI evidence “was merely

cumulative.” Odom v. State, 403 So. 2d 936, 940 (Fla. 1981).

We start with the other evidence inculpating Figueroa-

Sanabria. It is “clearly conclusive.” DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d at 1138.

The State presented evidence that the two victims died on their

houseboat after suffering multiple stab wounds, and that jewelry

- 29 -
valued at over $80,000 was stolen from the houseboat. There were

no signs of a forced entry, and it was established that Figueroa-

Sanabria was often given a key to the houseboat. Figueroa-

Sanabria’s DNA was present on both a roll and wad of duct tape left

at the scene. Testimony revealed that the duct tape used to

restrain the victims came from this roll. Both victims’ DNA was

found on discarded clothes that Cooper identified as Figueroa-

Sanabria’s, and Travlos’s DNA was found on the carpet of the front

passenger seat of the van in which Figueroa-Sanabria sat in the

hours after the murders. Cooper recalled seeing Figueroa-Sanabria

holding a knife that morning as they drove around with a backpack

full of the victims’ jewelry—some of which Figueroa-Sanabria sold

before mailing the rest to his brother.

What is more, Figueroa-Sanabria elected to take the stand.

When a defendant testifies on his version of events, the jury is “free

to reject [his] version of events as unreasonable,” Finney v. State,

660 So. 2d 674, 680 (Fla. 1995), and in turn may view this

testimony as “evidence of a guilty mind.” Jackson v. State, 347 So.

3d 292, 307 (Fla. 2022); see also United States v. Allison, 908 F.2d

1531, 1535 (11th Cir. 1990) (“The jury may view defendant’s false

- 30 -
explanatory statement as substantive evidence proving guilt.”).

Figueroa-Sanabria testified that he received the jewelry from

Cooper. This contradicted what he told investigators, which was

that he had owned the jewelry for a while. Figueroa-Sanabria also

did not explain why his DNA was left at the scene, why Cooper’s

DNA was not, and why Cooper would murder Travlos and Morin

only to give Figueroa-Sanabria the jewelry. The jury was free to

reject Figueroa-Sanabria’s version of the events in light of all this,

and it did.

As for the allegedly impermissible evidence, the jury heard

from an intelligence analyst who, with Figueroa-Sanabria’s

historical CSLI, placed Figueroa-Sanabria’s cell phone at a location

south of the couple’s apartment when he called Cooper early on the

morning of the 12th. The State used this evidence to argue that

Figueroa-Sanabria was near the houseboat at the time of the crimes

and to rebut his argument that Cooper was the one who committed

the crimes. But there “was additional substantial, reliable and

admissible evidence” on both these points, Hayward v. State, 24 So.

3d 17, 34 (Fla. 2009), as revised on denial of reh’g (Dec. 10, 2009),

including the DNA evidence that placed Figueroa-Sanabria, not

- 31 -
Cooper, at the scene rather than in its vicinity. 17 This supports the

conclusion that the admission of the historical CSLI was harmless.

See Hojan v. State, 3 So. 3d 1204, 1210 (Fla. 2009) (“This Court has

held that where the evidence introduced in error was not the only

evidence on the issue to which the improper evidence related, the

introduction can be harmless.”).

Our conclusion about the harmlessness of any error regarding

the admission of Figueroa-Sanabria’s historical CSLI evidence finds

ample support in our cases. For example, in Jeffries v. State, we

concluded that the trial court erred in admitting the defendant’s

shoes seized after an illegal arrest. 797 So. 2d 573, 577 (Fla. 2001).

The jury learned that a shoe print at the crime scene was left by the

same type of shoes as the defendant’s. Id. at 579. Even with this

connection, we concluded that the trial court’s error was harmless.

Id. The expert that testified at trial was unable to conclusively

determine that the shoe print was made by the defendant’s shoes.

17. The historical CSLI for Cooper’s phone placed it in a
sector that included both the apartment and the marina. Thus,
while it does support Cooper’s testimony, it also does not
completely rule out Figueroa-Sanabria’s version of events.

- 32 -
Id. And the State presented other, more inculpatory evidence:

testimony from the defendant’s siblings, who overheard the

defendant talk about his plans to commit the crimes, expert

testimony linking the defendant to a fingerprint left at the scene,

and a stipulation from both parties that the defendant pawned the

victim’s jewelry shortly after the murder. Id. at 578-79.

In another case, Saavedra v. State, we had to determine

whether a trial court had erred in denying the defendant’s motion to

suppress evidence obtained from his home after the police entered

without a warrant and arrested him. 622 So. 2d 952, 956 (Fla.

1993). While we found that the police officers’ initial entry into the

home was not supported by third-party consent, we did not proceed

to determine whether exigent circumstances were present to

support the entry, or if the defendant’s subsequent consent to

search was tainted by his warrantless arrest. Id. at 959. Instead,

we assumed officers had entered without exigent circumstances

and that the later consent was tainted, and we proceeded to

conduct a harmless error review. Id. We found the trial court’s

error to be harmless, even though the search led to the recovery of

two pairs of black pants and a hood, which is what the defendants

- 33 -
allegedly wore when they sexually assaulted the victim. Id. at 955.

This was because the verdict was strongly supported by the victim’s

in-court identification of both defendants as her attackers, and

other testimony that both corroborated the victim’s testimony about

her injuries and tied the semen found on the victim’s body to both

defendants. Id. at 959.

As in these cases, here, too, the State is correct that there is

no reasonable possibility that the allegedly erroneous admission of

the evidence at issue contributed to the convictions. See DiGuilio,

491 So. 2d at 1135. Figueroa-Sanabria is therefore not entitled to a

new guilt phase because of the trial court’s admission of the

historical CSLI.

3

Even when the defendant does not contest the sufficiency of

the evidence at trial, we have “an independent obligation to review

the record for sufficiency of the evidence.” Blake v. State, 972 So.

2d 839, 850 (Fla. 2007). “[T]he concern on appeal must be whether,

after all conflicts in the evidence and all reasonable inferences

therefrom have been resolved in favor of the verdict on appeal, there

is substantial, competent evidence to support the verdict and

- 34 -
judgment.” Tibbs v. State, 397 So. 2d 1120, 1123 (Fla. 1981).

Important to this case, a “general guilty verdict rendered by a jury

instructed on both first-degree murder alternatives may be upheld

on appeal where the evidence is sufficient to establish either felony

murder or premeditation.” Crain v. State, 894 So. 2d 59, 73 (Fla.

2004). 18

The jury heard sufficient evidence of Figueroa-Sanabria’s guilt:

the absence of forced entry on the houseboat and his frequent

possession of a key to it; the DNA evidence on the duct tape at the

crime scene and on his clothes; the knife on his lap and stolen

jewelry in his backpack; his statement to investigators about how

long he had the jewelry, which conflicted with his own later

testimony; and the cumulative falsehood of that testimony, which

18. The three elements of premeditated first-degree murder
are: (1) the victim is dead; (2) the death was caused by the criminal
act of the defendant; and (3) there was a premeditated killing of the
victim. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 7.2; § 782.04(1)(a)1., Fla.
Stat. The three elements of felony murder as it pertains to this case
are: (1) the victim is dead; (2) while engaged in the commission of a
robbery and/or burglary, the defendant caused the death of the
victim; and (3) the defendant was the person who actually killed the
victim. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 7.3; § 782.04(1)(a)2., Fla.
Stat.

- 35 -
the jury chose to reject. We conclude that “a rational trier of fact

could have found the existence of the elements of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt,” Bradley v. State, 787 So. 2d 732, 738 (Fla.

2001), and thus affirm Figueroa-Sanabria’s convictions.

B

We now turn to the penalty phase. While Figueroa-Sanabria

asserts that the trial court committed multiple errors during this

phase, we need reach only one. The trial court’s erroneous

acceptance of Figueroa-Sanabria’s invalid waiver of his right to the

assistance of counsel, and counsel’s subsequent absence for nearly

the entire penalty phase, entitles Figueroa-Sanabria to a new

penalty phase.

1

The parties disagree about whether Figueroa-Sanabria needed

to preserve his argument concerning the trial court’s acceptance of

his waiver and counsel’s subsequent absence. If an issue is

preserved, we apply either the harmless error test or per se

reversible error rule,19 Johnson v. State, 53 So. 3d 1003, 1007 (Fla.

19. Again, an error is harmless if “there is no reasonable
possibility that the error contributed to the conviction.” DiGuilio,

- 36 -
2010), as revised on denial of reh’g (Jan. 27, 2011), and if it is not,

we review only for fundamental error, F.B. v. State, 852 So. 2d 226,

229 (Fla. 2003). Here, though, because we conclude that the

deprivation of counsel constitutes fundamental error, we need not

answer the preservation question, as Figueroa-Sanabria is entitled

to a new penalty phase whether or not he properly preserved this

issue.

2

“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the

right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”

Amend. VI, U.S. Const. The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted

the Sixth Amendment to secure the right to appointed counsel for a

defendant in federal court, Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 462-63

(1938), and the Fourteenth Amendment to extend this right to state

criminal proceedings, Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 344

(1963). 20 The right to appointed counsel applies in the penalty

491 So. 2d at 1135. An error is per se reversible if it is “so basic to
a fair trial” that it “can never be treated as harmless error.” Id.
(quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 (1967)).

20. In Traylor v. State, we concluded that sections 2 and 16 of
article I of the Florida Constitution combined to produce the

- 37 -
phase. See Muehleman v. State, 3 So. 3d 1149, 1156-57 (Fla.

2009); Harris v. Dugger, 874 F.2d 756, 762 (11th Cir. 1989).

Even if defendants exercise this right to appointed counsel,

“all competent defendants have a right to control their own

destinies.” Hamblen v. State, 527 So. 2d 800, 804 (Fla. 1988); see

Martinez v. Court of Appeal of Cal., Fourth App. Dist., 528 U.S. 152,

165 (2000) (Scalia, J., concurring in judgment) (“Our system of laws

generally presumes that the criminal defendant, after being fully

informed, knows his own best interests and does not need them

dictated by the State.”). This means that “[b]y exercising his

constitutional right to the assistance of counsel, a defendant does

not relinquish his right to set the parameters of that

representation.” United States v. Teague, 953 F.2d 1525, 1533

(11th Cir. 1992).

In line with this principle, our case law “affords competent

capital defendants ‘great control over the objectives and content of

constitutional right to appointed counsel. 596 So. 2d 957, 969 (Fla.
1992). This right extends to each crucial stage, which is “any stage
that may significantly affect the outcome of the proceedings.” Id. at
968. In most cases, indigent defendants are also entitled to counsel
by statute. See § 27.40, Fla. Stat.; § 27.51, Fla. Stat.

- 38 -
[their] mitigation.’ ” Bell v. State, 336 So. 3d 211, 217 (Fla. 2022)

(alteration in original) (quoting Boyd v. State, 910 So. 2d 167, 189

(Fla. 2005)). Therefore, “regardless of ‘[w]hether [the] defendant is

represented by counsel or is proceeding pro se, the defendant has

the right to choose what evidence, if any, the defense will present

during the penalty phase.’ ” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting

Boyd, 910 So. 2d at 189-90); see also Hojan, 3 So. 3d at 1211; Farr

v. State, 656 So. 2d 448, 449 (Fla. 1995). Put plainly, “a defendant

cannot be forced to present mitigating evidence during the penalty

phase of the trial.” Grim v. State, 841 So. 2d 455, 461 (Fla. 2003).

Here, however, the trial court informed Figueroa-Sanabria that

“if [Hernandez] represents [Figueroa-Sanabria], he’s going to present

mitigation on [his] behalf,” effectively telling Figueroa-Sanabria that

his right to the assistance of counsel was conditioned on the

presentation of mitigation. Faced with this choice, one he should

not have been forced to make, Figueroa-Sanabria decided to

proceed pro se.

The trial court’s statements call into question Figueroa-

Sanabria’s knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his right to

the assistance of counsel during the penalty phase. “[W]aivers of

- 39 -
counsel must not only be voluntary, but must also constitute a

knowing and intelligent relinquishment or abandonment of a known

right or privilege.” Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 482 (1981).

“[T]he law ordinarily considers a waiver knowing, intelligent, and

sufficiently aware if the defendant fully understands the nature of

the right and how it would likely apply in general in the

circumstances.” United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622, 629 (2002)

(emphasis omitted). Additionally, “[t]here must be both the capacity

to make an understanding choice and an absence of subverting

factors so that the choice is clearly free and responsible.” Von

Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 729 (1948) (Frankfurter, J., separate

opinion). And “courts generally will indulge every reasonable

presumption against waiver of this fundamental right.” Traylor,

596 So. 2d at 968. 21

21. The U.S. Supreme Court has said that, as a matter of
federal constitutional law, “it [is] incumbent upon the State to prove
‘an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or
privilege.’ ” Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 404 (1977) (quoting
Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464). Thus, on “direct appeal, the government
bears the burden of proving the validity of the waiver.” United
States v. Cash, 47 F.3d 1083, 1088 (11th Cir. 1995). We have said
that the State bears the burden of proving the validity of a
defendant’s waiver in a variety of circumstances, including the
waiver of the right to counsel if a defendant confesses after the

- 40 -
 Here, we cannot say that Figueroa-Sanabria knowingly and

voluntarily waived his right to counsel for the penalty phase of his

trial. While a “criminal defendant may be asked, in the interest of

orderly procedures, to choose between waiver and another course of

action as long as the choice presented to him is not constitutionally

offensive,” Maynard v. Meachum, 545 F.2d 273, 278 (1st Cir. 1976),

it was unconstitutional for the trial court to misinform Figueroa-

Sanabria as to the nature of his rights and put him to the specific

choice he faced: have a lawyer present mitigation, or go it alone.

See Mora v. State, 814 So. 2d 322 (Fla. 2002) (concluding that the

trial court committed reversible error by requiring a defendant to

choose between the right to counsel and the right to forgo

mitigation investigation); Wilson v. State, 12 So. 3d 292 (Fla. 4th

administration of warnings under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436
(1966). See, e.g., Ramirez v. State, 739 So. 2d 568, 575 (Fla. 1999).
“Where a defendant, without counsel, acquiesces in a trial resulting
in his conviction and later seeks release by the extraordinary
remedy of habeas corpus, the burden of proof rests upon him to
establish that he did not competently and intelligently waive his
constitutional right to assistance of Counsel.” Zerbst, 304 U.S. at
468-69; see also Mason v. State, 176 So. 2d 76, 78-79 (Fla. 1965)
(imposing burden on a postconviction petitioner to establish an
insufficient waiver of counsel).

- 41 -
DCA 2009) (same, as to requiring defendant to choose between the

right to counsel and the right to testify); Turner v. State, 851 So. 2d

276 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (same, as to requiring defendant to choose

between testifying against his will and the court declaring a

mistrial). We cannot say under these circumstances that Figueroa-

Sanabria’s waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, meaning

the trial court erred in accepting it.

The trial court’s repeated inquiries throughout the penalty

phase as to Figueroa-Sanabria’s desire to remain without counsel

did not cure this error. Even though Figueroa-Sanabria refused to

reinstate counsel each time the trial court asked, he did so almost

assuredly because he remained under the impression that

reinstating counsel would mean the presentation of mitigation

evidence. Consider Figueroa-Sanabria’s response when the trial

court asked whether he wanted Hernandez reinstated so that

Hernandez could offer advice on the verdict form: he said, “[t]hat

would not interfere in my—” and the trial court responded, “[i]t

wouldn’t change the mitigation issue, no.”

In sum, a defendant’s choice about whether to waive the right

to present all mitigating evidence “is not altered when the defendant

- 42 -
has counsel.” Boyd, 910 So. 2d at 189. The trial court’s statement

of the law to the contrary, which prompted Figueroa-Sanabria to

waive his right to counsel, means we cannot conclude that

Figueroa-Sanabria’s waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

3

Fundamental errors are few and rare. Smith v. State, 521 So.

2d 106, 108 (Fla. 1988). We have said they are those that

“permeate or saturate the trial with such basic invalidity as to lead

to a reversal regardless of a timely objection,” Brown v. State, 124

So. 2d 481, 484 (Fla. 1960), and go to “the foundation of the case or

the merits of the cause of action and [are] equivalent to a denial of

due process,” J.B. v. State, 705 So. 2d 1376, 1378 (Fla. 1998).

Figueroa-Sanabria has established that the error here—which

left him without the assistance of counsel for the majority of a

penalty phase proceeding in a death penalty case on the basis of a

waiver that was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary—qualifies

as fundamental. “Florida courts, including this Court, have found

deprivations of counsel to be fundamental error.” Jackson v. State,

983 So. 2d 562, 575 (Fla. 2008). Such cases “generally involve

deprivation of counsel during an entire proceeding.” Id. For

- 43 -
example, in Gonzalez v. State, 838 So. 2d 1242, 1243 (Fla. 1st DCA

2003), the First District Court of Appeal found that the complete

denial of counsel at resentencing constituted a fundamental error,

and we approved that decision. See Jackson, 983 So. 2d at 575.

Other examples from Florida cases include the complete

deprivation of counsel during both a juvenile plea hearing and a

disposition hearing, State v. B.P., 810 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 2002); State

v. T.G., 800 So. 2d 204 (Fla. 2001), a juvenile plea hearing, J.R.V. v.

State, 715 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998), a violation of probation

hearing, Brady v. State, 910 So. 2d 388 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), and a

violation of community control hearing, Tyler v. State, 710 So. 2d

645 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998).

In certain cases involving only a partial deprivation of a

defendant’s right to the assistance of counsel, Florida courts have

applied our familiar harmless error analysis 22 or found no

fundamental error. See, e.g., Jackson, 983 So. 2d at 577 (finding

22. Because “fundamental error is not subject to harmless
error review,” Reed v. State, 837 So. 2d 366, 369-70 (Fla. 2002),
these are all cases in which the absence of counsel did not
constitute fundamental error.

- 44 -
no fundamental error when defense counsel was absent for part of a

victim impact statement); Thompson v. State, 507 So. 2d 1074 (Fla.

1987) (reviewing for harmless error when defendant was deprived of

counsel during a thirty-minute recess); Vileenor v. State, 500 So. 2d

713 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987) (reviewing for harmless error when defense

counsel was absent for five minutes after the trial court started

reading the jury instructions); Wilson v. State, 764 So. 2d 813 (Fla.

4th DCA 2000) (reviewing for harmless error when defendant did

not have the assistance of counsel when the jury asked a question

during deliberations).

But here, Figueroa-Sanabria’s defense counsel was not absent

for a brief time or during only part of the victim impact testimony.

Counsel was discharged before the penalty phase began, only to be

reinstated when the jury had questions about the verdict form

during deliberations, meaning Figueroa-Sanabria was without the

assistance of counsel for nearly all of the penalty phase in front of

the jury. Figueroa-Sanabria has demonstrated that this deprivation

“affected—and contaminated—the entire criminal proceeding”

thereafter, Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 257 (1988), and is in

- 45 -
that sense like others we have found to constitute fundamental

error.

Even if we assume Hernandez could not have presented

mitigation evidence, his presence could have bolstered Figueroa-

Sanabria’s penalty-phase defense in multiple ways. For one,

Hernandez could have provided an opening statement, which allows

an attorney to outline what he “expects to be established by the

evidence.” Occhicone v. State, 570 So. 2d 902, 904 (Fla. 1990). He

might have cross-examined and impeached the State’s witness,

thus requiring the State’s case in aggravation “to survive the

crucible of meaningful adversarial testing.” United States v. Cronic,

466 U.S. 648, 656 (1984). He could have provided closing

argument. Given that “one of the most important functions of the

capital sentencing process is the opportunity to humanize the

defendant, the importance of the defense’s closing argument

cannot . . . be overstated.” Lawhorn v. Allen, 519 F.3d 1272, 1296

(11th Cir. 2008). Closing argument by the defense “can remind the

factfinder of favorable facts that it may have forgotten or mistakenly

downplayed or prematurely misjudged.” Id. And it allows defense

counsel to show “the meaning and value of the defendant’s life and

- 46 -
worthiness to live.” Id. (quoting Marshall v. Hendricks, 307 F.3d 36,

99, 103 (3d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Here,

about to enter deliberations, the jury heard only from the State,

which urged it to conclude that Figueroa-Sanabria was “among the

worst of the worst,” and that “the death of those two people on that

boat, that night, warrant that [Figueroa-Sanabria] pay with his.”

“[L]awyers in criminal courts are necessities, not luxuries.”

Gideon, 372 U.S. at 344. “The Sixth Amendment stands as a

constant admonition that if the constitutional safeguards it

provides be lost, justice will not still be done.” Zerbst, 304 U.S. at

462 (internal quotation marks omitted). The presence and

assistance of counsel, one of these constitutional safeguards, is

paramount, as it affects a defendant’s ability to “assert any other

rights he may have.” Cronic, 466 U.S. at 654 (quoting Walter V.

Schaefer, Federalism and State Criminal Procedure, 70 Harv. L. Rev.

1, 8 (1956)). Here, because of the trial court’s misstatement of the

law, Figueroa-Sanabria stood alone during opening statements, the

State’s presentation of aggravating evidence, and closing

arguments. This means that Figueroa-Sanabria was without the

assistance to which he was constitutionally entitled. While� the

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“doctrine of fundamental error should be applied only in rare

cases,” Smith, 521 So. 2d at 108, Figueroa-Sanabria has

established that he is entitled to a new penalty phase.

III

We affirm Figueroa-Sanabria’s convictions for the first-degree

murders of John Travlos and Germana Morin. We set aside his

sentences of death and remand for new penalty phase proceedings.

It is so ordered.

MUÑIZ, C.J., and CANADY, GROSSHANS, and FRANCIS, JJ.,
concur.
FRANCIS, J., concurs with an opinion.
LABARGA, J., concurs in result.
SASSO, J., did not participate.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION
AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.

FRANCIS, J., concurring.

I agree with the majority that Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria is entitled

to a new sentencing hearing based on the trial court’s fundamental

error in forcing him to abandon counsel during the penalty phase.

That said, I write separately to reject Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria’s claim

that the State violated his Fourth Amendment rights under

Carpenter v. State, 228 So. 3d 535 (Fla. 2017), when it obtained Mr.

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Figueroa-Sanabria’s historical cell site location information (CSLI)

via subpoena. As explained below, because Carpenter distorts the

proper application of the exclusionary rule, I urge abandoning the

decision’s misguided overreach in rejecting binding United States

Supreme Court precedent. By overruling Carpenter, this Court

would rightly relieve the unconstitutional burden on the State to

forecast the “settledness” of Fourth Amendment law and conform

our precedent to that of the U.S. Supreme Court, as mandated by

the Florida Constitution.

While investigating Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria as the prime

suspect in the 2013 murders of John Travlos and Germana Morin,

the State obtained Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria’s CSLI data via subpoena.

This data revealed that Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria’s cellphone was

within the area of the marina during the time the victims were

murdered.23 When the State filed the subpoena to obtain Mr.

23. The historical CSLI also demonstrated that Mr. Figueroa-
Sanabria’s girlfriend, whom he accused of committing the murders,
was likely within the area of their apartment north of the marina
but pinged the tower closer to the apartment. By contrast, Mr.
Figueroa-Sanabria’s CSLI data revealed that he was within range of
the marina and his northern apartment, but his phone pinged the

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Figueroa-Sanabria’s CSLI data, two opinions from the Fourth

District Court of Appeal established that the Fourth Amendment

did not require the State to seek a warrant for CSLI. See Mitchell v.

State, 25 So. 3d 632 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009); Johnson v. State, 110 So.

3d 954 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013). Therefore, the State complied with

binding precedent permitting their request at the time. 24

Still, the State would be punished for a lack of prophetic

ability. By the time the State brought the case to trial six years

later, their search of Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria’s cell phone data hit a

legal landmine: this Court’s 2017 Carpenter decision. Running with

Justice Sotomayor’s concurring opinion in Davis v. United States,

564 U.S. 229, 250-52 (2011) (Sotomayor, J., concurring), the

Carpenter decision addressed the question of whether the police

could reasonably rely on binding appellate court precedent when

that precedent was “unsettled” when the search occurred.

Carpenter, 228 So. 3d at 541-42. In her opinion, Justice Sotomayor

southmost tower, making it more likely that he was closer to the
marina after the murders.

24. Neither case was certified for review by this Court when
the search was conducted.

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cautioned that the Davis decision did not resolve this question.

Davis, 564 U.S. at 252 (Sotomayor, J., concurring) (“[W]hether

exclusion would result in appreciable deterrence in the

circumstances of this case is a different question from whether

exclusion would appreciably deter Fourth Amendment violations

when the governing law is unsettled. The Court’s answer to the

former question in this case thus does not resolve the latter one.”).

The Carpenter Court tasked itself with resolving that allegedly open

question and held the State must seek a warrant if the precedent

disclaiming the need for one was “unsettled.” Carpenter, 228 So. 3d

at 541-42.

Extending this newfangled principle, the Carpenter Court

disagreed that the good-faith exception applied to the warrantless

search of a cellphone incident to arrest, despite binding Florida

appellate court precedent authorizing that practice at the time of

said search. Id. 25 Relying on that decision and the U.S. Supreme

25. The Carpenter Court seemingly limited its decision’s scope
by claiming that the officers should not have relied on a case in the
pipeline for review at this Court. See Carpenter, 228 So. 3d at 541
(“The First District’s certified question to this Court only furthers
the notion that the officers in Carpenter’s case should not have
relied on Smallwood [v. State, 61 So. 3d 448 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011)]

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Court’s holding in its 2018 Carpenter case, Carpenter v. United

States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2221 (2018) (holding that the State must

obtain a warrant to access a suspect’s historical CSLI data), Mr.

Figueroa-Sanabria claims his CSLI data evidence should have been

excluded because of the change in the law. Id. In effect, Mr.

Figueroa-Sanabria claims the State should have known not to rely

on two binding appellate decisions authorizing a non-warrant

request for CSLI data at the time of the search because the law was

“unsettled” when the search was done.

But this Court’s Carpenter opinion improperly relied on

Justice Sotomayor’s concurring opinion in Davis. Rather than rely

on the concurrence’s attempt to limit the majority opinion’s

as being the final controlling judicial precedent in this area of
constitutional law while the case was certified to this Court for final
decision.”). But there is no principled grounding for that limitation,
which is why Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria can raise a colorable argument
here. Id. (“The ‘conscientious police work’ discussed
in Davis requires that officers not engage in warrantless searches
unless clearly authorized by law . . . . Thus, if the law on a
particular issue is still developing, it is not reasonable for officers to
rely on questionable decisions in pipeline cases to justify
warrantless searches . . . .”). Justice Sotomayor identified no such
limitation on the “unsettledness” of a precedent in her concurrence.
In any event, Carpenter should be rejected regardless of the
decision’s intended scope.

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applicability, the Carpenter Court should have applied the Davis

majority opinion’s reasoning. The majority there announced a

different rule than the one the Carpenter Court employed: “Evidence

obtained during a search conducted in reasonable reliance on

binding precedent is not subject to the exclusionary rule.” Davis,

564 U.S. at 241; see also Carpenter, 228 So. 3d at 544 (Lawson, J.,

dissenting) (“There is simply no way that reliance on binding legal

precedent—whether well-settled or not—can be cast as police

misconduct, much less ‘flagrant’ police misconduct.”). The Davis

majority reasoned that the proper balance between deterring police

misconduct and the hefty cost inflicted by the exclusionary rule was

to apply the good-faith exception when the police rely on binding

precedent:

About all that exclusion would deter in this case is
conscientious police work. Responsible law enforcement
officers will take care to learn what is required of them
under Fourth Amendment precedent and will conform
their conduct to these rules. But by the same token,
when binding appellate precedent specifically authorizes
a particular police practice, well-trained officers will and
should use that tool to fulfill their crime-detection and
public-safety responsibilities. An officer who conducts a
search in reliance on binding appellate precedent does no
more than act as a reasonable officer would and should
act under the circumstances. The deterrent effect of

- 53 -
 exclusion in such a case can only be to discourage the
officer from doing his duty.
That is not the kind of deterrence the exclusionary
rule seeks to foster. We have stated before, and we
reaffirm today, that the harsh sanction of exclusion
should not be applied to deter objectively reasonable law
enforcement activity. Evidence obtained during a search
conducted in reasonable reliance on binding precedent is
not subject to the exclusionary rule.

Davis, 564 U.S. at 241 (internal citations and quotation marks

omitted).

Yet even in the face of the Davis majority opinion’s holding

that reliance on precedent constitutes good-faith for purposes of the

exception, the Carpenter Court and Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria argue

that his historical CSLI must be excluded. Instead of following the

Davis decision, Mr. Figueroa-Sanabria and the Carpenter decision

demand that the State question binding authority and act as a kind

of constitutional spiritual medium, using some presupposed

clairvoyance to determine the future “settledness” of the law out of

the ether. See generally Carpenter, 228 So. 3d at 541-42. Rather

than foisting this unwieldy burden of prophecy on law enforcement,

the U.S. Supreme Court correctly concluded that suppressing

evidence in this context diverges from the foundation and principles

of the exclusionary rule. Davis, 564 U.S. at 241 (“An officer who

- 54 -
conducts a search in reliance on binding appellate precedent does

no more than “ ‘ac[t] as a reasonable officer would and should act’

under the circumstances.”) (alteration in original). We should do so

as well.

Compounding this constitutional error, the Carpenter Court

ignored limitations on our discretion in the text of the Florida

Constitution. Under the conformity clause, “[t]he right of the people

to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against

unreasonable searches and seizures” is to “be construed in

conformity with the 4th Amendment to the United States

Constitution, as interpreted by the United States Supreme

Court.” Art. I, § 12, Fla. Const. (emphasis added).26 By ignoring

26. Notably, the conformity clause of article one, section
twelve was adopted in part to bring Florida’s exclusionary rule
jurisprudence in line with the federal good-faith exception. William
A. Buzzett & Deborah K. Kearney, Commentary to 1982 Amendment,
25A, Fla. Stat. Ann., art. I, § 12, Fla. Const. (2020). (“In response,
the governor, attorney general, state prosecutors, and the law
enforcement community supported a joint resolution in the 1982
Regular Session, which would have engrossed a good faith
exception onto the constitutional exclusionary rule.”); see
Carpenter, 228 So. 3d at 543 n.3 (Lawson, J., dissenting) (“The
commentary to the 1982 amendment states that the amendment
was necessary to modify the exclusionary rule [in Florida] and to
allow adherence by the Florida courts to the good faith exception
adopted by the federal courts.”) (alteration in original) (quoting

- 55 -
this clause—as Justice Lawson correctly argued in his dissent—the

Carpenter Court exercised discretion it did not have to reject the

Davis majority’s application of the good-faith exception. See

Carpenter, 228 So. 3d at 542-45 (Lawson, J., dissenting) (“Clearly,

we are bound by the United States Supreme Court’s Fourth

Amendment jurisprudence, including the majority opinion in Davis

v. United States.”). Though our Court might find an alternative

interpretation of the Fourth Amendment alluring, we cannot shrug

off the strictures of binding constitutional provisions when it suits

us. See Soca v. State, 673 So. 2d 24, 27 (Fla. 1996). “[W]e are

bound to follow the interpretations of the United States Supreme

Court with respect to the Fourth Amendment and provide to Florida

citizens no greater protection than those interpretations.” Id.

As a result of these choices, the Carpenter Court created a gulf

between our precedent and the Davis majority opinion that muddies

the waters of the good-faith exception and violates the conformity

clause. When the State is considering whether they must seek a

Crain v. State, 914 So. 2d 1015, 1022-23 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005) (en
banc)).

- 56 -
warrant, prosecutors and the police should not have to scry a

crystal ball, consult a Ouija board, or conduct a group tarot card

reading to intuit the law’s metaphysical finality before making their

choice. Hanging this burden of prophecy around the State’s neck

fails to accomplish the goals or purposes of the exclusionary rule as

explained in the Davis majority opinion. And as Justice Lawson

explained then, Carpenter flouts the Florida Constitution by

disregarding the conformity clause. Because the decision was both

misguided and unconstitutional, I urge overruling Carpenter and

bringing our precedent in line with the United States and Florida

Constitutions.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Pinellas County,
Pat Siracusa, Judge – Case No. 522013CF006490XXXXNO

Howard L. “Rex” Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and Steven L. Bolotin,
Assistant Public Defender, Tenth Judicial Circuit, Bartow, Florida,

for Appellant

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Timothy
A. Freeland, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida,

for Appellee

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