J-A23039-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
KATHERINE HARRIGAN, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF : PENNSYLVANIA
JOSHUA C. BULLOCK :
:
Appellant :
:
v. :
:
KIRSTEN FORSYTHE, SCOTT MASSEY : No. 1421 MDA 2021
AND OM MEDICAL GROUP, P.C. T/A :
RED LION PAIN & PRIMARY CARE
Appeal from the Order Entered October 22, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s):
2021-SU-000053
BEFORE: BOWES, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED JUNE 30, 2023
Katherine Harrigan (Appellant), administratrix of the Estate of Joshua
C. Bullock (Decedent), appeals from the order entered in the Court of Common
Pleas of York County sustaining the preliminary objections filed by Kirsten
Forsythe, Scott Massey, and OM Medical Group, P.C. t/a Red Lion Pain &
Primary (collectively, Appellees), and dismissing Appellant’s claims against
them in their entirety. Appellant contends the trial court erred in finding that
she failed to properly serve Appellees in a timely manner, and therefore, it
lacked personal jurisdiction pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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1028(a)(1)1 to review the matter. Based on the following, we reverse the
court’s October 22, 2021, order and remand for further proceedings.
The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows:
[Appellant] was . . . appointed Administratix of the Estate
of Joshua C. Bullock [(Decedent)], pursuant to Letters of
Administration issued on May 15, 2020. [Appellant] is the Mother
of [D]ecedent.
[Appellee] Kristen Forsythe is an adult individual and
Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner (CRNP) who, at the time of
the events was an employee, agent, servant, partner, or
shareholder, actual or ostensible/apparent with one or more of the
other defendants (herein “[Appellee] Forsythe”). [Appellee] Scott
Massey, MD, is an adult individual and medical doctor who is an
employee, agent, servant, partner, or shareholder, actual or
ostensible/apparent with Defendant OM (herein “[Appellee]
Massey”). [Appellee] OM Medical Group, P.C. t/a Red Lion Pain &
Primary Care, is a Professional Corporation formed and organized
under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The
corporation is engaged in the business of providing health care
services to the general public, and, at all times relevant to the
events of this case, maintained a principal place of business at
Red Lion Pain & Primary Care, 718 S. Main Street, Red Lion,
Pennsylvania 17356 (herein “[Appellee] OM”). [Appellant] is
asserting a professional liability claim and wrongful death cause
of action against [Appellees].
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1 Rule 1028 provides, in relevant part:
(a) Preliminary objections may be filed by any party to any
pleading and are limited to the following grounds:
(1) lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action
or the person of the defendant, improper venue or improper
form or service of a writ of summons or a complaint[.]
Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(1) (emphasis added).
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[D]ecedent was born July 22, 1991 and was [27] years old
at the time of his death on January 16, 2019. Decedent was never
married and had no children.
Decedent first visited Red Lion Pain & Primary Care on
August 27, 2018, complaining of right knee pain. He was seen by
[Appellee] Forsythe who determined he had “right progressive
Osgood Schlatter’s disease with tibial bone/ligament separation”
and “left medical tibial plateau fracture.” [Appellee] Forsythe
prescribed [five milligrams two times per] day of Oxycodone to be
taken orally and [ten milligrams two times per] day of Oxycontin
also to be taken orally. Decedent’s total medication was equal to
45 MME/day.[2] It is alleged that [a] dosage above 90 MME/day
is associated with an increased risk of harm, including death.
[Appellee] Massey reviewed [D]ecedent’s case on September 1,
2018, and agreed with [Appellee] Forsythe’s assessment,
findings, and plan.
Over the course of the next few months, . . . Decedent’s
medication was adjusted multiple times, and at each stage of the
change in medication [Appellee] Forsythe submitted the
medication change and [Appellee] Massey reviewed and agreed
with the assessment. One of the changes involved replacing
Oxycontin with Fentanyl transdermal patches.
On January 8, 2019, [D]ecedent’s medication was changed
to substitute Dilaudid for Oxymorphone [five milligrams two times
per] day and the Fentanyl prescription remained the same. This
changed prescription kept [D]ecedent’s opioid levels above 120
MME/day. The decedent died on January 16, 2019, eight days
after his last visit to Red Lion Pain & Primary Care. The cause of
death was determined to be “acute fentanyl toxicity.” . . .
Trial Ct. Op., 8/3/21, at 1-4 (some paragraph breaks added).
On January 12, 2021, Appellant filed a complaint against Appellees,
asserting negligence and professional liability claims, as well as a wrongful
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2“MME” stands for “morphine milligram equivalents[.]” Complaint, 1/12/21,
at 3.
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death cause of action. On February 2, 2021, Appellant filed a motion for the
admission of Ray M. Shepard, Esquire as additional counsel pro hac vice.3
Three days later, the court granted Appellant’s motion concerning Attorney
Shepard. See Order, 2/5/21. The certified docket entries include a notation
that the York County Prothonotary’s Office provided notice of the trial court’s
order pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 236 that same day.
During this time, counsel for Appellee Massey entered his appearance in
the matter. See Praecipe to Enter Appearance, 4/12/21.
On April 15, 2021, Appellant filed three notarized affidavits of service.
With respect to Appellee Massey, Appellant filed a notarized affidavit of service
wherein Richard William DeLauder, a process server, indicated that “on April
5, 2021, at 1:03 p.m.,” he served, inter alia, Appellant’s complaint “to hand.”
DeLauder Affidavit of Service, 4/15/21, at 1 (unpaginated; emphasis omitted).
The affidavit of service further indicated that the documents were delivered to
Appellee Massey in the following manner: “Sub-Served, Victoria Wynegar,
Office Assistant.” Id. As for Appellee Forysthe, Appellant filed a notarized
affidavit of service wherein Steven M. Silver, who is a process server, indicated
he “served upon Kristen Forsythe P/K/A Kirsten Forsythe . . . on the 11th day
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3 Attorney Shepard is a licensed attorney in Maryland. See Appellant’s Motion
for Admission Pro Hac Vice of Ray M. Shepard, 2/2/21, at 2. He, along with
Elizabeth Reeves, Esquire, who has a law office in York, Pennsylvania, have
represented Appellant throughout this matter.
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of April, 2021, at [ ] Plank Road, Stewartstown, Pennsylvania 17363 at 11:45
a.m. [by] delivering and leaving with the person served [inter alia, the
complaint].” Silver Affidavit of Service, 4/15/21, at 1 (unpaginated). Lastly,
with regard to Appellee OM, Appellant filed a notarized affidavit of service
wherein Roger Metzgar, a process server, indicated he received the complaint
to be served on “OM Medical Group, P.C., United States Corporation Agents,
Inc., [ ] Tilghman Street, Rear, Allentown, PA 18109.” Metzgar Affidavit of
Service, 4/15/21, at 1 (unpaginated). He indicated that, on April 2, 2021, at
1:17 p.m., he “substitute served by delivery a true copy [of the documents]
to Cory Douglas as Operations Manager, a person employed therein and
authorized to accept service for OM Medical Group, P.C. at . . . the within
person’s usual place of Work[.]” Id. (some emphasis omitted).
On April 20, 2021, Appellee Massey filed preliminary objections to
Appellant’s complaint for improper service and lack of personal jurisdiction
pursuant to Rule 1028(a)(1). See Preliminary Objections of Appellee, Scott
Massey, M.D., to Appellant’s Complaint, 4/20/21, at 5. Appellee Massey
pointed out that Appellant filed her complaint on January 12, 2021, in relation
to the purported negligence that resulted in the death of Decedent on January
16, 2019. Id. He noted that the applicable statute of limitations is two years,4
____________________________________________
4See 42 Pa.C.S. § 5524(2) (“The following action[ ] and proceeding must be
commenced within two years . . . (2) [a]n action to recover damages for
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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and Appellant “ha[d] neither effectuated proper service upon [Appellee]
Massey, nor ha[d] she exhibited the good-faith requirement to effectuate
service necessary to toll the applicable statute of limitations.” Id. at 4.
Appellee Massey alleged:
8. In this regard, the docket reflects that no actions were
taken on behalf of [Appellant] between the filing of the Complaint,
January 12, 2021, and April 15, 2021, to effectuate service in
accordance with the precise requirements of the Rules of Civil
Procedure, including, a request to the York County Sheriff for
Service, reinstatement of the Complaint and/or an affidavit of
non-service.
9. Instead, on April 15, 2021, [Appellant] filed an Affidavit
of Service indicating that [Appellee] Massey was served by a
private process server at [ ] Main Street, Red Lion, PA. . . .
10. In Pennsylvania, “original process shall be served within
the Commonwealth only by the sheriff.” Pa.R.C.P. 400(a). There
is absolutely no exception to this long standing procedural
mandate for service within the Commonwealth absent prior Court
Order.
11. Consequently, as [Appellee] Massey is a private citizen
residing in this Commonwealth, service by a private process
server is legally improper and ineffective.
Id. at 5-6 (record citation & emphases omitted). Appellee also complained
that Appellant “failed to take necessary actions to toll the statute of limitations
in order to effectuate proper service as [Appellant] has continually failed to
reinstate the [c]omplaint.” Id. at 7. He further stated that “actual notice
____________________________________________
injuries to the person or for the death of an individual caused by the wrongful
act or neglect or unlawful violence or negligence of another.”).
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cannot be established as the improper [a]ffidavit of [s]ervice confirms that
actual notice was not provided until, at the earliest, April 2, 2021,
approximately [three] months after the expiration of the applicable statute of
limitations.” Id.
On May 10, 2021, Appellant filed a motion in opposition to Appellee
Massey’s preliminary objections. She alleged that Appellee Massey “received
actual notice of commencement of the action against him in February 2021,
and within [30] days of the [c]omplaint being filed, when the Prothonotary
mailed a copy of the [o]rder admitting [Attorney] Shepard into the case pro
hac vice to him on February 5, 2021.” Appellant’s Opposition to Appellee
Massey’s Preliminary Objections to Appellant’s Complaint, 5/10/21, at 5.
One day later, Appellee Forsythe filed preliminary objections to
Appellant’s complaint, alleging similar arguments to those presented by
Appellee Massey. Appellant filed an opposition to Forsythe’s preliminary
objections.
During this time, on April 28, 2021, Appellant filed a praecipe to
reinstate the original complaint. Less than three weeks later, Appellant filed
returns of service from the sheriff, indicating the following: (1) on May 4,
2021, a sheriff handed a copy of the complaint to Jessica Blackwell, a medical
assistant, who accepted as “adult person in charge” for Appellee Massey at
Red Lion Pain & Primary Care; (2) also, on May 4, 2021, a sheriff personally
handed a copy of the complaint to a person representing themselves to be
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Appellee Forsythe at the Plank Road address; and (c) two days later, a sheriff
served Cory Douglas, who accepted for Appellee OM at Red Lion Pain &
Primary Care. See Sheriff’s Return of Service, 5/17/21, at 1 (unpaginated).
On August 3, 2021, the trial court sustained Appellee Massey’s
preliminary objections and dismissed Appellant’s claims against him.5 Ten
days later, the court also sustained Appellee Forsythe’s preliminary objections
and dismissed Appellant’s claims against her.6
Subsequently, on September 2, 2021, Appellant filed a praecipe for the
entry of a default judgment against Appellee OM on the basis of its failure to
enter an appearance or respond to the complaint. Eight days later, Appellee
OM filed a petition to open the default judgment, and on September 15th, the
trial court granted the petition to open and vacated the default judgment
entered against Appellee OM.
Like Appellees Massey and Forsythe, Appellee OM then filed preliminary
objections on October 1, 2021, asserting improper service and lack of personal
____________________________________________
5 That same day, the trial court filed a memorandum opinion, explaining its
rationale for sustaining preliminary objections.
6 On August 17, 2021, Appellant filed a petition seeking to have the August 3,
2021, order deemed final and appealable pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 341(c). The
trial court granted the petition seven days later. On September 1, 2021,
Appellant filed a notice of appeal to this Court, which was docketed at Docket
No. 1168 MDA 2021. However, Appellant subsequently filed a praecipe to
voluntarily discontinue the appeal, and on that same date, we marked the
appeal as discontinued.
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jurisdiction. Appellant filed a response thereafter. On October 22, 2021, the
trial court sustained Appellee OM’s preliminary objections and dismissed
Appellant’s claims against Appellee OM.7
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7 We note that “[w]hether an order is appealable is a jurisdictional question.
An appeal lies only from a final order, unless permitted by rule or statute.”
Stewart v. Foxworth, 65 A.3d 468, 470-71 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations
omitted). See also Pa.R.A.P. 341(b)(1) (providing that a final order is any
order that disposes of all claims and of all parties). However, an order
dismissing a complaint without prejudice is generally considered interlocutory.
See Mier v. Stewart, 683 A.2d 930, 930 (Pa. Super. 1996) (“For finality to
occur, the trial court must dismiss with prejudice the complaint in full.”).
In the case sub judice, the trial court sustained the three Appellees’
preliminary objections and dismissed all of Appellant’s claims against them for
lack of service and personal jurisdiction. While the trial court’s orders omitted
the phrase “with prejudice,” the trial court did not grant Appellant leave to
amend her complaint or indicate the order was “without prejudice.”
“[T]o determine whether finality is achieved, we must consider whether
the practical ramification of the order will be to dispose of the case, making
review appropriate.” Fastuca v. L.W. Molnar & Associates, 950 A.2d 980,
986 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations & internal quotation marks omitted). See
also Liberty Bank v. Ruder, 587 A.2d 761, 763 (Pa. Super. 1991) (“Rather
than be bound by a hard and fast rule, we have repeatedly found that certain
orders which have not put a litigant ‘out of court’ or completely terminated
the litigation have nevertheless been held to possess sufficient aspects of
finality to be appealable because the effect of the order has been to preclude
the litigant from presenting her claim.”) (citation & some quotation marks
omitted); West v. West, 446 A.2d 1342, 1342 (Pa. Super. 1982) (“The
finality of an order is a judicial conclusion which can be reached only after an
examination of its ramifications. If the practical effect of an order is to put an
appellant out of court by precluding him from presenting the merits of his
claim, the order is appealable.”) (citations & internal quotation marks
omitted).
Because the practical ramification of the trial court’s October 22nd order
was to place Appellant out of court and preclude her from presenting the
merits of her claims as to all three Appellees, we conclude the order is final
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Appellant filed this timely appeal.8 The trial court ordered Appellant to
file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal,
to which she timely complied. The trial court issued its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)
opinion, explaining that it would be incorporating its August 3, 2021, opinion.
Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
(1) May a timely-filed complaint be dismissed for lack of personal
jurisdiction over the defendant when there is unrebutted evidence
the defendant received actual notice of commencement of the
lawsuit against him or her within [30] days of the filing of the
complaint, but which notice is not the result of service of process
strictly in compliance with the rules of civil procedure?
(2) Did the evidence before the Court of Common Pleas raise a
factual dispute regarding [Appellees’] actual notice of the
commencement of the lawsuit against them such that the case
was not “free and clear of doubt” where the evidence before the
court showed: (a) the Office of the Prothonotary mailed copies of
the Order admitting [Appellant’s] counsel pro hac vice in three
separate envelopes to each [Appellee] at “718 S. Main Street, Red
Lion, PA 17356;” (b) [Appellees] admit “718 S. Main Street, Red
Lion, PA 17356” is a correct address; (c) each envelope was date-
stamped by the Prothonotary showing the date mailed; (d) none
of the envelopes addressed to [Appellees] were returned to the
Prothonotary as undeliverable; and (e) a copy of the same Order
mailed to [Appellant’s] Pennsylvania counsel in York, Pennsylvania
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and appealable. See Jones v. McGreevy, 270 A.3d 1, 9 n.12 (Pa. Super.
2022), appeal denied, 48 WAL 2022 (Pa. Jun. 22, 2022)
8 The trial court entered three separate orders sustaining the preliminary
objections of each Appellee individually. Appellant filed a single notice of
appeal. We discern no error in this regard. See Fulano v. Fanjul Corp., 236
A.3d 1, 8 (Pa. Super. 2020) (concluding plaintiff properly filed a single notice
of appeal from separate orders sustaining the defendants’ preliminary
objections after the plaintiff corrected waited until all defendants had been
dismissed in case).
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was returned to the Prothonotary as undeliverable?
(3) Was the Court of Common Pleas required to take evidence or
hold a hearing on the issue of [Appellees’] actual notice of the
commencement of the lawsuit against them where the evidence
before the court showed: (a) the Office of the Prothonotary mailed
copies of the Order admitting [Appellant]’s counsel pro hac vice in
three separate envelopes to each [Appellee] at “718 S. Main
Street, Red Lion, PA 17356;” (b) [Appellees] admit “718 S. Main
Street, Red Lion, PA 17356” is a correct address; (c) each
envelope was date-stamped by the Prothonotary showing the date
mailed; (d) none of the envelopes addressed to [Appellees] were
returned to the Prothonotary as undeliverable; and (e) a copy of
the same Order mailed to [Appellant]’s Pennsylvania counsel in
York, Pennsylvania was returned to the Prothonotary as
undeliverable?
(4) Did the Common Pleas Court commit an error of law or an
abuse of discretion when it failed to apply well-settled
Pennsylvania law known as the “mailbox rule,” under which proof
of mailing creates a rebuttable presumption of receipt of the
mailed item?
Appellant’s Brief at 5-7.
It merits mention that while Appellant identifies four different issues in
her statement of questions presented, she addresses them together in the
argument section of her brief. The crux of Appellant’s claims is that the trial
court erred in sustaining Appellees’ preliminary objections because it found
that although her complaint was timely filed ─ and there is evidence that
notice of the suit was mailed to each Appellee ─ the complaint was not properly
served upon Appellees in compliance with the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil
Procedure concerning service of process. See Appellant’s Brief at 18.
Moreover, she disagrees with the court’s determination that the proper legal
test, as forth in Lamp v. Heyman, 366 A.2d 882 (Pa. 1976), is limited to
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what action is taken by a plaintiff attempting service. See Appellant’s Brief
at 19. Appellant then points to McCreesh v. City of Philadelphia, 888 A.2d
664 (Pa. 2005), stating in that case:
[T]he [Pennsylvania Supreme] Court embraced “the logic of the
Leidich [v. Franklin, 575 A.2d 914 (Pa. Super. 1990),] line of
cases, which applying Lamp, would dismiss only those claims
where plaintiffs have demonstrated an intent to stall the judicial
machinery or where plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the Rules of
Civil Procedure has prejudiced defendant.”
Appellant’s Brief at 21, quoting McCreesh, 888 A.2d at 674. Appellant states
that under more recent case law, Gussom v. Teagle, 247 A.3d 1046 (Pa.
2021), the proper test is not limited to that single inquiry regarding a plaintiff’s
actions or failure to act, but “there must also be an absence of ‘evidence to
indicate that the defendant had actual notice of the commencement of the
action within the relevant time frame,’ regardless of the [p]laintiff’s
intentions.” Appellant’s Brief at 20. Furthermore, she suggests:
The holdings in Lamp, McCreesh, and Gussom demonstrate that
the critical inquiry when applying the Lamp Rule is whether the
defendants have received actual notice of commencement of the
action timely such that the policies underlying the statute of
limitations are not undermined, regardless of whether such notice
of commencement of the action arises from the [p]laintiff’s actions
or inaction.
Id. at 35 (citation & quotation marks omitted).
Applying these cases to the facts at issue, Appellant alleges that
pursuant to the mailbox rule, proof of mailing creates a rebuttable
presumption of receipt of a mailed item and here, it was “undisputed” that the
Prothonotary’s Office mailed the court’s February 5, 2021, order “in three
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separate envelopes to each [Appellee].” Appellant’s Brief at 37. She points
out that the order clearly put Appellees on “actual notice” of the
commencement of litigation with the case caption identifying the parties, a
case number, and an “indication of a requested ‘JURY TRIAL.” Id. at 37-38.
She also maintains that the Prothonotary’s Office “mailed copies” of the order
“to each [Appellee] pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 236” and “[t]here is no evidence
that any of three letters addressed to the [Appellees] were ever returned as
undeliverable to” the Prothonotary. Id. at 38-39 (reproduced record citation
omitted). Appellant asserts Appellees never rebutted that presumption
concerning actual notice. Id. at 39-40. She concludes that the trial court
erred in its “singular focus on [her] actions to serve the complaint, rather than
on determining whether the policies underlying the statute of limitations were
undermined by a lack of actual notice of the lawsuit’s existence to” Appellees.
Id. at 41-42.
Our standard of review of an order sustaining preliminary objections is
well settled.
We are reviewing an order that sustained preliminary
objections to service of process and dismissed the action. In
conducting such review, our standard of review is de novo and our
scope of review is plenary. We must determine whether the trial
court committed an error of law.
When we review the trial court’s ruling on preliminary
objections, we apply the same standard as the trial court. In
deciding a preliminary objection for lack of personal jurisdiction
that, if sustained, would result in dismissal, the court must
consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. Where upholding the sustaining of preliminary objections
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results in dismissal of the action, we may do so only in cases that
are clear and free from doubt.
Sawyers v. Davis, 222 A.3d 1, 5 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citations & quotation
marks omitted).
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1007 provides that “[a]n action
may be commenced by filing with the prothonotary (1) a praecipe for a writ
of summons, or (2) a complaint.” Pa.R.C.P. 1007(1)-(2). “Thus, it has been
repeatedly held that, pursuant to this rule, the mere filing of a praecipe to
commence an action is sufficient to toll the running of the statute of
limitations.” Johnson v. Allgeier, 852 A.2d 1235, 1236-37 (Pa. Super.
2004) (citation & quotation marks omitted).
The Rules require a plaintiff to serve the defendant with original
process within 30 days after the issuance of a writ or the filing of
a complaint. Pa.R.C.P. 401(a). If the plaintiff does not effectuate
service within that time period, she can praecipe for reissuance of
the writ or reinstatement of the complaint. Pa.R.C.P. 401(b)(1).
So long as the plaintiff files her writ or complaint before the
expiration of the statute of limitations applicable to her cause of
action, the original filing, as well as any subsequent reissuances
or reinstatements, tolls the statute of limitations.
Gussom, 247 A.3d at 1047-48. Moreover, Pa.R.C.P. 400 designates who may
make service, while Pa.R.C.P. 402 provides for the manner of service.
In the seminal case of Lamp, supra, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
determined:
[T]here is too much potential for abuse in a rule which permits a
plaintiff to keep an action alive without proper notice to a
defendant merely by filing a praecipe for a writ of summons and
then having the writ reissued in a timely fashion without
attempting to effectuate service. In addition, we find that such a
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rule is inconsistent with the policy underlying statutes of limitation
of avoiding stale claims, and with that underlying our court rules
of making the processes of justice as speedy and efficient as
possible. Accordingly, we believe that the rule must now be
qualified, but prospectively in fairness to plaintiffs who have relied
on the language of Rule 1007 and our previous interpretations of
it. Our purpose is to avoid the situation in which a plaintiff can
bring an action, but, by not making a good-faith effort to notify a
defendant, retain exclusive control over it for a period in excess
of that permitted by the statute of limitations.
Lamp, 366 A.2d at 888-89 (footnotes & citation omitted). The Court then
ruled that “a writ of summons shall remain effective to commence an action
only if the plaintiff then refrains from a course of conduct which serves to stall
in its tracks the legal machinery he has just set in motion.” Id. at 889
(footnote omitted). “This ‘Lamp rule’ applies equally to actions commenced
by way of the filing of a complaint.” Gussom, 247 A.3d at 1048.
The Lamp rule was later refined by the Supreme Court in Farinacci v.
Beaver Cty. Indus. Dev. Auth., 511 A.2d 757 (Pa. 1986), which stated:
“Lamp requires of plaintiffs a good-faith effort to effectuate notice of
commencement of the action.” Id. at 759.
In addition, Farinacci clarified that: (1) the plaintiff carries an
evidentiary burden of proving that she made a good-faith effort to
ensure that notice of the commencement of an action was served
on the defendant, and (2) [i]n each case, where noncompliance
with Lamp is alleged, the [trial] court must determine in its sound
discretion whether a good-faith effort to effectuate notice was
made[.]
Gussom, 247 A.3d at 1048 (citations & quotation marks omitted).
Subsequently, in Leidich, this Court espoused a more relaxed
interpretation of the rule:
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What is to be gleaned from Lamp and its progeny is that:
(1) one’s “good faith” effort to notify a defendant of the institution
of a lawsuit is to be assessed on a case-by-case basis; and (2) the
thrust of all inquiry is one of whether a plaintiff engaged in a
“course of conduct” forestalling the legal machinery put in motion
by his/her filings.
Leidich, 575 A.2d at 918 (citations omitted). The Leidich Court also stated:
“[W]e do not read Lamp, and the cases interpreting and applying it, to
espouse a mechanical approach to the ‘good faith’ effort rule such that it
allows for no exceptions in the face of an explanation and/or conduct which
evidences an unintended deviation from the ‘notice’ requirement.” Id.
(citations omitted).
In McCreesh, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court noted:
The Superior and Commonwealth Courts have struggled to
apply the Lamp-Farinacci rule, with some panels requiring
plaintiffs to comply strictly with the Rules of Civil Procedure related
to service of process and local practice in order to satisfy the good
faith requirement, see, e.g., Teamann v. Zafris, 811 A.2d 52,
63 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002),[9] and other panels providing a more
flexible approach, excusing plaintiffs’ initial procedurally defective
service where the defendant has actual notice of the
commencement of litigation and is not otherwise prejudiced, see,
e.g., Leidich. . . .
McCreesh, 888 A.2d at 666 (footnote omitted). The McCreesh Court then
held it would “adopt the more flexible approach, concluding that it
____________________________________________
9 In Teamann, the Commonwealth Court required strict compliance with the
Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure related to service of process and local
practice in order to satisfy good faith requirement. See Teamann, 811 A.2d
at 62-63.
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sufficiently protects defendants from defending against stale claims without
the draconian action of dismissing claims based on technical failings that do
not prejudice the defendant.” Id. (emphasis added).
In that case, the plaintiff filed a praecipe for a writ of summons “within
the applicable two-year statute of limitations.” McCreesh, 888 A.2d at 666
(footnote omitted). He then attempted to serve the lawsuit by delivering the
writ to the City of Philadelphia’s Law Department via certified mail. See id.
The parties agreed that the Law Department received notice when a
receptionist at the office signed for the package one day before the statute of
limitations ran. See id. The plaintiff then filed his negligence complaint
several months later. See id. Thereafter, the City filed preliminary
objections, complaining that delivery of the writ by certified mailed did not
comply with Rule 400.1,10 which required that original process be served by
either a sheriff or a competent adult, and that the complaint was not filed
within the two-year statute of limitations period. McCreesh, 888 A.2d at 667.
The trial court overruled the City’s preliminary objections. Id. The
Commonwealth Court rejected the plaintiff’s reliance on Leidich by stating
that compared to that case, the plaintiff “had not done anything to keep the
legal machinery in play between” the time he served the writ and when he
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10 Rule 400.1 sets forth the service of process requirements for the First
Judicial District, which is comprised of Philadelphia County.
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filed the complaint. Id. at 669 (citation & quotation marks omitted).
Moreover, the Commonwealth Court determined that the plaintiff’s attempt at
service “did not constitute a good faith effort to serve the defendant with
process under the Lamp rule because [the plaintiff]’s attempt at service did
not comply with relevant rules relating to service of process in Philadelphia
County.” Id. (citation omitted).
In reviewing the matter, the Supreme Court opined:
[W]e conclude that the rigid compliance requirement of the
Teamann line of cases is incompatible with the plain language of
Rule 401, the spirit of Lamp, and the admonition of Rule 126 to
construe liberally the rules of procedure so long as the deviation
does not affect the substantial rights of the parties. In Lamp, we
sought to alleviate the hardships caused by plaintiffs who
exploited the rules of civil procedure to make an end run around
the statutes of limitations.
Neither our cases nor our rules contemplate punishing a
plaintiff for technical missteps where he has satisfied the purpose
of the statute of limitations by supplying a defendant with actual
notice. Therefore, we embrace the logic of the Leidich line of
cases, which, applying Lamp, would dismiss only those claims
where plaintiffs have demonstrated an intent to stall the judicial
machinery or where plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the Rules of
Civil Procedure has prejudiced defendant.
McCreesh, 888 A.2d at 674 (footnote omitted). The Supreme Court then
reversed the Commonwealth Court’s decision, concluding that the plaintiff had
supplied the City with actual notice. Id. The Court remanded the matter for
the trial court to make a determination as to whether “the City suffered
prejudice as a result of the delay of proper service between” the date when
the plaintiff served the writ and when he filed the complaint. Id.
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Most recently, in Gussom, the Supreme Court again revisited Lamp,
McCreesh, and relevant precedent. In that case, the plaintiff attempted to
serve the defendant with her timely complaint but discovered the defendant
had moved to another state a year-and-a-half earlier. Gussom, 247 A.3d at
1049. After filing an affidavit of non-service, the plaintiff did not take any
further action until she filed a praecipe to reinstate the complaint one month
after the statute of limitations had expired. Id. A panel of this Court had
“affirmed [the] trial court order that dismissed [the] plaintiff’s complaint based
upon the plaintiff’s failure to serve timely her complaint upon the defendant
despite the fact that the plaintiff's actions did not amount to intentional
conduct.” Id. at 1048. The Supreme Court “granted allowance of appeal to
address whether the Superior Court’s decision conflicts with Lamp and its
progeny.” Id.
In affirming this Court’s decision, the Supreme Court held:
[A] trial court has the discretion to dismiss a complaint when a
plaintiff fails to offer proof that she diligently attempted to serve
process on a defendant in a timely manner and there is no
evidence to indicate that the defendant had actual notice of the
commencement of the action in the relevant time frame,
regardless of whether the plaintiff acted or failed to act
intentionally.
Id. The Court explained:
Although McCreesh made clear that a plaintiff could fulfill
her good-faith service mandate without strictly complying with the
service rules as long as her efforts resulted in actual notice of the
lawsuit to the defendant, like Farinacci, McCreesh did nothing
to modify a plaintiff’s duty to act diligently to serve notice of the
commencement of an action so as not to undermine the policies
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that drive the statute of limitations. Nor, for that matter, did
McCreesh change the rule clarified in Farinacci that the plaintiff
carries an evidentiary burden to prove that she made a good-faith
effort to effectuate service of process in a timely manner. To the
contrary, as observed throughout this opinion, the McCreesh
Court alluded to this evidentiary requirement. [McCreesh, 888
A.2d] at 672 (‘We subtly altered our holding in Lamp in
Farinacci, requiring plaintiffs to demonstrate ‘a good-faith effort
to effectuate notice of commencement of the action.’”).
In sum, Lamp and its progeny require a plaintiff to make a
good-faith effort in diligently and timely serving process on a
defendant. When a defendant presents a factual dispute as to
whether a plaintiff fulfilled this duty, the plaintiff carries an
evidentiary burden to demonstrate that she met her good-faith
mandate. If a plaintiff presents credible evidence that she made
this attempt at service, then she fulfills her requirement to prove
good faith. If a plaintiff does not present such evidence, then she
has failed to satisfy her evidentiary burden, regardless of whether
her actions (or inaction) were intentional, unintentional, or
otherwise. However, pursuant to McCreesh, a trial court should
not punish a plaintiff by dismissing her complaint where she is
able to establish that her improper but diligent attempts at service
resulted in the defendant receiving actual notice of the
commencement of the action, unless the plaintiff’s failure to serve
process properly evinced an intent to stall the judicial machinery
or otherwise prejudiced the defendant.
Id. at 1056-57.
In the case sub judice, the trial court examined the actions taken by
Appellant and made the following determination:
The [trial c]ourt finds that [Appellant] has failed to meet
[her] burden. First, [Appellant], inexplicitly, made absolutely no
effort to serve [Appellees] within the time constraints of the rules.
No reason was given as to why [she] did not make any attempt
to serve [Appellees] for several months thereafter. [Appellant]
was able to timely file the complaint despite a significant number
of issues that made it difficult to do so. To be clear, the preparing
and filing of the complaint was the difficult part. Once filed, all
[Appellant] needed to do was file a Request for Service and pay
the applicable fee to the Sheriff’s Department for service to occur.
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The failure to properly serve [Appellee] Massey could be
overlooked if, pursuant to Gussom, [Appellant]’s actions in
attempting to serve [Appellee Massey] resulted in actual notice to
[him]. [Appellant] points to the Prothonotary’s sending of [the
trial court]’s [o]rder admitting [Appellant]’s counsel pro hac vice
as evidence that [Appellee Massey] had actual notice of the
commencement of the action. The relevant inquiry is what action
was taken by [Appellant] to attempt service. In other words, it is
[Appellant’s] actions that are relevant, not the Prothonotary’s. . . .
Here, [Appellant] did absolutely nothing to serve [Appellees as to
the initial complaint until nearly three months later]. Therefore,
it is impossible for [Appellant] to argue that [her] attempts at
service [fulfilled the good-faith mandate] to [Appellees] when it is
undisputed that [she] made no attempt at all to serve [Appellees]
with a copy of the [c]omplaint within the applicable time period.
Moreover, [Appellant] has the burden to show that
[Appellee] Massey had “actual” knowledge of the commencement
of the action. The only evidence [Appellant] can point to is an
[o]rder by the [trial c]ourt appointing [Appellant]’s counsel pro
hac vice. The envelope containing the [o]rder lists all [Appellees’]
names and there is no proof that [Appellee] Massey ever
personally received it. It is [Appellant]’s burden to show
otherwise, and [she has] failed to do so.
Trial Ct. Op. at 8-9.
We disagree with the trial court’s conclusion. First, we reiterate that
pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 126, we construe the rules
of court liberally.11 Second, we point out the courts of this Commonwealth
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11 Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 126 provides: “The rules shall be
liberally construed to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination
of every action or proceeding to which they are applicable. The court at every
stage of any such action or proceeding may disregard any error or defect of
procedure which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.”
Pa.R.C.P. 126.
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have moved away from a “rigid compliance requirement” or a “mechanical
approach” to the “good faith” effort rule regarding a plaintiff’s duty to secure
service of notice. See McCreesh, 888 A.2d at 674; Leidich, 575 A.2d at
918. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in Gussom reaffirmed that
notion, stating “[s]o long as the plaintiff files her writ or complaint before the
expiration of the statute of limitations applicable to her cause of action, the
original filing, as well as any subsequent reissuances or reinstatements, tolls
the statute of limitations.” Gussom, 247 A.3d at 1048. The Gussom Court
reinforced the principle that it is the plaintiff’s burden to demonstrate that she
made a good-faith effort to effectuate service. Id. Accordingly, this legal
authority is the lens through which we should review the present matter.
Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the purpose of the Rules of
Civil Procedure concerning service of process12 is simple — service puts a
defendant (or defendants) on notice of the imminent complaint and ensuing
litigation. See Pa.R.C.P. 400-405 (setting forth rules governing service).
Additionally, we note this is not a case where a plaintiff failed to take
action after receiving an affidavit of non-service like in Gussom. Rather, this
case is similar to the facts in McCreesh. Here, Appellant attempted to
comport with the notice of service requirement via multiple endeavors.
Appellant filed the complaint within the applicable two-year statute of
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12 See Pa.R.C.P. 400-430.
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limitations. She then provided operative notice when she filed the motion for
admission of Attorney Shepard as additional counsel pro hac vice, and the trial
court entered an order granting that motion on February 5, 2021. Indeed,
the February 5th order included a case caption identifying the parties as either
plaintiff or defendants, a civil docket number, and that the matter pertained
to a “JURY TRIAL.” Order, 2/5/21. Moreover, the certified docket entries
contain a notation indicating the Prothonotary provided notice of the trial
court’s February 5th order in accordance with Pa.R.C.P. 236 (rule governing
notice by prothonotary of entry of order or judgment).13
Appellant also provided actual, albeit defective, notice when she
employed private process servers, as opposed to a sheriff, to serve the
complaints on the three Appellees. Notably, Appellees do not allege that they
never received the complaints from the private process servers.14 As such, it
is undeniable that Appellees were put on notice of the impending lawsuit, and
therefore, they endured no unfair surprise or prejudice.
Accordingly, Appellant’s actions clearly conveyed her diligence and effort
to comply with the service requirement. See McCreesh, supra; Leidich,
supra. Likewise, there is no evidence that Appellant engaged in a course of
____________________________________________
13As Appellant points out, “[t]here is no evidence that any of three letters
addressed to the [Appellees] were ever returned as undeliverable to” the
Prothonotary. Appellant’s Brief at 38-39 (reproduced record citation omitted).
14 See Appellee Forsythe’s Brief at 5; Appellee Massey’s and OM’s Brief at 5.
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conduct to forestall the “legal machinery” that she set in motion after filing
her complaint. See Lamp, 366 A.2d at 889. We recognize that while there
was a three-month hiatus between her defective service and proper service,
it is evident Appellant was under the assumption the case was moving forward
based on the court’s February 5th order.
Turning now to the burden requirement as clarified in Gussom, the trial
court found that Appellant did not produce any evidence demonstrating that
she fulfilled her legal duty to make a good-faith effort to serve her complaint.
We disagree. We discern that it is obvious from the record that Appellant met
this burden as evinced by the actual and operative notices, and that no further
evidentiary support was needed to satisfy this burden.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s decision to sustain Appellees’
preliminary objections with respect to Appellant’s improper service of the
complaint pursuant to Rule 1028(a)(1) and dismissing Appellant’s complaint.
We remand for further proceedings.
Order reversed. Case remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judge Bowes joins the memorandum.
President Judge Emeritus Stevens files a dissenting memorandum.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 06/30/2023
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