Gail Goldberg v. CIR

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 RONALD M. GOLDBERG and GAIL GOLDBERG, Petitioners-Appellants, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent-Appellee. ____________________ Appeals from the United States Tax Court. Nos. 12871-18L & 13148-18L. ____________________ ARGUED JANUARY 11, 2023 — DECIDED JULY 14, 2023 ____________________ Before WOOD, BRENNAN, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge. Ronald and Gail Goldberg owe more than $500,000 in federal taxes stemming from their in- terests in two partnerships. The Goldbergs believe the statute of limitations for the IRS’s assessment of these taxes has passed, and they assert that the IRS’s failure to mail them ad- equate notice when it started auditing their partnerships ex- cuses their own failure to raise this challenge in earlier tax proceedings. Because the Goldbergs received notice and had a prior opportunity to contest the partnership tax liabilities— 2 Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 independent of any alleged failing on the IRS’s part—we af- ﬁrm the Tax Court’s decision to sustain the IRS’s lien and levy on the Goldbergs’ property to collect the outstanding tax lia- bilities. I. Partnership Taxation Under the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act Reviewing the Tax Court’s decision requires some back- ground in partnership taxation. Bear with us as we parse the provisions governing the calculation of partnership taxes, the collection of those taxes from individual partners, and the ad- ministrative proceedings where calculation and collection oc- cur. As with many areas of tax law, technical jargon and acro- nyms abound, but we try to unpack everything in plain Eng- lish. The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act, or TEFRA, governed partnership tax liability determinations until the 2017 tax year, including the audits at issue in this appeal. See 26 U.S.C. §§ 6221–6234 (2012). Because partnerships are not themselves taxable entities, a partnership’s tax liabilities are assessed on individual partners in proportion to their owner- ship interest. Individual partners report their share of a part- nership’s income on their individual tax returns, usually on a Form 1040, and the partnership itself supplies that infor- mation on another form, referred to as a Schedule K-1. In enacting TEFRA, Congress sought to streamline the overarching liability calculation process by requiring partner- ship tax determinations to occur in a single proceeding fol- lowed by separate collections from individual partners, rather than having multiple ongoing proceedings for each partner. See Arthur Willis, Philip Postlewaite & Jennifer Alexander, Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 3 Partnership Taxation ¶ 20.01 (2023) (describing TEFRA’s cen- tralized partnership-level process). To ensure uniformity, Congress provided that determina- tions made at the partnership level would be ﬁnal and bind- ing on all partners. See 26 U.S.C. § 6223. Under TEFRA, part- ners could opt out of the partnership-level proceeding—and the binding partnership-level determinations—by settling separately or electing to convert their items into nonpartner- ship items for individual review. See id. §§ 6221, 6223(e)(3). Partners also reserved the right to challenge partnership-level determinations during the ongoing proceedings through the tax matters partner chosen by the partnership to represent the interests of all other partners. See id. § 6224(c)(3)(A); see also id. § 6231(a)(7) (deﬁning “tax matters partner”). TEFRA included several safeguards to ensure partners re- ceived adequate notice of the partnership-level proceedings before the liability determinations became ﬁnal. See id. § 6223. Partners were ﬁrst entitled to receive a “notice of beginning of administrative proceedings,” commonly shorthanded as an NBAP. As its name implies, the NBAP signaled that the IRS had started reviewing the partnership’s tax liabilities. See id. § 6223(a)(1). If the IRS made any tax adjustments to partner- ship-level items, the Service next had to furnish notice of a “ﬁnal partnership administrative adjustment,” or FPAA, that communicated these ﬁnal, binding adjustments to the part- ners. See id. § 6223(a)(2). TEFRA authorized notice by mail us- ing the partners’ addresses listed in the partnership’s tax re- turn. See id. § 6223(c)(1). Before the taxes could be assessed, partners had one ﬁnal chance for review. The tax matters partner had 90 days to ﬁle a petition with the Tax Court, see id. § 6226(a), and upon such 4 Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 a ﬁling, all partners became parties to the subsequent pro- ceedings, see id. § 6226(c)(1). If the tax matters partner did not ﬁle a petition, then the other partners had an additional 60 days to ﬁle their own petition. See id. § 6226(b)(1). Once this review period ended, the partnership-level liability determi- nations bound all partners who had not opted out. See id. § 6230(c)(4); see also Kaplan v. United States, 133 F.3d 469, 471 (7th Cir. 1998) (“Section 6226(c) binds all partners to the result obtained by a legal challenge brought by one partner, thereby preventing numerous [duplicative] lawsuits.”). The IRS also had to play by certain rules. Indeed, TEFRA provided relief when the IRS failed to timely mail the NBAP notifying partners that an audit had commenced. A partner’s available recourse depended on the status of the partnership- level proceedings at the time the partner received either the FPAA or actual notice of the tax adjustments. If the IRS’s audit had concluded at the time the partner received notice, the partner could opt out of the ﬁnal determination and convert the partnership items to nonpartnership items for individual consideration. See 26 U.S.C. § 6223(e)(2). If the IRS’s partner- ship-level audit was still ongoing at the time of notice, how- ever, the Tax Code provided that the partner “shall be a party to the proceeding” unless the partner settled or converted the relevant partnership items into nonpartnership items—the two options already available to partners receiving timely no- tice. Id. § 6223(e)(3). II. Factual Background These provisions of the Tax Code apply to the case before us. The IRS would like to collect taxes from Ronald and Gail Goldberg stemming from Ronald’s partnership in the Mata- dor Arch Program and the Alpha Oil Program—two entities Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 5 in the oil and gas industry. Gail is liable for these taxes and penalties because she ﬁled joint tax returns with Ronald in 1998 and 2000, the tax years that Ronald was a partner at the ﬁrms. See id. § 6231(a)(2); 26 C.F.R. § 301.6231(a)(2)-1(a) (ex- plaining spousal tax liability). A. The Goldbergs’ Partnership Tax Liabilities The IRS began auditing the Matador and Alpha partner- ships in 2001 and 2002. In connection with those proceedings, the IRS believes it timely sent the required NBAPs to Ronald by certiﬁed mail to notify him the audits had started. The Goldbergs later denied receiving an NBAP for either audit, and they also disputed the IRS’s proof that these NBAPs were mailed to them. For both the Matador and Alpha proceedings, the IRS further believes it timely sent Ronald the required FPAAs via certiﬁed mail to notify him of the ﬁnal tax adjust- ments. Prior to ﬁling their petition in this court, the Goldbergs did not dispute the IRS’s evidence showing that the Service had mailed the FPAAs to Ronald’s address. In early 2008, after the audits concluded, the tax matters partners for both Alpha and Matador petitioned for readjust- ment of the partnership item determinations listed in their re- spective FPAAs. The tax matters partners’ petitions pro- ceeded to the Tax Court for review. On October 5, 2010, while the Tax Court’s review of the FPAAs was underway, Ronald sent a letter to the IRS Com- missioner challenging his tax liability for both the Alpha and Matador partnership items. In his letter, Ronald stated that he believed the three-year statute of limitations for the tax assess- ments had expired, so the IRS could not collect any overdue and unpaid taxes from him. The Commissioner responded in 6 Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 a letter explaining that the limitations period had not expired given the ongoing review of the tax matters partners’ petitions in the Tax Court. The Commissioner invited Ronald to raise his statute-of-limitations challenges directly in the Tax Court proceedings before the adjustments became ﬁnal. The Gold- bergs took no action, however. In June 2013 the Tax Court concluded its review of the Matador and Alpha tax adjustments and entered judgment. No further challenges—by the tax matters partners or by any partners—were brought to contest the Tax Court’s orders. The resulting liability determinations became ﬁnal and binding on all partners in September 2013. The IRS then notiﬁed the Goldbergs of the adjustments and, after they refused to pay, initiated collection proceedings. B. The IRS’s Partnership Tax Collection Authority We pause to address the IRS’s collection authority before introducing the facts of its attempt to collect from the Gold- bergs. When a taxpayer fails to pay the IRS following a tax as- sessment, the Service can take legal action to collect the over- due taxes. One option is to ﬁle a Notice of Federal Tax Lien publicly establishing the IRS’s claim to the taxpayer’s prop- erty. See 26 U.S.C. § 6321. If a taxpayer refuses to pay within 10 days after the IRS’s initial notice and demand, the Service can issue a levy notice and seize the taxpayer’s property in satisfaction of the unpaid tax liability. See id. § 6331. After re- ceiving notice from the IRS, and before the lien or levy is en- forced, taxpayers can seek review from the IRS Oﬃce of Ap- peals in a proceeding known as a Collection Due Process, or CDP, hearing. See id. §§ 6320(a)(3)(B), 6330(a)(3)(B). The Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 7 Oﬃce of Appeals must entertain any hearing request for a re- view of a lien or levy if the taxpayer makes a timely written request and states the grounds for the challenge. See id. §§ 6320(b)(1), 6330(b)(1). In reviewing the taxpayer’s petition at the CDP hearing, the settlement oﬃcer must consider the Secretary’s evidence verifying “the requirements of any applicable law or admin- istrative proceeding have been met,” see id. § 6330(c)(3)(A), (1); the matters raised by the taxpayer, see id. § 6330(c)(3)(B); and the balance of interests between the collection and its in- trusiveness on the taxpayer, see id. § 6330(c)(3)(C). The oﬃcer then issues a notice of determination declaring whether the tax assessment is sustained and, if so, whether an alternative collection process will be followed instead of the lien or levy. At the CDP hearing, the taxpayer generally may raise “any relevant issue” to the IRS’s collection action, including collec- tion alternatives and spousal defenses. Id. § 6330(c)(2)(A). But taxpayers cannot contest the tax liability underlying the levy or lien if the taxpayer previously had an opportunity to lodge a challenge. See id. § 6330(c)(2)(B). By its terms, § 6330(c)(4)(C) of the Tax Code expressly precludes taxpayers from raising an issue if “a ﬁnal determination has been made with respect to such issue in a proceeding brought under subchapter C of chapter 63,” which refers to TEFRA—the chapter concerning the tax treatment of partnership items. So a taxpayer cannot challenge ﬁnal and binding partnership-item liability deter- minations in a CDP hearing. A taxpayer wishing to contest the decision of the Oﬃce of Appeals can petition the Tax Court for review. See id. § 6330(d). But the Tax Court can consider only those issues 8 Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 properly raised in the CDP hearing. See Our Country Home Enters., Inc. v. Comm’r, 855 F.3d 773, 780 (7th Cir. 2017). Putting the administrative review process together, then, we see that a partner who fails to challenge the IRS’s adjust- ments to partnership-level items during a TEFRA proceeding cannot later challenge their partnership tax liabilities in a CDP hearing. And because the partner cannot raise the issue of li- ability in a CDP hearing, the partner also loses the ability to bring that challenge before the Tax Court. Put diﬀerently, the TEFRA proceeding is the proper—and when notice is properly furnished, only—venue for partners to challenge partnership-tax liabilities. C. The IRS’s Assessment of Taxes on the Goldbergs These administrative processes apply to the Goldbergs’ situation. 1. Collection Due Process Hearing In 2014 the Commissioner assessed taxes and penalties on the Goldbergs to collect the outstanding taxes stemming from the adjustments the IRS made to the Matador and Alpha lia- bilities in the partnership-level proceedings, which were ﬁnal- ized in the Tax Court’s 2013 decision. The Commissioner ex- plained in a letter to the Goldbergs that they could not chal- lenge the assessments because they had failed to object during the partnership-level TEFRA proceedings. When the Gold- bergs did not pay the overdue and adjusted taxes in response to the assessment notice, the IRS ﬁled a notice of a lien and then a levy to collect the outstanding partnership taxes. The Goldbergs did not respond to the IRS’s Notice of Federal Tax Lien, but they did respond to the later levy notice and re- quested a CDP hearing to challenge the collection. Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 9 In June 2016 the IRS Oﬃce of Appeals heard the Gold- bergs’ petition. The Goldbergs challenged their underlying tax liability on statute-of-limitations grounds—the same ar- gument Ronald raised to the Commissioner in his October 2010 letter. The Goldbergs also argued that they could law- fully bring this post-audit challenge because they believed that the IRS failed to send the statutorily required notices of beginning of administrative proceedings—the so-called NBAPs. The IRS’s failure to mail the NBAPs, the Goldbergs insisted, excused their own failure to object while TEFRA pro- ceedings were ongoing. The Goldbergs took this position even though they had received actual notice of the TEFRA proceedings from another partner. Two years later, in 2018, the settlement oﬃcer issued her decision sustaining the IRS’s proposed lien and levy. The of- ﬁcer found that the Goldbergs had failed to challenge their underlying tax liabilities during the TEFRA proceedings de- spite being “advised of the beginning of the TEFRA audit and the ﬁnal audit ﬁndings” through mailing of NBAPs and FPAAs. Because the Goldbergs’ challenge to the lien was un- timely, the oﬃcer issued an unappealable decision letter sus- taining the lien. The oﬃcer issued an appealable notice of de- termination for the levy because that challenge was timely. The Goldbergs then petitioned the Tax Court for review. 2. Tax Court Decision The Tax Court dismissed the petition for review of the lien because the Oﬃce of Appeals properly issued an unappeala- ble decision letter given the Goldbergs’ petition on that matter was time-barred. 10 Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 In considering the Goldbergs’ statute-of-limitations chal- lenge to the levy, the Tax Court rejected their argument that they lacked notice to properly raise the issue in the TEFRA proceedings. The Tax Court determined the Oﬃce of Appeals correctly concluded that the IRS mailed the ﬁnal partnership administrative adjustment notices, or FPAAs, based on the Service’s evidentiary showing during the CDP hearing—a ﬁnding the Goldbergs did not dispute before the Tax Court. The Tax Court also noted Ronald Goldberg’s 2010 corre- spondence with the Commissioner during the Tax Court’s earlier review of the partnerships’ tax adjustments. All of this meant that the Goldbergs had actual notice of the ongoing TEFRA proceedings while they were underway, notwithstanding their allegations that the IRS failed to mail them NBAPs at the start of the proceedings. The Tax Court therefore concluded that TEFRA required the Goldbergs to raise these challenges during the partnership-level audit. See 26 U.S.C. § 6223(e)(3). But they never did so. The Goldbergs’ statute-of-limitations challenge thus amounted to an im- proper attempt to appeal their underlying tax liability, one that the Tax Court could not entertain. See id. §§ 6230(c)(4), 7422(h). Finding no legal errors in the Oﬃce of Appeals’ review of the Goldbergs’ petition, the Tax Court went on to hold that the settlement oﬃcer properly accounted for the considera- tions required by § 6330(c)(3) and did not abuse her discretion in sustaining the IRS’s levy on the Goldberg’s property. The Tax Court therefore aﬃrmed the settlement oﬃcer’s decision. The Goldbergs now appeal. Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 11 III. Analysis The Tax Court got this right. A straightforward application of TEFRA and its implementing provisions to the facts leads us to conclude that the Goldbergs cannot escape their partner- ship tax liabilities by asserting that the IRS failed to mail the NBAPs when the IRS did mail the FPAAs and the Goldbergs had actual notice of the partnership-level proceedings. A. The IRS Met Its Statutory Requirements by Mailing the FPAAs The Goldbergs’ biggest hurdle in demonstrating that they did not have an opportunity to object during the TEFRA pro- ceedings is the IRS’s showing that it properly mailed the FPAAs. The Goldbergs never challenged the Oﬃce of Ap- peals’ or the Tax Court’s ﬁnding that the FPAAs were mailed—and that the Goldbergs therefore received the FPAAs—until they ﬁled suit in this court. Regardless, we see no error in the Tax Court’s review of the Oﬃce of Appeals’ determination. The Oﬃce of Appeals reviewed the IRS’s internal records and mailing lists to establish that that the FPAAs were validly sent via certiﬁed mail in 2007. The Goldbergs did not object, leaving the Oﬃce of Appeals entitled to take the IRS’s show- ing as substantial evidence to demonstrate proper mailing— and thus adequate notice to the Goldbergs—of the FPAAs. See, e.g., Keado v. United States, 853 F.2d 1209, 1213–19 (5th Cir. 1988) (aﬃrming a settlement oﬃcer’s ﬁnding based on similar evidence); see also 26 U.S.C. § 6330(c)(3)(A) (giving the settle- ment oﬃcer authority to verify that notices were sent based on the IRS’s evidence). In reviewing the Oﬃce of Appeals’ de- cision, the Tax Court observed that the Goldbergs had not 12 Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 challenged the settlement oﬃcer’s FPAA ﬁnding, and con- cluded there were otherwise no errors with that determina- tion. Given the Tax Court’s proper ﬁnding that the IRS mailed the FPAAs, our legal conclusion ﬂows directly from the Tax Code. When the IRS fails to mail an NBAP—as the Goldbergs allege here—the relief is statutory. Section 6223(e) provides remedies based on the status of the partnership-level determi- nation at the time the “Secretary mails the partner notice of the proceeding”—here, the FPAAs that the IRS mailed to the Goldbergs in 2007. Because the FPAAs were mailed in 2007 but the partner- ship tax adjustment amounts were not ﬁnalized by the Tax Court until 2013, the Goldbergs’ relief is provided under § 6223(e)(3), titled “Proceedings still going on.” When part- ners receive an FPAA after having failed to receive an NBAP, they can opt for an individual settlement or conversion to nonpartnership items. Although the Goldbergs qualiﬁed for this relief, they never elected to pursue either of these reme- dies. That was their fatal mistake because the statute aﬀords no other relief. The Tax Code makes clear that partners who fail to opt out of the partnership-level proceedings are bound to the ﬁnal FPAA determinations. See id. § 6221 (“[T]he tax treatment of any partnership item … shall be determined at the partnership level.”). And because the Goldbergs had this opportunity to chal- lenge the underlying tax liability given the IRS’s valid FPAA mailings before the partnership proceedings ended, they were expressly precluded from bringing this challenge in a CDP hearing. See id. § 6330(c)(2)(B), (4)(C). The Tax Court did Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 13 not err in aﬃrming the Oﬃce of Appeals’ decision to disallow such a challenge in the Goldbergs’ CDP hearing. B. The Goldbergs Received Actual Notice of the TEFRA Proceedings The Tax Court correctly identiﬁed a second reason sup- porting denial of the Goldbergs’ petition: Ronald had actual notice of the TEFRA proceedings, in addition to the notice provided by the FPAAs. Remember what happened in October 2010. It was then that Ronald corresponded by letter with the IRS Commis- sioner while the TEFRA proceedings were ongoing. In that letter, Ronald contended that the IRS could not collect taxes for adjustments made to the Alpha and Matador partnership items because he believed the three-year statute of limitations had expired. At no time—in this appeal or in the administra- tive proceedings before the IRS—has Ronald contested the au- thenticity of his October 2010 letter. Nor has he ever sug- gested, let alone demonstrated, that he did anything beyond sending the letter. At oral argument, he explained that he re- ceived notice in 2010 from another partner, and not the IRS, so he contended that the IRS’s failed NBAP mailing aﬀords him separate statutory relief. But he oﬀers no satisfactory ex- planation for why he did not accept the Commissioner’s invi- tation to participate in the TEFRA proceedings by challenging the tax assessment on statute-of-limitations grounds. Ronald’s inaction brought with it a legal consequence. The Tax Code is clear that taxpayers may challenge their underly- ing tax liability in a CDP hearing only when they “did not otherwise have an opportunity to dispute such tax liability.” Id. § 6330(c)(2)(B). This limitation applies here. Ronald 14 Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 Goldberg had an actual opportunity to dispute his tax liability in 2010 while the Tax Court reviewed the Alpha and Matador FPAAs, and he declined to take that opportunity to raise the statute-of-limitations challenge he now brings to a third tri- bunal (our court) more than a decade later. Nor can the Goldbergs show that the partnership adjust- ment proceedings violated their due process rights. The Com- missioner provided the Goldbergs with a chance to partici- pate in the proceedings—through valid mailing of an FPAA and by speciﬁc invitation in the October 2010 correspond- ence—and they declined. We see no due process issues here, where the Goldbergs had notice and opportunity to be heard. To be sure, we do not conclude that Ronald’s actual notice alone supports a ﬁnding that he is precluded from challeng- ing his liability. We recognize that § 6223(e)’s provision of re- lief seems predicated on the IRS’s valid mailing of at least one of the NBAP or FPAA. See id. § 6223(e)(2) (providing relief when “the Secretary mails the partner notice of the proceed- ing” and proceedings are ﬁnished); see also id. § 6223(e)(3) (providing relief when § 6223(e)(2) “does not apply” and pro- ceedings are ongoing). In a situation where the IRS failed to properly mail both the NBAP and FPAA, we are less certain of the statutory relief aﬀorded to that tax partner. But those are not the facts here, so we save that issue for another day. C. The Goldbergs’ Remaining Arguments The Goldbergs urge a diﬀerent conclusion and ask us to dismiss the case or remand for reconsideration of their stat- ute-of-limitations challenge to the underlying tax liability. But we ﬁnd no basis for doing so. Nos. 22-1084 & 22-1085 15 The Goldbergs have spilled much ink on the IRS’s alleged failure to mail the NBAPs. They may be right that the IRS never mailed the notices. The IRS insists that it did but cannot tell us with certainty. For our part, we are conﬁdent that we do not have to resolve this factual dispute to resolve the Gold- bergs’ appeal. The IRS’s mailing of the NBAPs is not control- ling because the Tax Code authorized two forms of notice: the notice that proceedings had begun (the NBAP) and the notice that proceedings had concluded (the FPAA). Under the reme- dies provided in § 6223(e), either type of notice suﬃces to give partners the opportunity to participate in the TEFRA proceed- ings, and the mailing of both is not necessary for them to do so. The Goldbergs can point to no provision of the Tax Code that provides them with relief beyond that which the statute aﬀorded them here. One ﬁnal matter warrants mention. The Goldbergs insist that the Tax Court erred by denying their motion to compel discovery for additional information about the IRS’s NBAP mailings. Given the deferential standard of review and our determination that the Tax Court’s decision did not depend on additional evidence of the IRS’s mailings, we reject the Goldbergs’ argument. The Tax Court did not abuse its discre- tion in denying the Goldbergs’ motion to compel discovery for evidence that the court deemed irrelevant. For these reasons we AFFIRM.

Gail Goldberg v. CIR

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