In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-1485
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
JEREMY OUTLAND,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
No. 3:17-cr-30073 — Sue E. Myerscough, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED FEBRUARY 16, 2023 — DECIDED JULY 11, 2023
____________________
Before RIPPLE, SCUDDER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. In November 2017, Jeremy Outland
was arrested and charged with distributing heroin. He later
moved to suppress incriminating statements that he had
made to the police on the grounds that his statements were
not voluntary and that he had not knowingly and intelligently
waived his Miranda rights. The district court denied his sup-
pression motion, and Mr. Outland entered a conditional plea
of guilty, reserving the right to appeal the denial of his
2 No. 22-1485
motion. On appeal, we held that the district court failed to de-
termine whether Mr. Outland had knowingly and intelli-
gently waived his Miranda rights, instead focusing solely on
the voluntariness of his statements. See United States v. Out-
land, 993 F.3d 1017 (7th Cir. 2021) (“Outland I”). We remanded
to permit the district court to make the omitted determina-
tion. On remand, the district court decided that Mr. Outland
had knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights.
Mr. Outland now appeals that determination. We affirm the
judgment of the district court.
I
A
On November 21, 2017, after confidential sources in-
formed law enforcement officers that Mr. Outland was in-
volved in drug trafficking, Springfield Police Officer Daniel
Weiss obtained a warrant to search Mr. Outland’s person and
residence for heroin and drug paraphernalia. Around
10:00 a.m., another Springfield police officer conducted a traf-
fic stop and search of Mr. Outland. The officer discovered
drug paraphernalia, read Mr. Outland his Miranda rights, and
began transporting him to a Drug Enforcement Administra-
tion facility. During the drive, the officer noticed white pow-
der in the back seat of his squad car and saw Mr. Outland col-
lapse. Mr. Outland’s face and coat were covered in a white
substance, which later tested positive as heroin. The officer
changed course and drove Mr. Outland to the emergency
room.
Mr. Outland was unresponsive when triaged at approxi-
mately 10:46 a.m. Hospital staff began administering medica-
tions to counter the effects of his heroin overdose. A nurse
No. 22-1485 3
noted at 10:51 a.m. that Mr. Outland was “responsive” and
1
“alert” after receiving Narcan and Zofran. At 11:07 a.m., he
passed swallowing tests for water and applesauce but was
unable to swallow a cracker. Mr. Outland’s condition deteri-
orated at 11:10 a.m. He was “very hard to arouse” and exhib-
2
ited slurred speech and poor eye contact. His condition re-
mained unchanged at 11:20 a.m. But around 11:30 a.m.,
Mr. Outland passed swallowing tests for water, applesauce,
and a cracker. Although he continued to appear drowsy and
was having apneic episodes, hospital staff noted that he was
alert, awake, and oriented and that his “mentation” was “im-
3
proved significantly.”
At 12:13 p.m., hospital staff again described Mr. Outland
as alert, awake, and oriented. They noted that he could follow
commands and that his behavior was appropriate, calm, and
cooperative. Hospital records reveal that he was speaking
with a police officer at that time. Nonetheless, Mr. Outland
remained subject to close medical observation. He was placed
on a Narcan drip and awaited a bed in the intensive care unit
4
for closer monitoring. In notes at 12:59 p.m., 1:45 p.m., and
2:30 p.m., staff continued to describe Mr. Outland as alert,
awake, and oriented.
1 R.26-7 at 2.
2 Id. at 3.
3 Id. at 4–5.
4 By the time he was placed on the Narcan drip, Mr. Outland had received
5 mg of Narcan, 50 mg of Revia, and 4 mg of Zofran.
4 No. 22-1485
Officer Weiss arrived at the hospital around 1:00 p.m. to
interview Mr. Outland. According to Weiss, the officer as-
signed to Mr. Outland’s room notified him that Mr. Outland
had asked to speak with him. Weiss and another officer began
the interview around 1:16 p.m., while Mr. Outland was still in
an emergency room bed. Mr. Outland stated his name and
date of birth, and Weiss read him his Miranda rights and con-
firmed that he understood his rights. During the interview,
Mr. Outland proceeded to make several incriminating state-
ments about trafficking in heroin. Mr. Outland was dis-
charged two days later against medical advice.
B
Mr. Outland was subsequently charged with distributing
and conspiring to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B)–(C), and 846.
He moved to suppress his statements from the hospital inter-
view based on the “twofold contention that he ‘was so intox-
icated as to render his statement involuntary’ and that ‘he was
unable to voluntarily and knowingly waive his Miranda rights
based upon a long list of medications he was under at the
time.’” Outland I, 993 F.3d at 1020. The district court held an
evidentiary hearing at which it heard testimony from
Mr. Outland, Weiss, and a DEA agent. Mr. Outland testified
that his memory of his time in the hospital was “[v]ague[]”
due to “the influence of drugs and medication,” that he did
not request to speak with Weiss, that he was in and out of
consciousness prior to the interview, and that he felt coerced
5
into giving the interview. Weiss testified that Mr. Outland
had requested to speak with him, that he “could tell that he
5 R.66 at 44–50.
No. 22-1485 5
was … maybe under the influence of heroin” but was “not
nodding off,” and that Mr. Outland “was very coherent dur-
ing the interview and gave us a lot of details; very, very spe-
6
cific details.”
The district court denied the suppression motion.
“[F]ocusing exclusively on the voluntariness of [Mr. Out-
land’s] statements,” the court found no evidence of police co-
ercion and credited Weiss’s testimony that Mr. Outland had
asked to speak with law enforcement. Outland I, 993 F.3d at
1020. Mr. Outland entered a conditional plea of guilty and re-
served the right to appeal the denial of his motion. Id. at 1021.
On appeal, we held that the district court failed to address
completely the validity of Mr. Outland’s Miranda waiver.
Mr. Outland’s challenge presented “two separate questions:
whether he received and validly waived his Miranda rights,
and whether his statements themselves were voluntary.” Id.
We did not take issue with the district court’s analysis con-
cerning voluntariness, but we were concerned that “nowhere
in its order did the district court make any finding as to
whether Outland knowingly and intelligently waived his Mi-
randa rights before the interview began.” Id. at 1022. We de-
clined to make such a finding in the first instance and re-
manded “for the limited purpose of allowing the district court
to make such a determination.” Id. at 1023. We suggested that
the district court do so based on the existing record unless a
compelling reason counseled otherwise. Id. at 1023–24.
After our remand, the district court ordered the parties to
submit supplemental briefs with proposed findings of fact
6 Id. at 29–30.
6 No. 22-1485
relevant to the validity of Mr. Outland’s Miranda waiver. In
March 2022, the district court again denied Mr. Outland’s
suppression motion. The court explained that intoxication can
but does not necessarily affect the validity of a Miranda waiver
and that the question whether a defendant was too intoxi-
cated to execute a valid waiver is one of fact. The court noted
that, in making its determination, it would rely primarily on
the audio recording of the hospital interview, Mr. Outland’s
medical records, and Weiss’s testimony at the evidentiary
hearing. The court stated that it would not rely on Mr. Out-
land’s testimony “regarding his state of mind” because it
7
found his testimony on that point not credible.
In the district court’s view, Weiss’s testimony at the evi-
dentiary hearing was probative of Mr. Outland’s mental pres-
ence. Weiss testified that Mr. Outland was “very coherent
during the interview” and provided “a lot of details; very,
8
very specific details.” Weiss also noted that Mr. Outland
“had a lot of modulation in his voice,” adjusting it depending
7 R.80 at 11. The court gave two reasons for this credibility finding. First,
at the hearing, Mr. Outland denied having possessed or swallowed heroin
in the back seat of the squad car and claimed that he overdosed because
he had used heroin early in the morning on the day of the arrest. Id. That
claim, the court found, was “plainly false” and was contradicted by the
statements recorded in the hospital interview and by Mr. Outland’s own
motion to suppress, which stated that he “ingested a large quantity of her-
oin.” Id. (citing R.26 at 18). Second, the court found that Mr. Outland’s
demeanor in the evidentiary hearing gave it reason to deem his “other
self-serving statements” not credible. Id.
8 Id. at 12 (quoting R.66 at 30).
No. 22-1485 7
9
on his level of excitement. He also stated that Mr. Outland
had requested to speak with him. The court observed that this
testimony was consistent with the medical records, which
showed that by 12:13 p.m.—about an hour before the inter-
view—Mr. Outland was wide awake, alert, responsive, and
oriented. The records showed that Mr. Outland’s condition
remained consistent thereafter. And although Mr. Outland
had been administered several medications, these were de-
signed to counteract the effects of his heroin overdose and so
would not have “impair[ed] [his] ability to understand his Mi-
10
randa rights.” The court recognized that the medications
could entail side effects affecting state of mind, but it saw no
signs in the medical records of “any negative side effects
11
whatsoever.”
Finally, the court credited Weiss’s testimony that Mr. Out-
land had requested to speak with him. It found Mr. Outland’s
“emphatic insistence that he did not request an interview” to
be “inconsistent with [his] insistence elsewhere in his testi-
mony that his memory of his actions [at the hospital] [wa]s
12
incomplete.”
In sum, the court recognized that “the stress and other
psychological effects of a recent overdose may have had some
impact on [Mr. Outland’s] cognitive capacity,” but it con-
cluded that “he was not so overcome by his circumstances
9 Id. (quoting R.66 at 30).
10 Id. at 13.
11 Id. at 13–14.
12 Id. at 16 (citing R.40 at 21–22).
8 No. 22-1485
13
that he lost the ability to understand what was going on.” It
therefore determined that Mr. Outland’s Miranda waiver was
knowing and intelligent.
II
We review the district court’s order “under a dual stand-
ard, assessing conclusions of law de novo and evaluating fac-
tual findings for clear error with special deference granted to
the court’s credibility determinations” and its assessment of
historical facts. Outland I, 993 F.3d at 1021; see also United States
v. Brooks, 125 F.3d 484, 490–91 (7th Cir. 1997). We review de
novo a district court’s ultimate determination of whether a Mi-
randa waiver was knowing and intelligent. See United States v.
Schwensow, 151 F.3d 650, 659 (7th Cir. 1998).
A defendant may waive his Miranda rights so long as the
waiver is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Outland I, 993
F.3d at 1021. A knowing and intelligent waiver is “made with
a full awareness of both the nature of the right being aban-
doned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.”
Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986). Thus, for a waiver
to be valid, the “totality of the circumstances surrounding the
interrogation” must reveal “the requisite level of comprehen-
sion” by the defendant. Id. (internal quotation marks omit-
ted). Relevant factors in this assessment include “the defend-
ant’s background and conduct, the duration and conditions of
the interview and detention, the physical and mental condi-
tion of the defendant, the attitude of the law enforcement of-
ficials, and whether law enforcement officers used coercive
techniques, either psychological or physical.” United States v.
13 Id. at 15–16.
No. 22-1485 9
Shabaz, 579 F.3d 815, 820 (7th Cir. 2009). It is the Government’s
burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the va-
lidity of a Miranda waiver. Id. at 817, 820.
Mr. Outland contends that, as a matter of law, the evi-
dence before the district court cannot support a finding that
he was aware of the nature of the rights he waived and of the
consequences of doing so. His principal argument is that the
district court relied on untrustworthy hearsay evidence that
he had asked to speak with Weiss in the hospital. As Mr. Out-
land points out, at the evidentiary hearing, Weiss testified to
an unsworn, out-of-court statement of another police officer
who told him that Mr. Outland had asked for him. There are
two problems with this argument. First, as Mr. Outland him-
self recognizes, during the suppression hearing, the district
court was entitled to rely upon hearsay and other evidence
that would not have been admissible at trial. See United States
v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 679 (1980). More fundamentally,
though, the district court did not give much weight to this ev-
idence, likely because it was of little, if any, probative value
in determining whether Mr. Outland’s waiver was knowing
and intelligent. Regardless of whether Mr. Outland did, in
fact, request to speak with Weiss, the only relevant issue is
whether—after Weiss arrived and administered the Miranda
warning—Mr. Outland “underst[ood] the basic privilege”
against self-incrimination and “the consequences of speaking
freely” to Weiss. Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 575 (1987). In
other words, even if Mr. Outland did not request to speak
with Weiss, he could have knowingly and intelligently
waived his Miranda rights just as well. Mr. Outland is mis-
taken in his suggestion that evidence of his request to speak
with Weiss was central to the district court’s findings: Weiss’s
hearsay testimony was only tangentially relevant to the basic
10 No. 22-1485
inquiry. The district court discussed it only briefly, reiterating
its finding on voluntariness, and did not give it undue weight.
More broadly, Mr. Outland also contends that the district
court did not appreciate the effects of his overdose and sub-
sequent medication. This argument, too, fails. Although
Mr. Outland plausibly maintains that his heroin overdose ap-
proximately two and a half hours before the Weiss interview
affected his mental state, neither intoxication nor an impaired
mental state necessarily renders a Miranda waiver invalid.
E.g., United States v. Huerta, 239 F.3d 865, 873 (7th Cir. 2001);
Schwensow, 151 F.3d at 660; United States v. Turner, 157 F.3d
552, 555–56 (8th Cir. 1998). Rather, the degree of intoxication
and its effect, if any, on a defendant’s ability to make a know-
ing and intelligent waiver are questions of fact. Brooks, 125
F.3d at 491. In Brooks, for instance, the defendant asserted that,
at the time of waiver, he was “too sleepy, too high on crack
cocaine, and in too much pain [from a hand injury] to be men-
tally capable of executing a knowing and intelligent waiver of
his Miranda rights.” Id. We deferred to the district court’s find-
ing that the defendant did have the capacity to waive his
rights. Crediting law enforcement officers’ impressions of the
defendant as alert, coherent, and articulate, as well as their
doubts that he was actually high from cocaine, the district
court found the defendant’s assertions not credible and deter-
mined that he possessed the requisite mental capacity to un-
derstand and waive his rights. Id. at 490–91; see also United
States v. George, 987 F.2d 1428, 1430–31 (9th Cir. 1993) (valid
Miranda waiver by defendant in the emergency room about
three hours after a heroin overdose); Turner, 157 F.3d at 555–
56 (valid waiver despite PCP intoxication).
No. 22-1485 11
Here, the district court took into account Mr. Outland’s re-
cent overdose but also considered evidence that, by the time
of the interview and after several hours of medical supervi-
sion, his mental capacity was sufficient to understand his
rights. First, the district court credited Weiss’s testimony con-
cerning his impressions of Mr. Outland during the hospital
interview, including his observations that Mr. Outland was
“very coherent,” gave “very, very specific details,” and ap-
14
propriately modulated his voice. Assessments of a defend-
ant’s coherence are regularly weighed in inquiries into the va-
lidity of Miranda waivers. E.g., Brooks, 125 F.3d at 490–91;
Schwensow, 151 F.3d at 653–54, 660; Henderson v. DeTella, 97
F.3d 942, 948–49 (7th Cir. 1996); George, 987 F.2d at 1431. The
court also reviewed the audio recording of the interview and
the medical records and found these consistent with Weiss’s
testimony. Describing the audio recording, the court ob-
served that Mr. Outland sounded awake and alert despite oc-
casional slowness of speech and mumbling, and it noted that
he “demonstrate[d] a range of emotions” and “easily re-
15
count[ed]” details of complex drug transactions. Moreover,
the court found it significant that, forty minutes into the hos-
pital interview, Mr. Outland referred back to the Miranda
warning, “demonstrat[ing] that [he] not only listened to
Weiss’s Miranda rights explanation but also understood the
16
explanation.” Finally, the court explained that, during the
evidentiary hearing, Mr. Outland was comparably aware,
14 R.80 at 12 (quoting R.66 at 30).
15 R.80 at 14.
16 Id. at 15.
12 No. 22-1485
sharp, and clear-headed as he seemed in the audio recording.
See Brooks, 125 F.3d at 491 (deferring to the district court’s
findings of fact, “which were based to a great extent on the
judge’s observation of the witnesses’ demeanor”).
Mr. Outland faults the district court for focusing on the ab-
sence of physical coercion in the interview and on its impres-
sion that Weiss was the more credible witness. But the district
court’s evaluation of the evidence was aimed precisely at un-
derstanding the exact degree of Mr. Outland’s intoxication;
this task required weighing the demeanor and credibility of
the witnesses in light of the audio recording and the medical
records. Mr. Outland also makes much of the fact that he was
under the influence of various medications that the hospital
had administered to him, but these medications were admin-
istered to counter the effects of his heroin overdose. And, as
the district court noted, there was no evidence in the medical
records that he experienced any adverse cognitive side effects
from these medications. Rather, the hospital staff’s notes re-
flect a stable and improved cognitive state beginning around
11:30 a.m., approximately an hour and a half before the inter-
view began.
The district court’s assessment was squarely within the
realm of its competence in determining “the historical facts”
of this case. Brooks, 125 F.3d at 491; see also Schwensow, 151 F.3d
at 659–60. We owe the court deference in these factual find-
ings. Having reviewed the evidence ourselves, we see no clear
error in the district court’s factual determination that
Mr. Outland had the requisite mental capacity to make a
knowing and intelligent waiver of his Miranda rights. The dis-
trict court’s legal conclusion as to the validity of the waiver
No. 22-1485 13
was not erroneous, and we therefore affirm the judgment of
the district court.
AFFIRMED