Ahaji Amos v. Amazon Logistics, INC.

USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 1 of 11

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-1748

AHAJI AMOS; KIRK AMOS DELIVERY AND COURIER, LLC,

Plaintiffs – Appellants,

v.

AMAZON LOGISTICS, INC.,

Defendant – Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at
Greensboro. Catherine C. Eagles, District Judge. (1:22-cv-00055-CCE-JEP)

Argued: May 3, 2023 Decided: July 25, 2023

Before NIEMEYER, KING, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge King wrote the opinion, in which Judge Niemeyer
and Judge Harris joined.

ARGUED: Jesse Huntsman Rigsby, IV, THE BANKS LAW FIRM, P.A., Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, for Appellants. Diana Siri Breaux, SUMMIT LAW
GROUP, PLLC, Seattle, Washington, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Danielle B. Wilson,
THE BANKS LAW FIRM, P.A., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, for Appellants.
Christopher Terry Graebe, MORNINGSTAR LAW GROUP, Raleigh, North Carolina;
Philip Spear McCune, Selby Phillips Brown, Hathaway C. Burden, SUMMIT LAW
GROUP, PLLC, Seattle, Washington, for Appellee.
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 2 of 11

KING, Circuit Judge:

In this appeal from the Middle District of North Carolina, plaintiffs Ahaji Amos and

Kirk Amos Delivery and Courier, LLC (“Kirk Delivery”) challenge an order of the district

court compelling the arbitration of various claims that the plaintiffs seek to pursue against

Amazon Logistics, Inc. (“Amazon”). See Amos v. Amazon Logistics, Inc., No. 1:22-cv-

00055 (M.D.N.C. June 16, 2022), ECF No. 25 (the “Arbitration Order”). Conceding that

each of their claims against Amazon falls within the scope of a binding commercial

contract made between Kirk Delivery and Amazon in 2019 — and that an arbitration clause

governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (the “FAA”) is set forth within that contract —

the plaintiffs contend, in relevant part, that arbitration is not required due to the FAA’s

exemption for “contracts of employment” with “transportation workers.” See 9 U.S.C. § 1.

For several reasons, however — chief among them being that the binding

commercial contract is a business services deal struck between two corporate entities, not

a “contract of employment” — the FAA’s so-called “transportation worker” exemption is

inapplicable in these circumstances. The FAA thus mandates arbitration of all the

plaintiffs’ claims, leaving us constrained to affirm the district court’s Arbitration Order.

I.

In order to efficiently make deliveries to its scores of online retail customers,

Amazon contracts with local, independently owned package delivery businesses that it

2
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 3 of 11

refers to as its “Delivery Service Partners.” See J.A. 161. 1 Kirk Delivery was one such

“Partner” between 2019 and 2021, delivering packages to Amazon customers in and around

Durham, North Carolina, pursuant to the terms of a “Delivery Service Partner Program

Agreement” that Kirk Delivery entered into with Amazon in May 2019 (hereinafter the

“Agreement”). Id. For the duration of its relationship with Amazon, Kirk Delivery

serviced its Durham delivery routes with a fleet of Amazon-branded vehicles and

approximately 450 drivers that it directly employed, all under the guidance of its owner

and operator, plaintiff Amos. Importantly, Amos herself is not a named party to the

Agreement between her business — Kirk Delivery — and Amazon.

Amazon terminated Kirk Delivery’s status as a “Delivery Service Partner” in April

2021, alleging material breaches of the Agreement’s terms by Kirk Delivery. In response,

Amos and Kirk Delivery jointly sued Amazon in the Middle District of North Carolina in

January 2022, raising numerous tort, contract, and employment claims under both state and

federal law. Throughout this litigation, the parties have together acknowledged that all of

Amos and Kirk Delivery’s claims for relief arise from — and relate directly to — the

business relationship between Kirk Delivery and Amazon, which was governed

exclusively by the Agreement. With that being so, Amazon moved in the district court to

dismiss the plaintiffs’ claims and to compel their arbitration, relying on the Agreement’s

arbitration clause. The arbitration clause provides, in haec verba, that

1
Citations herein to “J.A. __” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by
the parties to this appeal.

3
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 4 of 11

This Agreement is governed by the United States Federal Arbitration Act,
applicable United States federal law, and Washington state law, without
reference to any applicable conflict of laws rules. ANY DISPUTE ARISING
OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT WILL BE RESOLVED BY BINDING
ARBITRATION, RATHER THAN IN COURT.

See J.A. 165. 2

Amazon specifically sought to compel arbitration pursuant to the FAA or, in the

alternative, the State of Washington’s Uniform Arbitration Act (the “WUAA”), given the

Agreement’s invocation of Washington state law. Amos and Kirk Delivery objected to

arbitration, asserting in pertinent part that plaintiff Amos — a lawyer — was herself a

“transportation worker” within the meaning of the FAA and was also Amazon’s

“employee” under state law, such that exemptions to both the FAA and the WUAA served

to void the Agreement’s arbitration clause.

By its Arbitration Order of June 2022, the district court granted Amazon’s motion

to dismiss and to compel arbitration. The court first resolved — with little trouble — that,

by their terms, both the FAA and the WUAA applied to the parties’ binding Agreement by

virtue of the written arbitration clause contained therein. The court’s Arbitration Order

explained that it was “undisputed that the [Agreement] covers the dispute at hand,” such

that, absent an applicable statutory exemption, the FAA and the WUAA would each require

arbitration of Amos and Kirk Delivery’s claims. See Arbitration Order 5. And the court

2
As Amazon explained in its motion to dismiss, arbitration clauses are enforced in
court by way of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3) motions to dismiss for improper
venue. In considering such motions, courts may examine evidence outside the pleadings
— including, as relevant here, the contract containing the applicable arbitration clause. See
Aggarao v. MOL Ship Mgmt. Co., 675 F.3d 355, 365 (4th Cir. 2012).

4
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 5 of 11

in turn ruled that the only relevant exemption to the WUAA — which provides that the

statute “does not generally apply to arbitration agreements between employers and

employees” — was inapplicable. Id. at 6. The Arbitration Order specifically concluded

that, even assuming Amos’s status as Amazon’s “employee,” the WUAA permits

employers and employees to waive the exemption — and “Ms. Amos, Kirk [Delivery], and

Amazon explicitly agreed to arbitrate their disputes.” Id. at 7. 3

Having decided that the WUAA independently required arbitration of Amos and

Kirk Delivery’s claims, the district court opted not to reach the question of whether the

FAA’s “transportation worker” exemption applied to the Agreement. The Arbitration

Order concluded that “the agreement to arbitrate is enforceable under applicable state law,”

dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims without prejudice, and directed the claims to arbitration.

See Arbitration Order 10. Amos and Kirk Delivery timely noticed this appeal, and we

possess jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(3).

II.

A.

On appeal, Amos and Kirk Delivery request that we reverse the Arbitration Order

and allow their claims to be litigated on the merits in the district court. We review de novo

a court order granting a motion to compel arbitration. See Galloway v. Santander

3
In concluding that the WUAA’s employer-employee exemption does not apply,
the district court did not rely on the fact that Amos is not a party to the Agreement, which
makes her claimed “employee” status irrelevant.

5
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 6 of 11

Consumer USA, Inc., 819 F.3d 79, 84 (4th Cir. 2016). In support of their challenge to the

Arbitration Order, Amos and Kirk Delivery contend — as they did in the proceedings

below — that plaintiff Amos was herself a “transportation worker” during Kirk Delivery’s

tenure as a “Delivery Service Partner” (such that the FAA’s “transportation worker”

exemption renders the Agreement’s arbitration clause unenforceable) and that she was

similarly Amazon’s “employee” (such that the WUAA’s “employer-employee” exemption

has the same effect). In short, the plaintiffs maintain that, regardless of whether the relevant

federal or state statute is applied, the arbitration clause now before us is a nullity. 4

The parties agree that the FAA applies to the Agreement, and that the plaintiffs’

claims arise out of the Agreement. Because the FAA’s “transportation worker” exemption

clearly does not apply in these circumstances, we will affirm the Arbitration Order, but do

4
Amos and Kirk Delivery also contend on appeal, as they did in the district court,
that the Agreement — and, by extension, the arbitration clause therein — is “unenforceable
as illusory and unconscionable.” See Br. of Appellants 43. In other words, according to
the plaintiffs, basic contract principles provide a separate reason to block the arbitration of
their claims against Amazon.

The district court, for its part, concluded that the arbitration clause was not
“illusory,” rejecting the plaintiffs’ arguments about Amazon’s unilateral ability to modify
certain portions of the Agreement. The court did not reach the plaintiffs’
“unconscionability” assertion, explaining that, in the context of a motion to compel
arbitration, contract-validity contentions going to the contract as a whole must be deferred
for consideration during arbitration by the arbitrator — only challenges “made explicitly
to the arbitration provision” may be considered by the court. See Arbitration Order 8. For
present purposes, we are satisfied that both of the plaintiffs’ contract defenses relate to the
Agreement as a whole — their position is that the Agreement itself “fail[ed] at the contract
formation stage as illusory and unconscionable,” and that the arbitration clause is therefore
unenforceable by association. See Br. of Appellants 43. That is precisely the sort of
argument that, as the district court rightly explained, must be deferred for arbitration. See
Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440, 445-46 (2006).

6
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 7 of 11

so on the alternative ground of the FAA mandating arbitration. Accordingly, we decline

to entangle ourselves in questions of Washington state law, and will not today resolve

whether Amos was Amazon’s “employee” or whether the WUAA also requires arbitration

of the plaintiffs’ various claims.

B.

The FAA provides that any “written provision” in a contract requiring the parties

thereto “to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract . . .

shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable.” See 9 U.S.C. § 2. A litigant seeking to

compel claims to arbitration under the FAA is obliged to establish that (1) a dispute exists

between the parties; (2) the dispute falls within the scope of a written, valid agreement that

includes an arbitration provision; (3) the parties’ agreement relates to interstate or foreign

commerce; and (4) the opposing party has failed or refused to arbitrate the dispute at hand.

See Adkins v. Lab. Ready, Inc., 303 F.3d 496, 500-01 (4th Cir. 2002). Here, the Arbitration

Order concluded — and, again, the parties do not dispute — that the FAA applies to the

Agreement between Kirk Delivery and Amazon by operation of the Agreement’s

arbitration clause. Accordingly, arbitration of the plaintiffs’ claims arising out of the

Agreement is mandatory unless a statutory carve-out exists and applies.

The FAA’s “transportation worker” exemption specifies that the statute’s arbitration

mandate does not apply to “contracts of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or

any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” See 9 U.S.C. § 1.

Thus, for claims arising within the scope of a contract that contains an otherwise valid

arbitration clause to be heard in court, the contract in question must be both a “contract of

7
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 8 of 11

employment” and one entered into with a “worker” of the type described in 9 U.S.C. § 1.

Importantly, the Supreme Court has emphasized that the “transportation worker”

exemption must be given a “narrow construction.” See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams,

532 U.S. 105, 118 (2001). And the exemption is inapplicable here for at least three sound

reasons.

1.

First and foremost, the Agreement at hand simply is not a “contract of employment”

— it does not promise work and compensation to an individual employee, and it contains

none of the hallmarks of a traditional employment contract, such as provisions regarding

salary, benefits, and leave time. The Agreement provides instead for certain business

services to be provided by one business to another, and both parties to the Agreement are

themselves sizable employers. In its 2019 decision in New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira, the

Supreme Court explained that the “transportation worker” exemption’s use of the phrase

“contracts of employment” is intended to “capture any contract for the performance of work

by workers.” See 139 S. Ct. 532, 540 (2019). Doubtlessly, that would include the

employment agreements between Kirk Delivery and its roughly 450 delivery drivers, i.e.,

workers performing work — but not the Agreement between Kirk Delivery and Amazon,

which calls for “transportation, delivery, and related services [to be] performed by the

business entity [Kirk Delivery].” See J.A. 161. When other courts have been asked to

extend the reach of the “transportation worker” exemption to contracts between business

entities, they have uniformly declined to do so. See, e.g., ShaZor Logistics, LLC v.

Amazon.com, LLC, 628 F. Supp. 3d 708 (E.D. Mich. 2022); R&C Oilfield Servs., LLC v.

8
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 9 of 11

Am. Wind Transp. Grp., LLC, 447 F. Supp. 3d 339 (W.D. Pa. 2020). We so no reason to

question or differ from those decisions. And so for this reason alone, the “transportation

worker” exemption has no effect on the validity of the Agreement’s arbitration clause.

2.

Second, even if the Agreement could be characterized as a “contract of

employment,” Kirk Delivery is not among the “class of workers” eligible to seek the shelter

of the “transportation worker” exemption. See 9 U.S.C. § 1. By its terms, the exemption

covers employment contracts made by “seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of

workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” Id. (emphasis added). In its 2001

Circuit City decision, the Supreme Court resolved that “[t]he wording of [the exemption]

calls for the application of the maxim ejusdem generis, the statutory canon that ‘[w]here

general words follow specific words in a statutory enumeration, the general words are

construed to embrace only objects similar in nature to those objects enumerated by the

preceding specific words.” See 532 U.S. at 114-15. The Court went on to explain that the

exemption’s “residual clause” (“any other class of workers”) “should itself be controlled

and defined by reference to the enumerated categories of workers which are recited just

before it” — that is, “seamen” and “railroad employees.” Id. at 115. Seamen and railroad

employees, of course, are natural persons — individual workers carrying out work. Sizable

corporate entities are not “similar in nature” to the actual human workers enumerated by

the text of the “transportation worker” exemption, and so the arbitration clause at issue here

is once again unaffected by the exemption.

9
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 10 of 11

3.

Third and finally, plaintiff Amos is not a party to the Agreement — and so her

central arguments that she was a “transportation worker” and had a “contract of

employment” with Amazon fall completely flat. Amos has devoted the bulk of her briefing

and argument to explaining why she qualified as Amazon’s “employee,” and how the

nature of her work with Kirk Delivery rendered her a “transportation worker” within the

meaning of the FAA — and there may well be room for debate as to whether she can rightly

claim those labels. But Amos’s status matters not when the claimed FAA exemption

applies to contracts entered into with transportation workers, and the Agreement here is

between Kirk Delivery on the one hand, and Amazon on the other. Amos recites the facts

of the case as though she entered into the Agreement with Amazon in her individual

capacity, but Kirk Delivery was not some legal fiction existing only to shield Amazon from

unwanted liabilities — it was not a “nominal party” or “mere window dressing” that could

be swept aside. See Reply Br. of Appellants 4. Kirk Delivery was a major North Carolina

employer in and of itself, with several hundred delivery drivers on its payroll. Put simply,

it is the party that contracted with Amazon, not Amos. Amos’s alleged status as a

“transportation worker” is thus immaterial in assessing whether the FAA exemption can

apply here.

***

For these reasons, we are satisfied that the FAA applies to the Agreement, and that

the FAA’s “transportation worker” exemption does not apply. As a result, the claims

pursued by Amos and Kirk Delivery against Amazon must be submitted to arbitration. We

10
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1748 Doc: 34 Filed: 07/25/2023 Pg: 11 of 11

therefore affirm the judgment of the district court on that basis, and decline to consider the

effects, if any, of the WUAA.

III.

Pursuant to the foregoing, we reject each of Amos and Kirk Delivery’s appellate

contentions and affirm the Arbitration Order.

AFFIRMED

11