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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-13608
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
ex. rel. Lori L. Carver,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
LORI L. CARVER,
Interested Party-Appellant,
versus
PHYSICIANS PAIN SPECIALISTS OF ALABAMA, P.C., et al.,
Defendants.
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-13608
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Alabama
D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-00392-JB-N
____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Lori Carver filed a qui tam action seeking recovery on behalf
of the United States under the False Claims Act (“FCA”), see 31
U.S.C. § 3730, for fraudulent claims paid by government healthcare
programs that were submitted by her former employers. The gov-
ernment initially declined to intervene in the case, leaving Carver
in charge of prosecuting it. Several years later, though, the govern-
ment changed its mind and moved to intervene for the purpose of
exercising its right to unilaterally dismiss the FCA action under 31
U.S.C. § 3730(c)(2)(A). The government’s motion explained in de-
tail why it had come to believe that the burdens of continued liti-
gation outweighed its benefits. The district court granted that mo-
tion, and Carver appeals. Because the government gave good
grounds, amply supported by the record, for seeking dismissal of
this action, the district court did not abuse its discretion by granting
the government’s motion. We affirm.
I. The False Claims Act
The FCA imposes civil liability on any person who “know-
ingly presents . . . a false or fraudulent claim for payment or ap-
proval” to the federal government, among other things. 31 U.S.C.
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22-13608 Opinion of the Court 3
§ 3729(a). The FCA is enforced through a public-private frame-
work: the government may sue alleged violators on its own, id. §
3730(a); or a private person—called a “relator”—may sue “in the
name of the [g]overnment,” which is known as a qui tam action. Id.
§ 3730(b)(1). Either way, the injury asserted is “exclusively to the
[g]overnment.” United States ex rel. Polansky v. Exec. Health Res.,
Inc., 143 S. Ct. 1720, 1727 (2023). Nevertheless, “[i]f the action leads
to a recovery, the relator may receive up to 30% of the total.” Id.
(citing 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1)–(2)).
A relator is “no ordinary civil plaintiff” and is “subject to spe-
cial restrictions.” Id. at 1727–28. Among them, the relator must
file the complaint under seal, and the government then has 60
days—which can be extended for “good cause”—to “intervene and
proceed with the action.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2)–(3). “If the
[g]overnment, during that so-called seal period, elects to intervene,
the relator loses control,” and the government takes over. Po-
lanksy, 143 S. Ct. at 1727–28 (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(4)(A), (c)(1)).
If that occurs, the government “may dismiss the action notwith-
standing the objections” of the relator so long as the relator re-
ceives notice and an opportunity for a hearing. 31 U.S.C. §
3730(c)(2)(A).
But the relator “shall have the right to conduct the action” if
the government opts not to intervene. Id. § 3730(b)(4), (c)(3). Even
if the government declines to intervene during the seal period,
though, “the relator is not home free.” Polanksy, 143 S. Ct. at 1728.
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The court may “permit the [g]overnment to intervene at a later
date upon a showing of good cause.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(c)(3).
II. Background
A. Carver files a qui tam case and the government declines to intervene.
From 2010 to 2013, Carver worked at Physician’s Pain Spe-
cialists of Alabama, PC (the Clinic), a pain-management clinic in
Mobile, Alabama. Two medical doctors, John Patrick Couch and
Xiulu Ruan, owned and operated the Clinic. They also ran a phar-
macy, C&R Pharmacy, LLC (the Pharmacy). As part of their pain-
management practice, Couch and Ruan conducted urine drug
screening through an arrangement with Castle Medical, LLC (Cas-
tle).
Carver discovered that Couch and Ruan had submitted
fraudulent claims for payment to federal healthcare programs. She
took this information to the U.S. Attorney’s office, which encour-
aged her to bring a qui tam action. See United States v. Couch, 906
F.3d 1223, 1226–27 (11th Cir. 2018) (summarizing this history).
Carver filed the suggested qui tam action in August 2013 and
an amended pleading in August 2014. The government repeatedly
requested and received extensions of the seal period to decide
whether to intervene in the case. Finally, in October 2016, the gov-
ernment filed a notice declining to intervene. Soon after, Carver
filed her second amended complaint, after which the government
again declined to intervene. The district court unsealed the plead-
ings and some other filings and ordered the qui tam case to move
forward.
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B. The government prosecutes Couch and Ruan.
Meanwhile, the government began investigating Couch and
Ruan based in part on Carver’s information. Couch, 906 F.3d at
1226. In April 2015, it obtained an indictment charging both doc-
tors with conspiracy to distribute controlled substances and con-
spiracy to commit healthcare fraud. The charges partially over-
lapped with the allegations in Carver’s qui tam complaint. The gov-
ernment later obtained two superseding indictments, in October
2015 and April 2016, adding new defendants and new charges, in-
cluding racketeering, Anti-Kickback Statute violations, wire fraud,
and drug-distribution offenses. These later indictments “partially
overlapped with the allegations in Ms. Carver’s qui tam action,” but
“also included charges based on unlawful prescribing practices,
which were not alleged in the initial qui tam complaint.” Id.
The criminal case went to trial, and the jury convicted
Couch of all charges, and Ruan of all but one. Couch and Ruan
both appealed. Carver attempted to intervene in the criminal for-
feiture proceedings, but the district court denied intervention, and
we affirmed in October 2018. See Couch, 906 F.3d at 1228–29. Still,
though, we observed that our ruling “will not disable Ms. Carver
from getting her relator’s share,” accepting the government’s as-
surances that a relator is entitled to a share of forfeited property
“[w]here a defendant is found civilly liable for damages in a False
Claim Act suit after being found criminally liable for the same
fraud.” Id. at 1228–29.
C. Carver focuses solely on Castle, which then drops out of the case.
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Meanwhile, back in the qui tam case, in May 2017, the district
court ordered Carver to show cause for her failure to seek entry of
default against Couch, Ruan, the Clinic, and the Pharmacy. The
court noted that these defendants had not responded to the com-
plaint or appeared in the case despite being served with process. In
response, Carver filed the necessary motions, and the clerk entered
the respective defaults.
Unlike the other defendants, Castle appeared in the case and
litigated in its defense. In October 2017, the district court granted
Castle’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, dismissing the
claims against it.
Soon after, the district court ordered Carver to show cause
why she had not moved for default judgment against the defaulted
parties—the only remaining defendants at that time—and why the
action should not be dismissed for failure to prosecute. Carver re-
sponded and moved for entry of default judgment under Rule
55(b), Fed. R. Civ. P. The government filed a notice indicating its
interest in the proceeding and requesting a briefing schedule.
Before any hearing was held, the district court permitted
Carver to file third and fourth amended complaints, in April 2018
and January 2019, respectively, revising the allegations and claims
against Castle. Litigation between Carver and Castle continued
until March 2020, when Castle’s counsel withdrew from the case
due to the company’s insolvency, and Castle did not participate fur-
ther.
D. Carver seeks a relator’s share of the criminal restitution.
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Turning back to the other defendants, specifically Couch
and Ruan, Carver moved for discovery from the government on
whether she was an “original source” for the criminal case and en-
titled to a relator’s share of any funds recovered in that case, citing
our decision in her forfeiture-intervention appeal. See Couch, 906
F.3d at 1228. In light of that request, the government moved to
stay the proceedings pending the resolution of the criminal appeal.
The district court held multiple status hearings on these is-
sues and the pending claims. At the first hearing in May 2019, the
government asserted that it was premature to consider a relator’s
share before Carver had reduced the claims in her qui tam com-
plaint to an enforceable judgment.
The government reiterated that stance at the next status
hearing in November 2019. Counsel for the government explained
that Carver first needed to “seek a judgment in the amount of the
FCA damage that reasonably relates to her complaint” before get-
ting into issues of her relator’s share, noting that the criminal case
was broader than the qui tam case. 1 In addition, counsel stated, the
government had advised Carver’s counsel several times of the pro-
cedures to seek information from the government on damages,
1 The government readily admitted some overlap between the crim-
inal case and the qui tam case, including “urine drug screens and the nurse
practitioner billing,” but it added that the restitution also included a “totally
different scheme” that Carver “didn’t know anything about.”
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such as Medicare claims data, but Carver “chose not to do that.”
The district court denied the motions for discovery and to stay.
The district court held a third status hearing in August 2020,
after this Court resolved the direct criminal appeal, affirming on all
but one count. See United States v. Ruan, 966 F.3d 1101 (11th Cir.
2020). Counsel for Carver described obtaining a default judgment
as “a ministerial act” that could be easily done. In addition, her
attorneys noted a disagreement with the government about the
payout of funds recovered in the criminal case, emphasizing that
they were reluctant to move forward if, at the end of the day, “the
money is already gone” because it has been given to private vic-
tims. The government maintained that those issues were prema-
ture because Carver needed to obtain a judgment in the FCA case
first. It also suggested “dismiss[ing] the action for failure to prose-
cute the case” if Carver did not remedy these defects, pointing out
that she had been in control of the case for over four years.
Ultimately, the district court told Carver she needed to ob-
tain a default judgment before it could reach issues relating to the
calculation or collection of a relator’s share. Carver indicated that
she could obtain a default judgment “right now.”
E. Proceedings on the motion for default judgment
Following the hearing, Carver took steps to obtain a judg-
ment in her qui tam case. She obtained an entry of default as to
Couch and Ruan on the operative pleading. And then, in Novem-
ber 2020, she filed a motion for default judgment under Rule 55(b),
Fed. R. Civ. P., seeking more than $60 million in total damages.
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Relying solely on the operative indictment, the jury verdict, and
the criminal judgment, Carver asserted that the sentencing orders
“represent[ed] a judicial determination as to the amount Couch
and Ruan are at a minimum liable.” Carver asserted in a footnote
that “there [wa]s substantial overlap between Mrs. Carver’s com-
plaints and the indictments in the criminal matter.”
The government responded and again objected that Carver
could not rely solely on the restitution figure because it included
damages outside the scope of her pleadings. The government reit-
erated its position from the three status hearings that Carver was
required to establish both liability and damages under the FCA
based on the allegations raised in the qui tam case.
Status hearings in February 2021 and July 2021 yielded little
progress. At the February hearing, it appears the district court ap-
proved some written discovery to explore the calculation of the
criminal restitution amounts. Some information was exchanged,
though not all that Carver requested. At the July 2021 hearing, the
government advised that it was not opposed to a default judgment
but that it wanted “that judgment to be able to hold water.” It was
Carver’s job, the government stated, to do more than simply
“rely[] on a number that has some connection but an obscure one
at this point.”
The district court agreed with the government that Carver
still needed to explain how the restitution award “is the appropriate
number for the claims that are alleged in [her] fourth amended
complaint.” [Id. at 13–15, 24, 26] With no objection from the
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government, the court permitted Carver to depose a U.S. Attorney
working on the related criminal case.
Then, in October 2021, Carver filed a motion to unseal the
confidential information the government provided when it sought
extensions of time as part of its initial investigation into Carver’s
allegations. The government opposed the motion and argued that
Carver was deflecting from her obligation to prove damages.
F. The government moves to intervene and dismiss the qui tam case.
In a joint report filed in early 2022, the government observed
that it was “analyzing how best to advance this case” since Carver
appeared “no closer to obtaining a default judgment.” For her part,
Carver said she was “preparing a submission on the damages for
entry of a final default judgment.” But no submission was forth-
coming in the ensuing months. Instead, Carver demanded addi-
tional information from the government and sought to take the
depositions of various individuals.
On June 2, 2022, the government moved to intervene and to
dismiss the action under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(c)(2)(A). Intervention
and dismissal were warranted, the government asserted, for four
reasons: Carver had “failed to prosecute this action to an enforcea-
ble judgment, neglected her responsibilities as a relator, burdened
the United States with discovery requests that are either irrelevant
or premature, and undercut the United States’ FCA enforcement
efforts in this district.”
The government elaborated that, despite assuming control
of the litigation in 2016, Carver had failed to move forward with
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proving liability and damages as required to obtain a default judg-
ment under Rule 55(b). In the government’s view, Carver “failed
to develop a reliable damages methodology that accounted for the
scope of the fraud alleged in the complaint” and instead attempted
to piggyback on the criminal prosecution without doing the work
to explain how the proof in the criminal case established the ele-
ments of her FCA claims.
The government further explained that Carver chose to pro-
ceed with the case despite being warned that it was speculative that
the federal victims in the criminal case would ever receive any re-
covery in light of the “non-federal victims.” And then, the govern-
ment continued, Carver “forced the United States to shoulder
many of the burdens of participation in federal litigation” without
any corresponding benefit, “namely a judgment in the United
States’ favor.” Instead of functioning on behalf of the government,
it asserted, she had “acted to promote her own self-interest” by lit-
igating premature issues regarding the disbursement of the restitu-
tion funds.
Nor did Carver’s discovery submissions advance the case,
according to the government. Instead of attempting “to prove her
own case,” the government said, “Carver simply sought to have
the United States do her work for her and asked the wrong ques-
tions to boot.” The government complained that Carver “filed re-
quests for documents or information that essentially demand fed-
eral employees to prove her damages or develop a damages model
for her.” And her “misguided efforts” relating to the criminal case
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caused the government “to waste substantial assets” by attending
status hearings, conducting numerous discussions with Carver’s
counsel, and “respond[ing] to multiple irrelevant or premature re-
quests for documents or discovery.” The government added that
Carver’s failure to prosecute the case in its name reflected poorly
on its FCA enforcement efforts.
In conclusion, the government stated that, while it did not
make the decision “lightly,” it had “determined that the costs of
continued litigation outweigh any benefits the United States could
realistically obtain.” Accordingly, the government asked the dis-
trict court to dismiss the qui tam case with prejudice to Carver and
without prejudice to the government.
Carver opposed the government’s motion. She asserted that
the claims were meritorious, given the criminal prosecution
spawned by them, and that the government vastly overstated how
burdensome the civil case had been and ignored that its own “at-
torneys continu[ed] to obstruct these proceedings unnecessarily
and arbitrarily.” She insisted she had been trying to get a default
judgment, citing her recent discovery requests.
G. Many of the criminal convictions are vacated.
Not long after Carver filed her response in opposition to in-
tervention and dismissal, the Supreme Court reversed in the crim-
inal cases, remanding for consideration of the proper mens rea
standard for Couch and Ruan’s drug convictions under 21 U.S.C. §
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841(a). 2 See Ruan v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 2370 (2022). Then, on
remand, we vacated the defendants’ substantive drug convictions
under § 841(a) but affirmed the remaining convictions. United
States v. Ruan, 56 F.4th 1291, 1298, 1302 (11th Cir. 2023).
H. The district court grants intervention and dismissal for the govern-
ment.
The district court held a status hearing, at which both parties
agreed the motion to intervene and to dismiss was ripe for decision.
Then the district court granted the government’s motion. Mean-
while, Carver had filed a motion to award damages and statutory
penalties.
The district court concluded that the government was “en-
titled to the dismissal of this FCA action,” having provided “com-
pelling reasons to intervene and to dismiss this action that easily
clear any threshold that might apply.” The court agreed with and
adopted the government’s reasoning, rejecting Carver’s claims that
the government was responsible for the deficiencies in the case. Al-
ternatively, the court found that dismissal would be appropriate for
failure to prosecute. Carver now appeals.
2 Carver mistakenly asserts the government filed the motion to intervene and
dismiss in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in Ruan. But in fact, the
government filed its motion on June 2, 2022, several weeks before Ruan issued
on June 27, 2022.
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III. The Polansky Decision
After briefing in this case was complete, the Supreme Court
in Polanksy addressed the government’s intervention and dismissal
authority in qui tam cases. As we’ve noted, in qui tam cases the gov-
ernment may elect to intervene early on. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2)–
(3). Or the court may “permit the [g]overnment to intervene at a
later date upon a showing of good cause.” Id. § 3730(c)(3).
The Court in Polanksy held that, if the district court permits
intervention under § 3730(c)(3), the government “becomes a party”
and, accordingly, “assumes primary responsibility for the case’s
prosecution.” 143 S. Ct. at 1732 (cleaned up). That responsibility
includes the unilateral “right to dismiss” under § 3730(c)(2)(A). 3 Id.
Thus, “Congress enabled the [g]overnment, in the protection of its
own interests, to reassess qui tam actions and change its mind” with
no loss to its rights. Id. at 1733. That’s because “[t]he suit remains,
as it was in the seal period, one to vindicate the [g]overnment’s in-
terests.” Id.
The Court next addressed the appropriate standard for
courts to use when the government, after intervention, seeks dis-
missal of an FCA action over a relator’s objection. See id. at 1733.
Finding no reason to depart from the default rules of civil proce-
dure, the Court held that the appropriate standard derives from
Federal Rule 41(a), which governs voluntary dismissal in ordinary
3 Polansky held that the government must intervene before exercising the right
to dismiss under § 3730(c)(2)(A). United States ex rel. Polansky v. Exec. Health
Res. 143 S. Ct. 1720, 1730–31 (2023). The government did so here.
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civil litigation. Id. So “[a] district court should assess a [§
3730(c)(2)(A)] motion to dismiss using Rule 41’s standards.” Id.
“And in most FCA cases,” Polansky states, “those standards will be
readily satisfied.” Id.
The Rule 41 inquiry “is necessarily contextual.” Id. at 1734.
A district court should consider the interests of the relator, who
may “have by then committed substantial resources.” Id. But “in
this context, the [g]overnment’s views are entitled to substantial
deference.” Id. A qui tam suit, after all, “is on behalf of and in the
name of the [g]overnment” and “alleges injury to the [g]overnment
alone.” Id. So “[i]f the Government offers a reasonable argument
for why the burdens of continued litigation outweigh its benefits,
the court should grant the motion[,] . . . even if the relator presents
a credible assessment to the contrary.” Id. A district court’s order
under Rule 41 is reviewable for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 1735.
Conducting the Rule 41 inquiry in Polanksy, the Supreme
Court found that the government “gave good grounds for thinking
that this suit would not do what all qui tam actions are supposed to
do: vindicate the Government’s interests.” Id. The government’s
motion to dismiss, the Court explained, “enumerated the signifi-
cant costs of future discovery in the suit, including the possible dis-
closure of privileged documents,” and “explained in detail why it
had come to believe that the suit had little chance of success on the
merits.” Id. Although the relator “vigorously disputed the latter
point,” that competing assessment did not “outweigh the [g]overn-
ment’s reasonable view of the suit’s costs and benefits.” Id.
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“Absent some extraordinary circumstances,” the Court said, that’s
enough for the government to prevail on a § 3730(c)(2)(A) motion
to dismiss. Id.
IV. Discussion
“Dismissal on motion of the plaintiff pursuant to Rule
41(a)(2) is within the sound discretion of the district court, and its
order may be reviewed only for an abuse of discretion.” McCants
v. Ford Motor Co., Inc., 781 F.2d 855, 857 (11th Cir. 1986). Under this
standard, we must affirm unless the court relied on clearly errone-
ous facts, applied the wrong legal standard, or made a clear error
of judgment. Purchasing Power, LLC v. Bluestem Brands, Inc., 851
F.3d 1218, 1222 (11th Cir. 2017).
Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion by grant-
ing the government’s motion to dismiss under § 3730(c)(2)(A). 4 As
in Polansky, the government in this case “gave good grounds for
thinking that this suit would not do what all qui tam actions are
supposed to do: vindicate the [g]overnment’s interests.” 143 S. Ct.
at 1735.
To begin with, the record amply supports the government’s
charge that Carver failed to meaningfully prosecute the qui tam ac-
tion and obtain a judgment in favor of the government. Despite
controlling the civil litigation since 2016, and despite repeated
4 Carver does not raise a separate challenge to the district court’s decision to
permit intervention. In any case, the same grounds that support dismissal also
provide good cause to intervene under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(c)(3).
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prompting by the government and the district court, Carver had
made little progress on obtaining a judgment by the time the gov-
ernment moved to intervene in 2022. She pursued only certain de-
fendants at certain times and, when she eventually attempted to
move for default judgment as to Couch and Ruan, she failed to set
forth or support a fair assessment of the government’s damages for
the violations alleged in her qui tam complaint.
Instead of pursuing a civil judgment first, a prerequisite to
any relator’s recovery under the FCA, see 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(2),
Carver focused on irrelevant or premature issues related to the
criminal case. She sought to adopt the criminal restitution figures
as her civil damages without any effort to tailor them, even though
it’s undisputed that the restitution included losses from schemes
that were not included in the qui tam case. See Couch, 906 F.3d at
1226. She also raised, and demanded information about, issues that
were premature, such as the extent of her relator’s share or her
ability to collect in the face of other claimants to the restitution.
Carver justified this course of action with our decision in
Couch, noting that we preserved her right to seek a relator’s share
from funds recovered in the criminal case. See id. at 1228–29. But
nothing we said in Couch excused Carver from going through the
ordinary process of obtaining a judgment in the FCA case before
seeking a relator’s share. See id. (indicating that a qui tam plaintiff
may collect a relator’s share from restitution “[w]here a defendant
is found civilly liable for damages in a False Claims Act suit after being
found criminally liable for the same fraud” (emphasis added)); see
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also Polansky, 143 S. Ct. at 1720 (“If the [FCA] action leads to a recovery,
the relator may receive up to 30% of the total.”).
Not only that, but when Carver did eventually turn to offer-
ing proof of damages in the civil case, she largely “sought to have
the United States do her work for her,” as the government ob-
served. She was not denied a fair opportunity to prove her case.
The record shows that, no later than 2019, the government in-
formed Carver how to request claims data to support her allega-
tions, and otherwise tried to steer her towards obtaining a default
judgment that would “hold water” and be of value to the govern-
ment. But Carver made no discernible effort along those lines until
2022, around the same time the government moved to intervene
and dismiss. And even then, her discovery requests essentially
asked government employees to put dollar values on her claims.
The government reasonably could have assessed that ongoing liti-
gation would further involve the government and its resources in
a case it had declined to prosecute and continued to view as un-
likely to lead to any realistic recovery.
Here, the government did more than enough to establish
reasonable grounds for its view that “the burdens of continued lit-
igation outweigh its benefits.” Polansky, 143 S. Ct. at 1734. We see
nothing to suggest that the government, in seeking intervention
and dismissal, acted arbitrarily or for reasons unrelated to its legit-
imate interests. Although Carver may have spent considerable re-
sources along the way, this is not an “exceptional case” where the
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government’s motion to dismiss under § 3730(c)(2)(A) fails to sat-
isfy Rule 41’s standards. See id. at 1734–35.
Accordingly, the district court properly granted the govern-
ment’s motion to dismiss. We affirm.
AFFIRMED.