with whom Me. Justice Black concurs, dissenting:
One who arranges for another to do some hauling for him may or may not enter the hauling business. The question whether the one or the other is the entrepreneur has occupied the courts from an early day. Holmes, Agency (1891), 5 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 15-16. The Commission has drawn upon that body of law concerning independent contractors for the purpose of determining *27whether in case of line-haul transportation the carrier dealing directly with the shipper or the one performing the actual motor transportation was the common carrier entitled to grandfather rights under the Act. That is to say it has held, and consistently so, that the carrier which exercised direction and control of the actual motor-vehicle operations and assumed responsibility therefor to shippers and to the general public was the one who was in “operation” during the specified period as a “common carrier by motor vehicle” within the meaning of the grandfather clause. §206 (a). That test has been applied whether the carrier dealing directly with the shippers was a common carrier by motor vehicle (Dixie Ohio Express Co., 17 M. C. C. 735, 738-741; J. T. O’Malley, 23 M. C. C. 276, 279) or a common carrier by rail. Willett Company of Indiana, Inc., 21 M. C. C. 405, 408; Missouri Pacific R. Co., 22 M. C. C. 321, 326-327. It has been applied after as well as before the 1940 amendment.1 Boston & Maine Transportation Co., 30 M. C. C. 697, 704—705. And in applying the test to railroad applicants it has placed them on a parity with motor vehicle applicants. Boston & Maine Transportation Co., supra. And see Crooks Terminal Warehouse, 34 M. C. C. 679. There have been disagreements within the Commission whether particular applicants satisfy the test. Missouri Pacific R. Co., supra; Boston & Maine Transportation Co., supra. But there has been no disagreement over the propriety of the control and responsibility test itself.
The control and responsibility test provides a fair measure of the grandfather rights. He who shows that he has been and is an independent contractor has established his claim to the transportation business as clearly as any connecting carrier. The fact that the transportation service offered is closely integrated and held out to the public *28as such, does not mean that segments of the line-haul operation may not comprise separate enterprises. To attach grandfather rights to the separate segments is not to grant multiple rights. It is to allow those rights to follow ownership of the enterprise. I see no other way to effectuate the Congressional policy of preserving through the grandfather clause the position which motor vehicle operators “struggled to obtain in our national transportation system.” United States v. Carolina Freight Carriers Corp., 315 U. S. 475, 488. To conclude that the present arrangement is a mere agency is to disagree with the Commission in its application of the control and responsibility test. To rest grandfather rights on the integrated rail-motor service which appellant offers the public is to grant it rights based on another man’s business. To grant appellant these grandfather rights on the basis of a holding out is to give to the 1940 amendment an effect which Congress concededly did not intend.2 I do not believe that *29Congress intended to put applicants such as appellant in a preferred position.
Since there is concededly sufficient evidence to support the findings of the Commission on the control and responsibility test, I would affirm the judgment below.
See note 2, infra.
Prior to 1940 the Act defined “common carrier by motor vehicle” as one who “undertakes, whether directly or by a lease or any other arrangement, to transport passengers or property,” etc. § 203 (a) (14). The Transportation Act of 1940 amended that definition. It provided, so far as material here, that a “common carrier by motor vehicle” was “any person which holds itself out to the general public to engage in the transportation by motor vehicle in interstate or foreign commerce of passengers or property.” As the opinion of the Court states, that amendment made no change as respects common carriers of the type involved in this case. It had the “sole purpose of eliminating carriers performing pick-up, delivery, and transfer service.” 86 Cong. Rec. 11546. And see Boston & Maine Transportation Co., supra, 703-705. The grandfather clause contained in § 206 (a) provides for the issuance of a certificate without proof of public convenience and necessity, if the carrier “was in bona fide operation as a common carrier by motor vehicle on June 1, 1935, over the route or routes or within the territory for which application is made and has so operated since that time.”
Thus after as well as before the 1940 amendment the basic question in this type of case was whether the connecting carrier was in *29“bona fide operation” as such a carrier. If it was an independent contractor it was engaged in such “operation”; if it was performing a transportation service as a mere agent for the carrier with whom the shipper dealt, it was not. Boston & Maine Transportation Co., supra.