dissenting.
For 13 years, the three-judge District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi has avoided implementing an apportionment plan for that State which satisfies the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause. The case now comes before us for the eighth time, after the District Court chose to ignore our directive, issued nearly 22 months ago, that it resolve this controversy expeditiously. In my view, the Court cannot tolerate such defiance. Accordingly, not only would I grant plaintiffs’ motion, which the United States supports, for leave to file a petition for writ of mandamus, but I would issue the writ as well.
This litigation began in 1965 when private plaintiffs successfully challenged the extreme population variances of the existing legislative apportionment. Connor v. Johnson, 256 F. Supp. 962 (1966). After the legislature enacted a reapportionment that failed to meet constitutional standards, the District Court formulated its own temporary plan for the 1967 quadrennial elections. Under the plan, 34 of the 52 house districts and 10 of the 36 senate districts were mul-timember. See Connor v. Finch, 431 U. S. 407, 410 n. 3 (1977). The variance from absolute population equality *615between the largest and smallest house districts was 20.83%, and the variance in senate districts was 23.24%. Connor v. Johnson, 265 F. Supp. 492, 504-507 (1967). On appeal, this Court affirmed without opinion use of the temporary plan. 386 U. S. 483 (1967).
The District Court struck down a second legislative reapportionment in 1971. In its place, the court devised a final plan for the 1971 elections which authorized multimember representation for most house districts and almost half of the senate districts. Connor v. Johnson, 330 F. Supp. 506 (1971). The court failed to formulate a final plan for the State’s three largest counties, instead ordering interim multi-member representation in those areas.
Upon the plaintiffs’ motion, this Court stayed the judgment of the District Court. Emphasizing that “when district courts are forced to fashion apportionment plans, single-member districts are preferable to large multimember districts as a general matter” because they more closely reflect voter preferences, Connor v. Johnson, 402 U. S. 690, 692 (1971), we ruled that the District Court could have implemented single-member districts for one of the three counties before the June 4 filing deadline. We therefore instructed the court to extend the deadline to June 14,1971, and, “absent insurmountable difficulties,” to “devise and put into effect” a single-member district plan for the county by that date. Ibid. On remand, however, the court did not institute single-member districts because it found that the difficulties were in fact insurmountable. Connor v. Johnson, 330 F. Supp. 521 (1971). This Court denied further interlocutory relief. 403 U. S. 928 (1971).
The case came here again on direct appeal after the 1971 elections. We unanimously concluded that the 18.9% variance between the largest and smallest senate districts, and the 19.7% variance between the largest and smallest house districts “raise [d] substantial questions concerning the constitu*616tionality of the District Court’s plan as a design for permanent apportionment.” Connor v. Williams, 404 U. S. 549, 550 (1972). Nevertheless, the Court declined to invalidate elections that had already been held. Id., at 550-551. Similarly, we found it unnecessary to determine the prospective validity of the plan because the District Court had retained jurisdiction over the three counties in which it had imposed interim multimember representation and had stated that a Special Master would be appointed in January 1972' to consider whether these counties could be divided into districts of substantially equal population for the 1975 and 1979 elections. Id., at 551. Reiterating our preference for single-member districts in judicially fashioned apportionment plans, we summarily vacated and remanded the case with directions that the proceedings before a Special Master “go forward and be promptly concluded.” Ibid, (emphasis added).
Despite our instructions, no Special Master was appointed. See Connor v. Coleman, 425 U. S. 675, 676 (1976). In April 1973, over a year after our judgment had issued, the Mississippi Legislature enacted a new reapportionment. The plaintiffs immediately filed objections to the plan on April 18. Almost two years later, in February 1975, the District Court finally held a hearing on those objections. While its decision was pending, the court learned that the legislature was considering revisions to the statutory plan. “Heeding the teachings” of Chapman v. Meier, 420 U. S. 1 (1975), that reapportionment is primarily the responsibility of state legislatures, the District Court further delayed its decision for the expected legislative action. Connor v. Waller, 396 F. Supp. 1308, 1311 (1975). When the legislature finally acted in April 1975, the court dismissed the plaintiffs’ complaint and directed them to file an amended complaint addressing the new reapportionment. Ibid. The plaintiffs filed their complaint, and the court entered judgment essentially approving the 1975 legislative plan. Id., at 1332.
*617In. June 1975, this Court summarily and unanimously reversed. Connor v. Waller, 421 U. S. 656. We held that the Mississippi reapportionment Acts “are not now and will not be effective as laws until and unless cleared pursuant to § 5” of the Voting Rights Act. Ibid. Relying on the unambiguous holdings of Allen v. State Board of Elections, 393 U. S. 544 (1969), and Perkins v. Matthews, 400 U. S. 379 (1971), we ruled that the District Court had erred in deciding the constitutional challenges to the Acts. Under these cases, the only inquiry open to the court was whether § 5 covered a state enactment that had not received the requisite federal scrutiny. 400 U. S., at 383-384; 393 U. S., at 558-561. Georgia v. United States, 411 U. S. 526 (1973), clearly had held that § 5 encompasses reapportionment Acts, and the Mississippi Act clearly had not been submitted for § 5 clearance. Particularly because two members of the District Court were also on the court that had been reversed in Perkins for overstepping the inquiries permitted by § 5, see Perkins v. Matthews, 301 F. Supp. 565 (SD Miss. 1969), the District Court’s undertaking to resolve the constitutionality of this statute was inexcusable.
Our opinion also authorized the District Court to impose a court-ordered reapportionment if it became appropriate to do so. 421 U. S., at 657. Pour days after this decision, on June 9, 1975, Mississippi submitted the 1975 Acts to the Attorney General pursuant to § 5. The Attorney General immediately interposed his objection, thereby foreclosing implementation of the plan, on the ground that the State had not demonstrated the absence of a discriminatory purpose or impact. Consequently, the District Court held hearings, and determined that there was insufficient time to formulate a final plan before the August 1975 primary. It therefore adopted a temporary plan that was substantially similar to both the 1971 court-ordered plan previously vacated by this Court and the 1975 legislative plan challenged by the Attorney General. And, once again, despite our admonitions in Connor *618v. Johnson, 402 U. S., at 692, and Connor v. Williams, supra, at 551, the court’s plan relied heavily on multimember districts.1
In imposing these temporary measures, the District Court professed its intent to avoid unnecessary delay in preparing a permanent plan for the 1979 state elections. The court’s actions, however, belied that representation. On August 1, 1975, the court refused to establish a deadline for approval of a final plan, although it articulated “its firm determination to have this matter out of the way before February 1, 1976.” App. to Pet. for Mandamus in Connor v. Coleman, O. T. 1975, No. 75-1184, p. 4a. On January 26, 1976, the United States moved to set February 10, 1976, as the date for a hearing on the permanent plan. The court, however, denied the motion and deferred further deliberations until this Court decided three pending cases involving reapportionment issues. See Connor v. Coleman, 425 U. S., at 678.2
On May 19, 1976, after two of the three cases had been decided, we allowed the plaintiffs to file a petition for a writ of mandamus, and directed the District Court to
“carry out the assurance given in its order of January 29, 1976 to ‘bring this case to trial forthwith . . .’ and schedule a hearing to be held within 30 days on all proposed permanent reapportionment plans to the end of entering a final judgment embodying a permanent plan reapportioning the Mississippi Legislature in accordance with law to be applicable to the election of legislators in the 1979 quadrennial elections, and also ordering any necessary special elections to be held to coincide with the *619November 1976 Presidential and congressional elections, or in any event at the earliest practicable date thereafter.” Id., at 679.
The District Court thereupon held the required hearing and entered a judgment adopting a final plan.
This Court reversed the judgment on direct appeal, finding that the plan “fail[ed] to meet the most elemental requirement of the Equal Protection Clause in this area — that legislative districts be ‘as nearly of equal population as is practicable.’ ” Connor v. Finch, 431 U. S., at 409-410 (citations omitted; emphasis added). In spite of our previous holding that court-ordered reapportionment plans ordinarily must achieve population equality with only de minimis variation,3 our invalidation of legislative reapportionments with variations of 5.97%, and 13.1%,4 and our strong suggestion in Connor v. Williams, 404 U. S., at 550, that variations near 20% were unacceptable, the District Court’s plan countenanced maximum population deviations of 16.5% in the senate districts and 19.3% in the house districts. While the District Court had justified these excessive deviations as preservative of existing political boundaries, this Court found that the plaintiffs had submitted an alternative plan that better served the state policy against fragmenting county boundaries and came closer to achieving population equality. 431 U. S., at 420. Moreover, we observed that
“unexplained departures from the results that might have been expected to flow from the District Court’s own neutral guidelines can lead, as they did here, to a charge that the departures are explicable only in terms of a *620purpose to minimize the voting strength of a minority group.” Id., at 425.
Without stating explicitly whether such charges were justified, we directed the court to draw legislative districts that were “reasonably contiguous and compact ... or explain precisely why in a particular instance that goal cannot be accomplished.” Id., at 425-426. Finally, we insisted in no uncertain terms that the District Court resolve this litigation forthwith, stating:
“The task facing the District Court on remand must be approached not only with great care, but with a compelling awareness of the need for its expeditious accomplishment, so that the citizens of Mississippi at long last will be enabled to elect a legislature that properly represents them.” Id., at 426.
On remand, the parties submitted proposed plans to the District Court. A trial began on November 21, 1977, and concluded on February 14, 1978. Approximately two months later, in April 1978, the Mississippi Legislature enacted a new reapportionment plan, which was filed with the Attorney General. The Attorney General registered his objection on July 31, 1978, and the next day, the State brought suit in the District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a declaratory judgment that the apportionment Act did not have a discriminatory purpose or effect.
Meanwhile, in May 1978, a Special Master previously appointed by the court below filed a final plan. The court ordered a settlement conference in June, and a plan was developed on which all parties agreed.5 On August 2, however, the defendants filed a motion, opposed by the other *621parties, to stay the proceedings until the conclusion of the § 5 litigation. Thereafter, in September, the negotiations broke down when the State insisted that the parties agree not to introduce the settlement plan as evidence before the D. C. court.
On October 12, 1978, the plaintiffs requested the District Court to enter final judgment implementing the settlement plan. At a hearing on November 29, 1978, the court, relying on Wise v. Lipscomb, 437 U. S. 535 (1978), stated it would “not rush in with a court-ordered plan . . . when a legislative plan [was] pending.” Tr. 3-4 (emphasis added). The court therefore set no deadlines for disposition of the plans before it. When counsel observed that Connor v. Finch, 431 U. S., at 426, required expeditious action, the District Court appeared to conclude that the intervening actions of the Mississippi Legislature had somehow dissolved the mandate of this Court. Tr. 11-12.
The District Court reiterated at a hearing on January 2, 1979, that “purely on the authority of Wise v. Lipscomb, . . . we’ve been waiting to see what the District Court in the District of Columbia would do about the legislative plan.” Id., at 7. In their response to petitioners’ motion, the judges of the District Court have assured us that if the D. C. court has not acted by May 7, 1979, 31 days before the June 7 filing deadline for the primary elections, they will implement a court-ordered plan.
However, even assuming the District Court met its May 7 deadline, the delay would effectively preclude meaningful review by this Court prior to the August primaries. Given the “painfully protracted” course of this litigation, Connor v. Finch, supra, at 410, and the dismal record of the District Court, I believe that foreclosing appellate review of its plan before the 1979' primary elections would simply afford the District Court another opportunity to disregard our mandates. Furthermore, the District Court’s justifications for its latest *622procrastination are as unfounded as those it has previously invoked to evade its judicial responsibilities.
Wise v. Lipscomb provides no excuse for ignoring our express directive in Connor v. Finch, supra. To be sure, Mr. Justice White’s opinion in Lipscomb, which was joined by Mr. Justice Stewart, noted that a federal court should give a state legislature a “reasonable opportunity” to fashion an acceptable plan before formulating one itself. 437 U. S., at 540. But this was no novel legal principle. Indeed, the District Court had relied on a similar statement in Chapman v. Meier, 420 U. S., at 27, when it stayed the proceedings in 1975 and then approved the legislature’s plan. See supra, at 616. Especially in light of this prior deference, the Mississippi Legislature has had a reasonable opportunity to formulate an acceptable plan over the 13 years of this litigation. In any case, implementation of a court-ordered plan at this point will effect a minimal intrusion on state prerogatives. The legislators have already indicated their provisional approval of the settlement plan, which is one of the options available to the court. See n. 5, supra. And, if the D. C. court sustains the legislature’s reapportionment, that plan, unless stayed by this Court pending appeal, would supersede whatever plan the Mississippi District Court imposes and would govern the 1979 election. The District Court could easily minimize any inconvenience in the transition by implementing the settlement plan, which largely tracks the 1978 statutory reapportionment with respect to the majority of the legislative districts. Pet. for Mandamus 10 n. 2; Reply Brief for Petitioners 2-3.6 Moreover, any administrative difficulties would not justify imposition of another temporary, constitutionally infirm plan, as occurred in previous elections.
Nor is there merit to the suggestion that the federal court will exceed its judicial function by formulating a plan before *623resolution of the § 5 litigation. The argument disregards, as the District Court apparently did, Mr. Justice White’s statement in Lipscomb:
“Legislative bodies should not leave their reapportionment tasks to the federal courts; but when those with legislative responsibilities do not respond, or the imminence of a state election makes it impractical for them to do so, it becomes the ‘unwelcome obligation,’ Connor v. Finch, supra, at 415, of the federal court to devise and impose a reapportionment plan pending later legislative action.
“... A new reapportionment plan enacted by a State, including one purportedly adopted in response to invalidation of the prior plan by a federal court, will not be considered ‘effective as law’ . . . until it has been submitted and has received clearance under § 5. . . . Pending such submission and clearance, if a State’s electoral processes are not to be completely frustrated, federal courts will at times necessarily be drawn further into the reapportionment process and required to devise and implement their own plans.” 437 U. S., at 540, 542.
Awaiting the D. C. court’s decision could well frustrate the State’s electoral processes. Such a course would deny the plaintiffs and the United States an opportunity before the primary elections to have us review the reapportionment plan of a court that has proved demonstrably reluctant to follow our decisions. To permit this delay would further compromise the rights of Mississippi voters by requiring that special elections for vacancies be conducted under ad hoc adaptations of the court’s invalid 1975 plan. See, e. g., Brief for United States 14; Reply Brief for Petitioners 2 n. 2.
I believe that the District Court’s reliance on Wise v. Lipscomb is a transparent attempt to avoid the unequivocal command of this Court. Such intransigence, particularly after *62413 years of malfeasance, warrants extraordinary sanctions. As we have previously held:
“When a lower federal court refuses to give effect to, or misconstrues our mandate, its action may be controlled by this court, either upon a new appeal or by writ of mandamus. ... It is well understood that this court has power to do all that is necessary to give effect to its judgments.” Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. United States, 279 U. S. 781, 785 (1929).
Accord, United States v. Haley, 371 U. S. 18 (1962).
The petition should be granted and mandamus should issue forthwith.
Forty-two of eighty-four house districts and 14 of 39 senate districts were multimember. Brief for United States in Connor v. Coleman, O. T. 1975, No. 75-1184, p. 9.
The three cases were United Jewish Organizations v. Carey, 430 U. S. 144 (1977), Beer v. United States, 425 U. S. 130 (1976), and East Carroll Parish School Board v. Marshall, 424 U. S. 636 (1976).
Chapman v. Meier, 420 U. S. 1, 26-27 (1976).
Kirkpatrick v. Preisler, 394 U. S. 526 (1969); Wells v. Rockefeller, 394 U. S. 542 (1969). Of course, legislative apportionments are entitled to greater deference than court-ordered plans. Connor v. Finch, 431 U. S. 407, 415 (1977); Wise v. Lipscomb, 437 U. S. 535, 541 (1978).
The Joint Apportionment Committee of the Mississippi Legislature polled both houses and determined that a substantial majority of legislators favored the settlement plan if the statutory plan did not receive § 5 clearance. Pet. for Mandamus 10.
Significant differences remain, however, regarding the number of Negro majority districts under the respective plans. Id., at 10-11, n. 2.