(dissenting).
This appellant was indicted in May, 1955, for assault with intent to commit robbery and was tried in October of that year. The proof showed he had viciously attacked an elderly woman in a downtown park. Rejecting his plea that he was insane when he committed the crime, the jury found Catlin guilty as charged. This court now reverses the conviction because the trial judge did not permit defense counsel in his argument to tell the jury what would be done with the defendant if he were acquitted by reason of insanity. For reasons to be stated, I think that the point is not properly presented here; and that, if it is before us, the trial judge did not err but acted in accordance with the law as it then existed. So, I dissent.
The trial court’s refusal to permit the argument is held reversible error on the authority of Lyles v. United States, Oct. 25, 1957, 102 U.S.App.D.C.-,-F.2d -. There a majority of this court announced that, when the defense is insanity, the trial court must — on pain of reversal — tell the jury how the defendant will be dealt with if he is acquitted on that ground. They added, however, that if the defendant does not want the jury to have that information, it shall not be given to them. But they did not say whether giving the information over his protest requires reversal.
Thus, rather curiously, the defendant is to decide whether the jury shall be informed of the consequences of an acquittal because of insanity, although the Lyles majority said, “We think the jury has a right to know the meaning of this possible verdict * * (My emphasis.) The right is denied them, however, if the defendant does not want them to know.
The only reason assigned for requiring the informational instruction is that the result of an acquittal because of insanity is not commonly understood and therefore the jury is said to be entitled to the information. It follows that the only purpose of the instruction is to satisfy what the Lyles majority apparently regarded as the natural curiosity of the jurors as to what will hap*370pen to the defendant if they acquit him because of insanity.
Significantly, it is not said that the jury may or should take the information into account in reaching a verdict. Obviously, I think they should not allow it to play a part in their determination of the factual issue concerning insanity. I suppose none will say such determination should depend to any extent on whether the jurors approve of the legal, consequences of their verdict.
That being so, I think-Judge Bastían wisely suggested in his separate Lyles opinion that, if such information must be given to the jurors, they should be warned not to let it influence their decision, which is to be based on the evidence only. If that warning were given, the instruction would be identified as no more, than a news item, which is all it can properly be called.' Unfortun-. ately the Lyles majority did not adopt Judge Bastian’s suggestion and so left it for the jury to suppose that the information contained in the instruction could and should play a part in the formation of a verdict.
So, the holding is that the defendant may, if he chooses, require the trial judge to give, the informational instruction, without any explanation as to its purpose or the use which the jury may or should make of it. The critical question here is whether the ruling requires or even justifies reversal of Catlin’s conviction. I suggest that it does neither, for two reasons: (1) the point was not. properly preserved for appeal; and (2) the Lyles holding is only prospectively-effective. These reasons will be discussed separately.
1. Catlin did not request that an instruction concerning the consequences, of an insanity acquittal be given, and did not complain of its omission after’ the trial judge completed his charge to the jury. Consequently, under Rule 30 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C.A., he cannot complaimto us on thát score.. My brothers of the majority say. that, because defense counsel in his argümént sought to advise the jury of the consequences of a verdict of. not guilty by reason of insanity, “it cannot be said defendant did not wish the instruction.”
Perhaps their inference satisfies the Lyles rule, but I suggest it does not sufficiently meet the requirements of Rule 30 to enable the appellant to raise the point here. It would have been easy for defense counsel to ask the court to give the instruction which he himself was not permitted to give, and at the conclusion of the charge to ask that it be added. Probably counsel thought it would be futile to do so; but anticipation of the court’s refusal did not excuse him from making the requests required by the Rule as conditions precedent to making the point on appeal.
2. The Lyles ruling is by its terms applicable only to future cases. Having only prospective effect it cannot properly be relied upon as a reason for reversing Catlin’s conviction, which occurred nearly two years before its announcement. This is apparent from the language of the Lyles holding, which I quote:
“Sometimes a defendant may not want such an instruction given. If that appears affirmatively on the record we would not regard failure to give it as grounds for reversal. Otherwise, whenever hereafter the defense of insanity is fairly raised, the trial judge shall instruct the jury as to the legal meaning of a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity in accordance with the view expressed in this opinion.” (My emphasis.)
This is simply the promulgation of a new procedural requirement to be followed in the future. It was not intended to be, and therefore is not, retroactive in effect. Consequently, the new ruling neither requires nor justifies the majority’s reversal of Catlin’s conviction.
Since the Lyles rule is inapplicable here, it is necessary to ascertain what the law of.this jurisdiction was in October, 1£>5S, when Catlin was.tried, in *371order to determine whether the trial judge erred in not permitting counsel to instruct the jury concerning the consequences of an acquittal because of insanity. For this purpose I need go no further than the Lyles opinion, which thus describes the pre-existing rule before extending it:
“* * * [T]he doctrine, well established and sound, [is] that the jury has no concern with the consequences of a verdict, either in the sentence, if any, or the nature or extent of it, or in probation. * *”
This doctrine of course included a verdict of not guilty because of insanity, for the jury has no more to say about the treatment of the prisoner after such a verdict than it has when he is found guilty. Furthermore, unless the previously effective doctrine did extend to that verdict, there was no occasion for the Lyles pronouncement that hereafter the jury must know its consequences unless the defendant rules otherwise.
So I think Judge McGuire, who presided in Catlin’s trial, acted in accordance with the law as it then existed when he refused to allow defense counsel to instruct the jury as to how Catlin would be dealt with if acquitted because of insanity. In reaching this conclusion, I have not overlooked the following statement made in Taylor v. United States,1 a few months before Catlin’s trial:
“The appellant says the judge told the jury, in effect, that if the appellant was acquitted he would go free. We think he did not convey that erroneous idea. But we think that when an accused person has pleaded insanity, counsel may and the judge should inform the jury that if he is acquitted by reason of insanity he will be presumed to be insane and may be confined in a ‘hospital for the insane’ as long as ‘the public safety and * * * [his] welfare’ require. Though this fact has no theoretical bearing on the jury’s verdict it may have a practical bearing.”
The quoted passage recognizes the principle that the jury is not legally concerned with the consequences if it finds a defendant not guilty because of insanity. Perhaps that is why its language is more nearly precatory than peremptory. It is that “the judge should” instead of “the judge must.” It does not purport to establish a new rule, as does the Lyles opinion, the violation of which in any future case will cause reversal. I think the statement is no more than an obiter remark by a divided court2 which did not require Judge McGuire to depart from the “well established and sound” doctrine which then prevailed.
Another phase of the majority opinion here, embodied in its closing paragraph, causes me concern. It deals with appellant’s charge that the court erred in refusing to instruct approximately as follows: If the jury should find that Catlin’s commission of the crime was attributable to a mental disease from which he was then suffering, it should find him not guilty by reason of insanity even though the jury should further find that he was able to distinguish right from, wrong and did not act under an irresistible impulse. My brothers correctly reject this assignment of error, but they do so for a reason with which I cannot agree. They say:
“* * * There was no evidence with respect to appellant’s ability to distinguish right from wrong, or that he acted by reason of an irresistible impulse. There was accordingly no need for the trial judge to go into these matters.”
*372This seems to mean, or at- least may be construed by some to mean, that if there had been such evidence, the requested instruction should have been given. This possible implication alarms me, not only because it is unsound, but also because .it may be a step toward an ultimate holding that all criminals are mentally disturbed and should receive treatment instead of punishment.
I think the requested instruction was wholly irrational. If the jury believed Catlin could distinguish between right and wrong and did not act under an impulse he could not resist, there was no basis for concluding that the criminal act, which was therefore knowingly, consciously and deliberately done, was the product of a mental defect or disorder. If the first Durham case, (Durham v. United States, 94 U.S.App.D.C. 228, 214 F.2d 862, 45 A.L.R.2d 1430) — in the decision of which I -had no part— means that a jury may acquit on the ground of insanity because the defendant had some mental disease or defect which did not prevent him from distinguishing right from wrong and did not irresistibly move him nevertheless to do the wrong, then I think the Durham decision is unsound and should be overruled. One who knows that what he is doing is wrong, but chooses freely and voluntarily to do it, should be held criminally responsible for his act even though he thinks the móon is made of green cheese. I do not understand how, in such circumstances, the crime can be said to have been the product of a mental defect, disease, disorder or disturbance.
When the Durham decision introduced the New Hampshire “product” theory into the law of this jurisdiction, it adopted what has been aptly called “an abstract, indefinite generality,”3 which trial judges have trouble in defining, and which tends to confuse the juries who are instructed concerning it. The Durham rule purports not. to discard, but to add something to, the old tests, which were: (a) whether the defendant, because of some mental infirmity, could not distinguish between right and wrong; and (b) if he could so distinguish, whether because of a mental infirmity he could not refrain from doing wrong. The nature of the added element is so unclear that the Durham rule lends itself to various interpretations, such as the theory of this appellant that a mental disease or defect may “produce” a crime, although the criminal knows perfectly well that what he is doing is wrong, but nevertheless knowingly and willfully chooses to do it — -not at all because of the compulsion of mental illness. I suggest that nothing should have been added to the old touchstones, which are simple and concrete enough for laymen to understand and apply. Stated in varying forms which are in essence the same, these tests are considered satisfactory practically throughout the nation.
This court recently attempted in Carter v. United States4 to explain the Durham rule for the benefit of the trial judges who must try to explain it to juries. The mere fact that explanation was thought necessary is, I think, significant. The further fact that the effort at clarificátion ran into so many words, and itself became somewhat complicated and abstruse, shows the extent of the infirmity which the court sought to correct and the difficulty of the task it undertook.
I. am sure the able judges of the District- Court, whose concern it is to understand' and apply the teachings of our insanity opinions, will examine the Carter clarification with conscientious care, and will attempt in good faith to follow it. Whether it will help them to frame insanity instructions which will survive later scrutiny by this court, time alone can tell.
*373I think the best way to deal with the rule which requires such elaborate explanation is to discard it in favor of the pre-existing rule to which I have alluded, which did not generate so much confusion. As long as the factual issue of insanity must be determined by the jury — and I should vigorously oppose the abandonment of that method of determination — we need to have tests which can be readily understood by laymen. I think the court should restate the tests in simple unmistakable terms, stripped of tenuous technicalities.
. April, 1955, 95 U.S.App.D.C. 373, 379, 222 F.2d 398, 404.
. Tlio dissenting judge did not expressly disagree with the quoted statement. I think it fair to say he did disagree, however, because he is a co-author of the Lyles opinion which in effect disapproves of the Taylor doctrine by extending it to make it show — inadequately, I think — “the other side of the coin.”
. Cf. Tudge Holtzoffi’s able analysis of the Durham rule in United States v. Fielding, D.C.D.C.1957, 148 F.Supp. 46.
. 1957, 102 U.S.App.D.C. -, 252 F.2d 608.