This class action, filed on May 5, 1972, challenged the apportionment in 1971 of County Commissioners’ precincts or districts of Dallas County, Texas, alleging racial gerrymander or, alternatively, the effect of diluting the vote of black citizens. The named plaintiffs are black voters in Commissioners’ Precincts 3 and 4. The defendants are the County Judge and the four County Commissioners. At a pretrial conference on April 16, 1973, it was agreed that the case would be passed until the Commission redistricted itself in August, 1973. A new plan was adopted which plaintiffs alleged failed to cure the defects in the 1971 plan. The case was tried, beginning January 15, 1974. The district court entered its judgment on January 30, 1974, denying relief to the plaintiffs. This appeal ensued.
On appeal the plaintiffs-appellants contend that the district court either applied the wrong standard of law or was clearly erroneous in its findings of fact. We affirm.
The constitutional test actually applied by the district court was stated in its opinion as follows:
“It is well established that to prove the existence of a constitutionally impermissible redisricting [sic] plan in the absence of malapportionment, plaintiffs must show (1) a racially motivated gerrymander, or a plan drawn *1391along racial lines,3 or (2) the apportionment plan would operate to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political. elements of the voting population.4 An apportionment scheme is not constitutionally impermissible merely because its lines are not carefully drawn to ensure representation to sizable racial, ethnic, economic or religious groups.5
(App. p. 102.)
Though stated in different language, that standard of law does not differ materially from the standard as variously stated by this Court in Zimmer v. McKeithen (en banc), 5 Cir. 1973, 485 F.2d 1297, 1303; Turner v. McKeithen, 5 Cir. 1973, 490 F.2d 191, 193-197; Moore v. Leflore County Board of Election Commissioners, 5 Cir. 1974, 502 F.2d 621, 623, 624; Robinson v. Commissioners Court, Anderson County, 5 Cir. 1974, 505 F.2d 674.
Dallas County contains several incorporated municipalities, the largest being the City of Dallas. According to the 1970 Census, the population of the County was 1,327,321, of which 72.59% were white, 16.61% black, 6.26% Mexican-American, and 4.54% unknown. Approximately 90% of the black population lived in the City of Dallas and were nearly all concentrated in one part of the City.
The Commissioners’ Court is the governing and legislative body for the County, charged with the County’s “general operation,” with the approval of the budget of county departments and of elected county officials, and with the appointment of members of the boards of the County Hospital and of the County Welfare Department. The Commissioners’ Court is comprised of four commissioners, elected from precincts or districts, and the County Judge, elected from the County-at-large. Historically, the precincts or districts have been formed by dividing the County into quadrants: district one-northwest quadrant, district two-northeast quadrant, district three-southeast quadrant, district four-southwest quadrant. The Commissioners’ Court has authority in odd-numbered years to revise boundaries of the districts. Every even-numbered year two commissioners are elected for four-year terms. Commissioners from districts 1 and 3 run in presidential election years, while those from districts 2 and 4 run in other even-numbered years.
In the 1971 plan, the Commissioners’ Court satisfied the constitutional requirement of “one man, one vote,” but was challenged as being racially discriminatory. Specifically the complaint charged that the north-south boundary line between districts 3 and 4 was a gerrymander which had the effect of removing a square-shaped area, densely populated with black citizens, out of district 3 and placing it in district 4, thus preventing the election of a black resident of district 3 and diluting “the black vote that existed in old Precinct District Three.”
In the 1973 plan, the Commissioners’ Court substantially straightened the 1971 peculiarly shaped boundary line between districts 3 and 4 without creating inequality of population between the two districts. While the 1971 plan had shifted black voters out of district 3 into district 4, the 1973 plan had the opposite effect. The district court found “[u]nder •the 1971 plan, 26.9% of the population in district three and 29.0% in district four were black. Under the 1973 plan 38.6% and 16.9% in districts three and four, respectively, were black. The overall effect of the 1973 plan was to shift approximately one-fourth of the black population from district four to district three.” (App. 104.)
*1392The district court found no substantial evidence that the adoption of either plan was racially motivated, and that finding is not seriously contested. Certainly that finding is not clearly erroneous.
The plaintiffs-appellants no longer claim any constitutional infirmity in the 1971 plan. Their expert political analyst testified that, in his opinion, the 1971 plan did not dilute, minimize or cancel out the voting strength of any minority group in district 3 or 4. The 1973 plan is now the target of the attack.
In our opinion the district court adequately answered that attack as follows:
“Plaintiffs’ contention that the 1973 plan dilutes and cancels out the black vote is principally based on the testimony of political analyst Dan Weiser’s projection of black population growth in Dallas County. According to Weiser the 1973 plan assures that there would not be a possibility of a black majority in any commissioner district until 1985. This forecast is based on two assumptions: (1) that 80% of the black growth from the present until 1985 will be in district four, which under the 1973 plan, has 16.9% of the black population and (2) that the total population growth in Dallas County would be uniform in each district so that the county would not have to be reapportioned again until 1985. While there is some probative evidence to support Weiser’s first assumption, and no evidence to support the second, this court is of the opinion that an apportionment plan that presently passes constitutional muster but which may dilute black voting strength ten years hence, does not compel a determination that the existing plan is constitutionally impermissible.
“The 1973 plan increased the percentage of black voters in district three from 26.9% to 38.6% when the total black population in Dallas County is 16.6%. Also the percentage of minority voters in district three was increased from 36.6% to 46.5% when the total minority population in Dallas County is 23.5%. Further, the existing black and minority composition in commissioner district three is more favorable to blacks and minorities than Congressional and state senatorial districts located in the Dallas County area.
“This court is of the opinion that the 1973 plan does not dilute the voting strength of black voters. Even assuming that 80% of the black population growth between the present and 1985 will be in district four there is no evidence that the 1973 plan will be the same plan utilized in 1985. The past history of Dallas County reflects that there has not been uniform population growth in the commissioner’s [sic] districts and that commissioners court has had to periodically redistrict to satisfy the constitutional requirement of “one-man, one-vote.” There has been no showing that uneven population growth among the districts and periodical redistricting will not occur in the future.
“This court is of the opinion that to require the Commissioners Court of Dallas County to reapportion commissioners districts in 1973 based on projected 1985 population statistics is beyond the constitutional mandate of Burns v. Richardson [384 U.S. 73, 86 S.Ct. 1286, 16 L.Ed.2d 376 (1966)], supra. Such a requirement in this case would result in mathmatical [sic] inaccuracies and the adoption of a plan which would presently dilute the voting strength of blacks in the commissioners districts of Dallas County.
“There is no evidence that in the elections to be held in 1974 or 1976 that the 1973 plan would operate to minimize, cancel or dilute the voting strength of black voters. Under the record of this case, any determination as to the constitutional validity of the 1973 plan beyond the 1976 elections would be speculative and conjectural. For the foregoing reasons this court is of the opinion that the 1973 plan is constitutional.” (App. 104 — 106.)
*1393It is clear that none of the findings of fact should be set aside as clearly erroneous. See F.R.Civ.P. 52(a). There may, however, be some question as to the sufficiency of the findings, specifically as to whether the district court considered the 1978 plan in the light of the past history of racial discrimination in Dallas County.
This appeal is not from the opinion of the district court but from its judgment.
“ . . . the nature of the evidentiary findings sufficient and appropriate to support the court’s decision is for the trial court to determine in the first instance in the light of the circumstances of the particular case. We hold . . . that there must be findings, stated either in the court’s opinion or separately, which are sufficient to indicate the factual basis for the ultimate conclusion.”
Kelley v. Everglades District, 1943, 319 U.S. 415, 422, 63 S.Ct. 1141, 1145, 87 L.Ed. 1485.
Rule 52(b) provides in part that after the entry of judgment a party may move the court to amend its findings or make additional findings. See Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2582. It does not appear that such a motion was filed in this case. The text writers emphasize that, in cases tried without a jury there should be no formal barriers to appellate review of the court’s findings. See Wright and Miller, supra, § 2581; 5 A. Moore’s Federal Practice If 52.11[4]. Indeed the Rule itself provides:
When findings of fact are made in actions tried by the court without a jury, the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings may thereafter be raised whether or not the party raising the question has made in the district court an objection to such findings or has made a motion to amend them or a motion for judgment.
Under the circumstances of the present case we attach no significance to the failure of the plaintiffs-appellants, to file a motion in the district court for additional findings.
On the other hand, findings “should be- construed liberally and found to be in consonance with the judgment, so long as that judgment is supported by evidence in the record.” Zimmerman v. Montour Railroad Co., 3 Cir. 1961, 296 F.2d 97, 98; Blumenthal v. United States, 3 Cir. 1962, 306 F.2d 16, 17, 18.
The findings and conclusions themselves are clearly susceptible of the construction that the district court considered the 1973 plan in the light of Dallas County’s past history of racial discrimination. The district court specifically ruled that, “This court is of the opinion that the 1973 plan does not dilute the voting strength of black voters.” Also in the constitutional test applied by the district court (ante p. 1392) it is recognized that the apportionment plan was subject to attack if it “would operate to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political elements of the voting population” (language borrowed from Fortson v. Dorsey, 1965, 379 U.S. 433, 439, 85 S.Ct. 498, 501, 13 L.Ed.2d 401). The district court’s opinion opted against “the adoption of a plan which would presently dilute the voting strength of blacks in the commissioner’s districts of Dallas County.” (ante p. 1392.) 1
The district court took judicial notice of the findings of fact in Graves v. Barnes, 343 F.Supp. 704 (W.D.Tex.1972), aff’d sub nom. White v. Regester, 412 U.S. 755, 93 S.Ct. 2332, 37 L.Ed.2d 314 (1973). Those findings of fact state unequivocably that Blacks in Dallas, Texas, have been subject to blatant discrimination and delimit the most salient aspects of that discrimination as it pertains to the political process. The court also received testimony about racially tinged campaign “dirty tricks,” the effect of Black votes on earlier Dallas County elections, and the number of Blacks winning office. We attach as an Appendix *1394a list showing the introductions of evidence relevant to past racial discrimination.
While the court agreed to consider the evidence only if relevant, the appellant has brought no evidence to this court’s attention to show that the district court failed to consider the evidence. From the record as a whole we conclude that the district court’s findings were sufficient and were not clearly erroneous.
What counsel for plaintiffs-appellants asked on oral argument was a remand with direction that the Commission fedistriet itself once more, this time so that the majority of voters in at least one district be Blacks. That would be contrary to the settled rule that “a minority group is not constitutionally entitled to an apportionment structure designed to maximize its political advantage.” Turner v. McKeithen, supra, 490 F.2d at 197.
We find no reversible error. The judgment is
Affirmed.
APPENDIX
PAGE
42 Motion for court to take judicial notice of finding of fact in Graves v. Barnes, 343 F.Supp. 704 (W.D.Tex.1972), aff’d. sub nom White v. Regester, 412 U.S. 755, 93 S.Ct. 2332, 37 L.Ed.2d 314 (1973).
121(a)
122 Court sustains above motion; took notice of those decisions insofar as they may be relevant. Judge says he has read cases — but not in detail — “insofar as . relevant to any issue in this case, the. Court will consider those.”
211 Cross-examination of Mr. Reed, a former state legislator (late 60’s and early 70’s), trial judge asks him how many Black legislators were in legislature while Reed served.
PAGE
“Two in each session, or one in each session ?”
212 Reed asked about slating and about effect on minority representation of change from multi-member legislative districts to single member districts.
314, Testimony and statistics 316, 317 (plaintiff’s exhibit #36) offered on contested legislative races — involving the Black vote —from 1960 to 1970. Judge overruled objection to receipt of that evidence and evidence contained in plaintiff’s exhibit #35. Overruled objection, will consider if relevant.
320 Testimony that in legislative races from 1960 to 1970 Negro votes made no difference in the outcome.
325 Testimony about two Black representatives and multimember districts.
327 Testimony that it was, and is, possible between 1960 and 1970 for a politician to completely ignore the Negro bloc vote.
393, Testimony about racial dis-396 crimination in Dallas, judge overrules an objection thereto.
399 Testimony about racial discrimination finding in Graves v. Barnes case.
335, Testimony about racist cam-347 paigning.
348 Testimony that Negro has been precluded from meaningful participation in the candidate selection process.
375 Testimony about “racial campaigning.”
392 Testimony about percentages of Blacks in the congressional districts in 1960’s and before.
397 Returns of the May 1964 Democratic primary introduced as defendants’ exhibit #6; May 1968 returns, defendants’ exhibit #5.
*1395PAGE
400-
407 Returns of the 1962 commission race between a Black and White, defendants’ trying to show that Blacks did influence the race.
406 Testimony about the 1964 commission race.
412 Testimony to show that Negroes influenced 1970 commissioner’s race.
414 Court states that it understands the point that defendants are trying to make. “Any time the difference in candidates [votes] is equal to the number of Negro voters . . . they could have an influence on the election.”
*****
“If it equaled the number of Chinese voters, [they] could have an influence on the election.”
. Wright v. Rockefeller, 376 U.S. 52 [84 S.Ct. 603, 11 L.Ed.2d 512] (1964); Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 [81 S.Ct. 125, 5 L.Ed.2d 110] (1960); Howard v. Adams County Board of Supervisors, 453 F.2d 455 (5th Cir. 1972), cert. denied 407 U.S. 925 [92 S.Ct. 2461, 32 L.Ed.2d 812] (1972).
. Burns v. Richardson, 384 U.S. 73 [86 S.Ct. 1286, 16 L.Ed.2d 376] (1966); Howard v. Adams County Board of Supervisors, 453 F.2d 455 (5th Cir. 1972), cert. denied 407 U.S. 925 [92 S.Ct. 2461, 32 L.Ed.2d 812] (1972).
. Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U.S. 124 [91 S.Ct. 1858, 29 L.Ed.2d 363] (1971).”
. This court employed a similar analysis in Taylor v. McKeithen, 5th Cir. 1974, 499 F.2d 893, 896, 897.