dissenting:
I respectfully dissent because I believe the error committed was so harmful to the defendant that a curative instruction could not be said with fair assurance to have erased the prejudice.
I disagree with the majority’s reasoning that the cause of the error in admitting the evidence is the key to reviewing the question of determining whether a new trial is warranted. The majority opinion at least implicitly, and probably expressly, holds, I think, that the error here was not fatal because the prejudicial evidence was not introduced by the prosecution. Had the prosecutor asked the fatal question, the majority opinion indicates it would hold exactly opposite of the holding today.1
As the majority notes, it is well settled that only a criminal defendant can put his good character into issue at trial. Although a defendant’s character may seem relevant when determining guilt or innocence, such evidence has historically been kept out of a criminal trial for fear that a jury would place too much emphasis on the defendant’s bad character and convict on that basis rather than on the evidence produced at trial. As the Court stated in Boyd v. United States, 142 U.S. 450, 458, 12 S.Ct. 292, 295, 35 L.Ed. 1077 (1892), “[hjowever depraved in character, and however full of crime their past lives may have been, the defendants were entitled to be tried upon competent evidence, and only for the offense charged.” Significantly, the Court at no place in the opinion discussed the fact that the government introduced the evidence as a reason for its holding.
Again as noted by the majority, closely akin to that broad concept, and as an outgrowth therefrom, is the widely accepted rule that evidence of other crimes not charged in the indictment is not admissible as part of the case against the defendant. This rule has many exceptions, none of which are relevant to our discussion here. I suggest, however, that while a criminal defendant may in certain circumstances open the door to inquiry about other offenses such as by taking the witness stand and testifying, or by offering evidence of good character, that is not the case here. Johnson did neither. Therefore, as Boyd states, he was entitled to a trial absent proof of other offenses he may have committed.
*198In Lovely v. United States, 169 F.2d 386 (4th Cir. 1948), this court reversed a rape conviction, holding that it was reversible error to allow the prosecution to introduce evidence of a prior rape that the defendant allegedly committed 15 days prior to the crime charged. Relying upon the vast and uncompromising history in this area of the law, this court reaffirmed the general rule that evidence of other crimes not alleged in the indictment is not admissible to show the defendant’s guilt as to the crime charged. After finding the exceptions to this rule did not apply, the court concluded that “[h]ence, the evidence is ordinarily irrelevant, while at the same time its admission would necessarily operate to so prejudice a jury against a defendant as that in a doubtful case it might control the verdict.” Lovely at 389. Further, the court noted that this is not merely a technical rule of law but instead “arises out of the fundamental demand for justice and fairness which lies at the basis of our jurisprudence.” Lovely at 389. The court did not give as any reason for reversal the fact that the government had introduced the evidence.
In United States v. Harris, 331 F.2d 185 (4th Cir. 1964), we held it was plain error under FRCrP 52(b) to instruct as to reputation for criminal activity erroneously admitted over objection.
Again, in Watkins v. Foster, 570 F.2d 501 (4th Cir. 1978), this circuit considered the issue at hand and there upheld habeas corpus relief to a defendant whose state court trial had been tainted by insinuating questions concerning prior burglaries. There, we went so far as to rule that such prejudicial evidence deprived that criminal defendant of his constitutional rights to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. While the question of the prosecutor’s good faith was at issue, we reasoned: “Foster ha[d] a right to be tried on this scarce evidence [without that of other burglaries] alone.”
Past cases in this circuit which have considered the question apparently have done so in the factual setting of the absence of a corrective instruction by the trial court. They have uniformly held the evidence inadmissible. E. g. United States v. Harman, 349 F.2d 316 (4th Cir. 1965). The remaining issue, then, is whether the error in this case was cured by the trial court’s instruction to the jury.
The general rule is that evidence erroneously admitted during a trial may be withdrawn from consideration by the jury by instruction and that action cures any error in its admission. But a part of the same rule is that where such a strong impression has been made on the jury that its subsequent withdrawal will not remove the effect, the error is not so curable. Throckmorton v. Holt, 180 U.S. 552, 21 S.Ct. 474, 45 L.Ed.2d 663 (1901). I think this case comes within the latter part of the rule.
In Helton v. United States, 221 F.2d 338 (5th Cir. 1955), the court reversed the defendant’s drug related conviction on the grounds that the defendant’s character was wrongly put into issue when a witness testified that the defendant was a marijuana smoker. Although the court instructed the jury that the evidence was withdrawn from its consideration, but did not charge them to disregard that evidence, the court stated it was doubtful that any instruction, however strong, would have sufficed to cure the error. This court reasoned the same way in United States v. Harman, 349 F.2d 316 (4th Cir. 1965). In that case, reversible error occurred when prison pictures of the defendant were admitted into evidence. The court there noted “[i]t is doubtful that anything the judge might have said could have removed the prejudice created by the introduction of [those] pictures.” Harman at 320. The case before us is at least as strong for the defendant as was Harman.
Again, in different context, but in the setting of a civil case where the interests protected are not so precious as here, we held that a golden rule argument could not have been cured by an instruction to the jury. Leathers v. General Motors Corp., 546 F.2d 1083 (4th Cir. 1976).
The cases from this circuit cited illustrate that this court frowns upon, probably more *199than most, admitting evidence of prior crimes and the ability of a trial court to erase from the minds of a jury very highly prejudicial statements. See Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440, 453, 69 S.Ct. 716, 93 L.Ed. 790 (1948).
Of course, there are many other cases on this and closely related subjects. Without attempting to analyze all or even a substantial part of them, it is sufficient to indicate that some hold that the prejudice is cured by a jury instruction,2 while some hold that it is not.3 The result, to me, seems to turn on the facts of each case, but always considered is the nature of the charge for which the defendant is on trial and the nature of the previous offense. Without attempting to set down any rigid rule or categorical guideline, I think it sufficient to indicate that in my opinion, in this prosecution for bank robbery, the proof of a separate bank robbery with the same companion was so prejudicial that a mistrial should have been granted. I doubt the instruction of the district court, prompt and strong as it was, could be said with reasonable certainty to have removed the fact from consideration by the jury.
The government also argues that because the circumstantial and corroborating evidence was strong that the failure to declare a mistrial, if error, was harmless. The answer to that is that I “cannot say, with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.” Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 765, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 1248, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946).
Lastly, the government argues that it was blameless, for it had nothing to do with the introduction of the prejudicial evidence, and that the judgment should not be upset on account of something not of the government’s making. While it is true that the government was blameless, this defendant was equally blameless, and it doesn’t matter to the defendant who introduced the evidence; it is the fact of its introduction that hurt. He vigorously opposed it at the time, as he does now. This is not a case where the claimed error is prosecutorial overreaching or unfairness, but is one where the defendant’s rights have been adversely and prejudicially affected by conduct not of his own making. He initiated neither the question nor the answer, see Michelson, 335 U.S. p. 485, 69 S.Ct. 213. Because the decision to place his character in evidence was the defendant’s alone and he did not exercise it, Michelson, pp. 475-479, 69 S.Ct. 213, the blamelessness of the government should not serve to affirm the conviction. “If the suppression of evidence results in constitutional error, it is because of the character of the evidence, not the character of the prosecutor.” United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 110, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 2401, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976). No reason appears to me why that principle should not apply here.
When I add the introduction of this highly prejudicial evidence to the fact that the only direct identification evidence against Johnson was the testimony of the accomplice Anderson, and that the evidence in question was completely irrelevant to every aspect of the trial save Johnson’s propensity to rob banks, I cannot say with reasonable certainty that Johnson had a fair trial. Therefore, I would vacate the judgment of conviction and remand the case for a new trial.
. “While we have reversed convictions in cases where evidence of other crimes had been improperly presented, [footnote omitted] in those cases the inadmissible evidence was not only prejudicial, but had been purposely introduced by the prosecution. Here, the question was posed by counsel for Johnson’s co-defendant, and neither the question nor the response carried the imprimatur of the Government. Absent such misconduct on the part of the Government counsel, the courts generally have discerned no reversible error where the trial court has acted promptly in sustaining an objection and advising the jury to disregard the testimony.” [Citations omitted] P. 197.
. E. g., United States v. Works, 526 F.2d 940 (5th Cir. 1976); Brown v. United States, 380 F.2d 477 (10th Cir. 1967), cert. den., 390 U.S. 962, 88 S.Ct. 1062, 19 L.Ed.2d 1158 (1967); Atkinson v. United States, 344 F.2d 97 (8th Cir. 1965), cert. den., 382 U.S. 867, 86 S.Ct. 141, 15 L.Ed.2d 106 (1966).
. E. g., United States v. Carter, 157 U.S.App. D.C. 149, 482 F.2d 738 (D.C.Cir.1973); United States v. Rudolph, 403 F.2d 805 (6th Cir. 1968); Courtney v. United States, 390 F.2d 521 (9th Cir. 1968); United States v. Clarke, 343 F.2d 90 (3d Cir. 1965).