dissenting:
I respectfully dissent.
I agree with the majority that substantial evidence requires affirmance of the Board’s findings of unfair labor practices, that Freeman was a supervisor, and that Heller was an employee and appropriately counted as a member of the bargaining unit. The reason for the majority’s decision to deny enforcement and to remand is its conclusion that the Board did not sufficiently articulate its reasons for issuing an order to bargain. In my view the expression of the Board’s reasoning more than satisfies the Appletree standard of particularity, and the bargaining order should be enforced.
In Appletree I, Judge Russell correctly observed: “It is only because the misconduct of the employer has so dissipated the union majority that a fair expression of employee sentiment, uncoerced by the employer’s improper conduct, cannot be secured by the traditional procedure that, in this second class of cases, a bargaining order may issue.” N.L.R.B. v. Appletree Chevrolet, Inc., 608 F.2d 988, 996 (4th Cir.1979).
The court in Appletree I refused to enforce the portion of the Board’s order requiring bargaining because the court felt that the Board failed ... “to make anything more than the most cursory findings on the impact of the 8(a)(1) violations on the possibility of a fair election. ... ” and that the Board had “... proceeded upon the erroneous assumption that a finding of unfair labor practices automatically engendered a coercive atmosphere that would support a bargaining order.” Id. at 1000.
In its opinion, in the case sub judice, the Board explained:
[T]he evidence establishes that, at the outset of its employees’ union organizational activities, the Employer commenced a campaign designed to undermine and erode the Union’s majority support among its employees by discharging four identified union supporters on the sole basis of these employees’ union sentiments. At the same time, the Employer violated the Act by interrogating employees concerning their union activities and sentiments; by granting wage increases; by making various promises of improved working conditions and benefits in order to dissuade employees from supporting the Union; and by threatening employees with discharge, layoff, and other reprisals, including the cessation or reduction of operations, if they continued to engage in activities on behalf of the Union.
■ Thereafter, the Employer enlisted the aid of a third party to threaten an employee with physical harm if he continued to support the Union.
Under these circumstances, including the small size- of the employee complement in question and the substantial percentage of the work force subjected to the Employer’s unlawful terminations and other unfair labor practices, we find that a bargaining order is necessary and appropriate in order to protect the majority sentiment expressed through the authorization cards and to otherwise remedy the violations committed.
How could the Board, attempting to comply with Appletree, more completely explain the Board’s view of the evidence as supporting a conclusion that the misconduct of the employer has so dissipated the union majority that a fair expression of employee sentiment, uncoerced by the employer’s improper conduct, could not be secured by the traditional procedures? The simple answer is that the Board could not. The Board’s opinion fully satisfied Appletree’s articulation standard — fully summarized the evidence and displayed the Board’s reasoning supporting its conclusion that an election would likely be tainted by the unfair practices.
Moreover, the foregoing summary and statement of reasoning were not derived or expressed in a vacuum. The Board had *1125adopted the AU’s findings of fact (detailed hereafter). These facts so clearly depict the nature and effect of the unfair practices that requiring summarization by the ALJ or the Board in fact adds very little. Since, however, we are to compel a summary by the Board of its view of the evidence, that requirement should be reasonably flexible in a case such as this, where a detailed compilation of facts found at trial renders the application of legal principles to those facts a simple task. The evidence here speaks so loudly of pervasive and egregious unfair labor practices, that our rule requiring the factfinder to restate its understanding of the evidence should not force the Board to redundancy, in a case where all the substantive Gissel criteria are obviously satisfied.1
Particularly illustrative of the egregious violations in this case was an incident involving the employer’s threat of physical harm to an employee. The employee, Richard Heller, had on repeated occasions been verbally harassed about his pro-union sentiments by the employer, to the point of physical illness. Heller was working in the scalehouse with a person from a coal testing lab when he saw his employer, John Petitte, outside talking with two men he did not know. One of those men — who was about six feet tall, 250 pounds, with “great big arms and a great big neck, like a football player” — then came into the scalehouse, locked the door behind him, walked up to Heller, pointed his finger in Heller’s face, and said, “What’s this I hear about a labor problem down here?” Heller backed into a corner and replied that he did not know what the stranger was talking about. Nevertheless, the man kept shaking his finger in Heller’s face and said, “I’m going to tell you something, I don’t want to hear no more about a labor problem down here. The Petittes don’t want a union down here, so I better not hear no more about it.” The man then pointed to the lab worker and said that also went for him. Heller said that the lab worker was from another company and not involved. At that point, the company President, John Petitte (hereinafter “Petitte”), knocked on the door and was let in. Petitte asked what the matter was and told Heller, “You look like you seen a ghost.” Heller replied, “I don’t appreciate what you just had this guy do to me.” Petitte answered, “I was just razzing you a little bit, joking around with you.” Petitte told Heller not to let it get to him.
This incident occurred at the end of a two-month period during which scarcely a day passed without illegal employer harassment, promises, bribes, threats, interrogation and discharges. The following chronological review of the events of that month, as found by the ALJ and expressed by the Board, illustrates the inutility of requiring the Board to explain at greater length its reasoning.
In May, 1979, United Mine Workers of America (hereinafter “Union”) organizer Bonnett contacted Company supervisor Freeman and asked Freeman to give him the names and addresses of the Company’s employees. Freeman did not provide Bon-nett with such a list, but Bonnett and Morris, another Union organizer, proceeded by visiting and talking to employees at their homes, at bars, and at churches. In the course of their efforts, they reached all nine of the Company’s production and maintenance employees and received favorable responses from six of them.
*1126In late March, supervisor Freeman asked employee Trippitt if he had signed a Union card. When Trippitt replied that he had not, Freeman said that there would be no union, because the Petittes would run the place themselves to avoid it. Sometime in early April, prior to April 9, Freeman told employee Bowman that he had informed Superintendent Guseman that a Union organizer was talking to the men.
On April 4, Guseman granted hourly wage increases of 50 cents to Freeman and employee Roberson, and 25 cents to employee Tennant. These raises were to be effective April 4. On April 9, Bowman signed a union authorization card. Trippitt, Roberson, Heller, and Eddy signed Union authorization cards on April 10.
During the afternoon shift on April 10, Petitte informed Bowman and Trippitt that they were being granted a 50-cent per-hour wage increase, to be effective April 18. Late that night, Freeman told Bowman and Trippitt that they should forget about the Union and that the Pet-ittes would run the operation themselves rather than deal with the Union.
The next day April 11, Petitte informed employee Eddy that he was being granted a 25-cent per-hour wage increase, to be effective April 18, and that, if things went well, Eddy would receive another, raise in six to eight months. Similar raises were also given to employees Ingersoll, Elliott, and Fain.
On April 12, Petitte approached Bowman while at work and asked him if Union organizer Morris had been to his home. When Bowman said, “Yes,” Petitte asked him what he had told Morris. Bowman replied that he had told Morris to “get the hell out of my house.” Petitte then told Bowman that he would get another raise in the summer if work picked up. In the course of this discussion, Petitte also told Bowman that he could not afford the Union and that, if it came in, he would just lay off the workers and run the place himself. Finally, Petitte told Bowman to keep his father away from the Company because he believed that the Union mine where Bowman’s father worked was the source of the Company’s Union problem.
On April 12, Freeman informed company vice-president Jasper Petitte that Bowman had signed a Union card. John and Jasper Petitte then discussed the Union situation, and that afternoon (April 12), the Company decided to terminate the four employees it believed to be Union adherents — Bowman, Trippitt, Eddy, and Heller — this to forestall unionization. The four were immediately notified of their termination.
On Thursday, April 19, Union representatives Morris and Bonnett came to Petitte’s office and requested recognition of and bargaining with the Union as the majority representative of the Company’s production and maintenance employees; Petitte declined. Later that day, Petitte called his lawyer, who told Petitte that while he did not have to recognize the Union, the discharge of the four men was unlawful and that they should be hired back to avoid extensive backpay liability.
On Friday morning, April 20, Petitte drove to Heller’s home, where he found both Heller and Eddy. After telling Heller and Eddy, “I don’t know what I’m going to do with you guys,” Petitte offered them reinstatement. Petitte further said he would pay them $8.00 per hour if they came back to work. Heller asserted that most of the employees felt that the foreman, Casino, should be relieved and mentioned other grievances; Eddy said that the Company ought to have a retirement plan. Petitte wrote these items down, but stated that he could not afford the Union and that, if the Union came in, he would cut back the workforce and would probably lay off both Heller and Eddy. On the other hand, Petitte said he would get working on a pension plan right away and would grant a pay increase, vacation pay, and paid holidays as soon as the Union was voted out. Finally, Petitte asked Heller to serve as spokesman for the employees; Heller agreed. Heller and Eddy agreed to return to work on Monday.
The next day, Saturday, April 21, Petitte again visited Heller’s home. This time he *1127reported on the progress he had made in setting up a retirement system and told Heller there would be a meeting at 3:00 p.m. Monday, to discuss retirement and the other proposals made the day before.
On Sunday, April 22, Petitte sought out Charles Lazzell, a Petitte family friend and neighbor. Petitte told Lazzell what had happened. Lazzell suggested that Petitte contact an attorney specializing in labor problems and further told Petitte that he could not fire anyone for Union activities and that he should not get involved in direct negotiation with the employees.
The next morning, April 23, Freeman, pursuant to Petitte’s direction, contacted Bowman and asked him to return to work. Freeman stated that the men should forget about the Union and that raises were in the offing.
On April 23, following a conference with Lazzell, Petitte informed Heller that, due to legal constraints, Petitte could not bargain about the April 20 proposals with the men and that he could not promise anything to them. Heller asked if he could meet with the men. Lazzell, speaking for the Company at this point, said that would be permissible. Heller then asked if the employees could discuss the proposals among themselves and then present them to Petitte for him to “agree to it or not.” Lazzell, not knowing whether this would be a legally permissible course of action for the Company, told Heller that if he brought it up, the Company would respond at that time.
Heller, Eddy, Trippitt, and Bowman met at Bowman’s home that afternoon to discuss their position and then returned to the plant for the scheduled 3:00 p.m. meeting. Just before the meeting began, however, Heller was informed by Petitte that he had just discovered that he could not lawfully grant any proposal coming from the employees because he was prohibited from dealing with them directly on such matters.
The meeting was attended by Petitte, Guseman, Freeman, Lazzell, and all the non-office employees except Elliott, who was absent that day. Petitte began the meeting by introducing Lazzell, who explained that because of a representation election petition filed with the National Labor Relations Board, the Company could not negotiate with, or make promises to, the employees because such promises would be “illegal.” Heller asked if the employees could have a meeting; Lazzell said they could, but management would have to leave. Heller asked the management representatives to leave and, except for Freeman, they did.
Heller then presented the proposals that Petitte had earlier agreed to if the employees did not bring in the Union. Next, he read a list of proposals that the employees should present to the Company. At that point, Freeman suggested that they vote on the list; they did so, and all voted in favor. Freeman then brought in the company secretary, who was also a notary public, and had her type and notarize a document which stated that the employees had voted unanimously in favor of the proposals. Then Freeman told the employees that they would vote on the Union and that, if the Union was voted out, the proposals would go into effect that day. Heller resisted, stating that any such decision should be made at the election. Freeman pressed the point and called for a vote by a show of hands to see who wanted the Union out. Five voted to dispense with the Union. The four remaining employees present- — Heller, Eddy, Bowman, and Trippitt — abstained on the ground that this was not the proper way to resolve the issue. Freeman again brought in the secretary, who prepared a notarized document, which was signed by the five who voted against the Union. After the meeting ended, the two notarized documents were given to Petitte, and the four recalled employees received checks to cover backpay.
The next day, April 24, Petitte came by the scalehouse and asked Heller how the men now felt about the Union, since the Company could not grant the proposals because of the Union. Heller said he was not sure.
The following day, Wednesday, April 25, Petitte came by the scalehouse and asked *1128Heller how he was doing. Heller answered that he was not doing well, because he was nervous about the Union situation. Petitte asked how the employees felt about the Union; Heller said that he did not know— that he was not sure. Petitte then asked if Heller thought the employees would vote the Union in or out; Heller again answered that he did not know — that he was not sure. Heller then told Petitte he was sick and asked to go home. Petitte told him to wait and went to get Lazzell. Lazzell came into the scalehouse and told Heller he could leave. Heller said he would let them know how he felt on Friday, and stated, in response to a question, that he was not quitting.
Heller contacted Petitte on Friday, April 27, and told Petitte that he had gone to see a doctor, who told him that “his nerves and his job were getting to him” and that he should take two weeks off. Heller conse-. quently requested two weeks off, which Petitte granted, without pay.
Heller returned to work several days later, on Wednesday, May 2. That morning, Petitte came by the scalehouse and told Heller that he was mad because every time he talked to employees about the Union, “outsiders” would find out and he would get in more trouble. Petitte also complained that every time he asked employees if they were talking with anyone about the Union, they would not give an answer. Thereafter, Petitte asked Heller almost every day what the men thought about the Union and whether they were going to vote it in or out. Petitte also repeatedly told Heller that he could hot afford the Union and that, if the Union came in, many employees would lose their jobs. When Heller complained to Petitte that this continuing questioning about the Union made him nervous, Petitte’s response was that the Union also upset him.
Around May 3, Heller became so ill in the scalehouse that he had to go to the restroom. Later that day, Heller telephoned Petitte and told him he wished to quit. Petitte resisted and asked Heller to come to the office. Heller did so and told Petitte that the greatest cause of his upset was the continued interrogation about the Union.
Heller returned to work on Friday, May 4. Beginning Monday, May 7, Petitte approached Heller each day and told him that the Company could not afford the Union and that, if the Union came in, he would probably lose his job. This went on all week. During the week of Monday, May 14, Petitte came to Heller and asked him if the men had changed their minds about the Union and if Heller knew how they were going to vote. Heller got “nervous every time [he saw Petitte] coming.” On Thursday, May 17, Heller was physically threatened as hereinbefore described.
Considering the foregoing facts, is it any way unclear why and how the Board concluded that the unfair labor practices were so serious and pervasive that they would probably affect an election? We must remember that the underpinning of Gissel and Appletree is the importance of an assessment by the Board of the immediate and residual coercive effects of the unfair practices, in order to determine the likelihood that an election would be affected by the unfair labor practices. 395 U.S. at 579, 89 S.Ct. at 1922; 608 F.2d at 1000. The question of whether or not an election would likely be affected by unfair labor practices ultimately must turn on the circumstances of the unit and the nature of the unfair labor practices, which factors in this case were clearly presented with great particularity, and evaluated by the Board. Thus, the.Appletree standard is satisfied.
There is a final point on which I differ from my panel colleagues. Two weeks pri- or to oral argument on this appeal, Maids-ville moved to supplement the appellate record with its president’s affidavit relating information concerning the then current composition of its work force. This information had not been developed during the hearings. The majority opinion states that the motion was “tentatively” granted. I believe this to be an unwarranted practice. Regardless of how the procedure is characterized, the majority effectively considered the information and has ordered the Board *1129to consider it on remand. Approving this procedure could well expand the appellate process to include interminable affidavits bearing information tardily conceived as relevant by parties to the litigation. This has been universally disapproved. See L’Eggs Products, Inc. v. NLRB, 619 F.2d 1337, 1353 (9th Cir.1980); J.P. Stevens & Co., Inc. v. NLRB, 441 F.2d 514, 525 n. 16 (5th Cir.1971), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 830, 92 S.Ct. 69, 30 L.Ed.2d 59; NLRB v. L.B. Foster Co., 418 F.2d 1 (9th Cir.1969); cert. denied, 397 U.S. 990, 90 S.Ct. 1124, 25 L.Ed.2d 398; General Steel Products, Inc. v. NLRB, 445 F.2d 1350, 1361 (4th Cir.1971) (Winter, J., dissenting). The majority recognizes “that an appellate court, with rare exceptions, must confine its review to that which comprised the record in the trial court or administrative agency.” The majority has not, however, demonstrated a “rarity” in this case calling for an exception, and this decision provides no guidance to the characteristics of such a “rarity.”
. See, e.g., Multi-Medical Convalescent and Nursing Center v. NLRB, 550 F.2d 974 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 835, 98 S.Ct. 124, 54 L.Ed.2d 97 (1977), (where a bargaining order in response to less egregious and pervasive unfair labor practices than are present here was approved): “It is clear that where practices have been engaged in that ‘have the tendency to undermine majority strength and impede the election process’ the Board has authority to issue a bargaining order.” Id. at 976, quoting NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. 575, 614, 89 S.Ct. 1918, 1940, 23 L.Ed.2d 547 (1969). Moreover, “ ‘If the Board finds that the possibility of erasing the effects of past practices and of ensuring a fair election ... is slight and that employee sentiment once expressed through cards would, on balance, be better protected by a bargaining order, then such an order should issue.’ ” Multi-Medical at 976, quoting Gissel, 395 U.S. at 614-15, 89 S.Ct. at 1940. (emphasis added).