This case involves an appeal from the district court’s denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus brought under 28 U.S.C. A. § 2254. We reverse and direct the district court to grant the writ.
I. BACKGROUND
Terry Ringstaff was arrested for the murder of Mary Henderson on June 11, *6461980.1 On November 7, 1980, Ringstaff made his first demand for a speedy trial. He later reasserted his demand on March 13, 1981, and October 13, 1981. On June 24, 1981, Ringstaff requested and was granted a psychiatric evaluation. On January 22, 1982, the Alabama Lunacy Commission found him competent to stand trial. Ringstaff was finally tried for capital murder on May 5, 1982. He was found guilty of the lesser included offense of murder on May 6, 1982, and eventually was sentenced to prison for life. Ringstaff exhausted his state remedies and brought this petition for writ of habeas corpus. The U.S. Magistrate held a hearing and subsequently denied the petition. The Magistrate's findings were adopted by the district court. In this appeal, Ringstaff raises only the claim that he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial.
II. DISCUSSION
The Supreme Court in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972), set forth a four-part balancing test for evaluating claims of the denial of the constitutional right to a speedy trial. The factors to be weighed are: length of delay; reason for delay; defendant's assertion of the right; and prejudice to defendant. Id. at 530. Under Barker the length of the delay must be "presumptively prejudicial" in order to trigger an inquiry into the other three factors. Once the balancing is commenced, no single factor is dispositive. However, we must note that although Ringstaff's defense need not necessarily have been impaired, Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 25, 26, 94 S.Ct. 188, 189, 38 L.Ed.2d 183 (1973), unless the first three factors weigh heavily against the government, Ringstaff must demonstrate actual prejudice. United States v. Mitchell, 769 F.2d 1544, 1547 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1066, 106 S.Ct. 819, 88 L.Ed.2d 792 (1986).
The district court below held that the delay of 23 months was serious and presumptively prejudicial.2 The state makes no objection to this finding, and we agree. We also agree with both parties and the district court that Ringstaff raised the speedy trial issue sufficiently early. Therefore, Ringstaff's speedy trial claim depends primarily upon the reason for the delay. See United States v. Loud Hawk, 474 U.S. 302, 315, 106 S.Ct. 648, 656, 88 L.Ed.2d 640 (1985) ("The flag all litigants seek to capture is the second factor, the reason for delay."). If the reason for delay also weighs heavily against the state, then Ringstaff need not show actual prejudice to prevail, Moore, 414 U.S. at 26, 94 S.Ct. at 189, but if the delay was reasonable, then he must show actual prejudice. Mitchell, 769 F.2d at 1547.
1. Reason for Delay
The first 9 months of delay were due primarily to the state's desire to wait for the decision of the Supreme Court of Alabama in Beck v. State, 396 So.2d 645 (Ala.1981), before bringing its case.3 The next 7 months of delay are attributable to Ringstaff's request for psychiatric evaluation.4 The remaining 7 months of delay are unexplained.
*647A total of 16 months of delay is directly attributable to the state, with the majority of that time being consumed by the state’s decision to await the Alabama Supreme Court’s decision in Beck. Neither appellant nor appellee was able to cite a single case from any jurisdiction dealing with the propriety of delaying a criminal trial pending a decision in another factually unrelated case. However, guidance in evaluating the legitimacy of the delay can be found in Barker v. Wingo itself.
The Supreme Court in Barker stated that “[a] deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense should be weighted heavily against the government.” 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. The Court also noted that “it is improper for the prosecution intentionally to delay ‘to gain some tactical advantage over [defendants] or to harass them.’ ” Id. at 531 n. 32, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 32 (emphasis added), citing United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 325, 92 S.Ct. 455, 466, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971). See also Avalos, 541 F.2d at 1111-12 (disapproving of delay caused by “court-shopping”). Therefore, the state’s motivation is the key area of inquiry.
On June 20, 1980, the week after Ring-staff’s arrest, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980). The Court held unconstitutional that portion of the Alabama death penalty statute, Ala.Code § 13-11-1 et seq. (1975) (repealed), which forbade lesser included offense instructions in capital cases. See Ala.Code § 13-ll-2(a).5 In reversing Beck’s conviction, the Court essentially invalidated the last 14 words of § 13-ll-2(a) of the death penalty statute.
One important issue remained after Beck. Was the unconstitutional clause in the Alabama death penalty statute severa-ble? On March 6, 1981, the Alabama Supreme Court finally held that it was severa-ble, thereby upholding the rest of Alabama’s death penalty framework. Beck v. State, 396 So.2d 645 (Ala.1981). Between the Supreme Court’s decision on June 20, 1980, and the Alabama decision on March 6, 1981, the validity of the death penalty in Alabama was in doubt. Recognizing this situation, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals praised the state’s delay in trying Ringstaff in the following terms:
We are of the opinion that it was in the interest of justice according to law, the guiding star of judicial proceedings, that the trial court, the parties and all others concerned with this case, handled it with commendable caution and circumspection rather than rushing ahead without chart or compass to guide them.
Ringstaff v. State, 451 So.2d 375, 381 (Ala.Crim.App.1984). The state successfully argued before the Alabama appellate court that the delay actually benefited Ringstaff because he was eventually convicted on a lesser included offense and not capital murder. However, the state explained before this Court that the “chart or compass” for which it waited was the re-affirmation of the validity of the Alabama death penalty statute.6
Having reviewed the state’s explanations and the decisions of the Supreme Court and the Alabama Supreme Court in Beck, we find that the state delayed its prosecution for primarily one reason — it thought that if it brought Ringstaff to trial promptly, the trial court might not have considered giving Ringstaff the death penalty. It seems likely that a trial court would have been hesitant to sentence a defendant to death before the Alabama Supreme Court’s reassurance in Beck that the death penalty could be constitutionally administered un*648der the then existing framework, minus thE clause struck down by the Supreme Court, The trial court might even have held that the indictment itself on the capital murder charge was flawed, given that the validity of the Alabama capital murder scheme had been called into doubt.7
The reason for the delay seems primarily to have been the state's desire to enhance Ringstaff's chances of receiving the death penalty. This is exactly the type of maneuver "to gain some tactical advantage" that is forbidden by Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 n. 32, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 32. See also Gravit v. United States, 523 F.2d 1211, 1216 (5th Cir.1975) ("a deliberate delay to prejudice the defense is weighed heavily against the government"); United States v. Baron, 336 F.Supp. 303, 305-06 (S.D.N.Y.1971) (delay caused by prosecution's desire to try eleven defendants serially due to novel question of law presented in all cases held to be dilatory).
The rationale put forth by the state and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, that the delay actually benefited Ringstaff, is flawed. The state claims that the Alabama Supreme Court's decision in Beck permitted Ringstaff to be convicted of a lesser non-capital offense rather than capital murder. That simply ignores the import of the Supreme Court's previous decision in Beck. After the Supreme Court had spoken, all state courts were required to charge lesser included offenses in their death penalty instructions by operation of the supremacy clause. See U.S. Const. Art. VI, § 2. The Alabama Supreme Court gave Ringstaff nothing he did not already have and, in fact, took away his argument that he could not be put to death at all. The delay pending the Alabama Supreme Court's decision only made it much more likely that Ringstaff would be put to death.
2. Prejudice
The first three factors weigh heavily against the state, so Ringstaff need not show actual prejudice. Prince v. Alabama, 507 F.2d 693, 707 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.s. 876, 96 S.Ct. 147, 46 L.Ed.2d 108 (1975) ("prejudice is immaterial where consideration of the other three factors .. . coalesce [sic] in the defendant's favor"). See Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. at 26, 94 S.Ct. at 189 (error to require prejudice to defendant); United States v. Mitchell, 769 F.2d at 1547. The state had a "constitutional duty to make a diligent, good-faith effort" to bring Ringstaff promptly to trial. Smith v. Hooey, 393 U.S. 374, 383, 89 S.Ct. 575, 579, 21 L.Ed.2d 607 (1969). The state made no claim that it lacked the evidence or witnesses necessary to try Ringstaff. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 (reasonable amount of time necessary to find witness is excusable); United States v. Barragan, 793 F.2d 1255, 1258 (11th Cir.1986) (Speedy Trial Act time period tolled while essential witness was unavailable). In spite of Ringataff's objections, the state kept him incarcerated until the time it knew it could confidently ask a court to impose death. Such an excuse-potentially prejudicial in the extreme to a defendant-cannot justify burdening a defendant's constitutional right to a speedy trial.
For the foregoing reasons, the denial of the petition is REVERSED and REMANDED with directions to grant the writ.
. The factual circumstances surrounding the crime are fully Set forth in Ringstaff v. State, 451 So.2d 375 (Ala.Crim.App.1984).
. This Court has previously held that a 15 month delay-even in prosecuting a complex conspiracy case-can be enough to trigger the Barker balancing. United States v. Avalos, 541 E2d 1100, 1111 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 430 U.s. 970, 97 S.Ct. 1656, 52 L.Ed.2d 363 (1977).
. The Alabama Supreme Court's decision in Beck was handed down, as modified upon denial of rehearing, on May 6, 1981, some 9 months after Ringstaff was arrested. The three month delay between the Beck decision and Ringstaff's request for a psychiatric examination is unexplained. No evidence was offered to show why he could not have been tried immediately after the Beck decision. The state admitted at oral argument that its investigation and trial preparation had long been completed by that time.
. Delays caused by the defendant are excluded from speedy trial claims. United States v. O'Bryant, 775 F.2d 1528, 1531-32 (11th Cir.1985) (Speedy Trial Act tolled during defendant's pretrial motions); Hill v. Wainwright, 617 F.2d 375, 378 (5th Cir.1980) (constitutional speedy trial claim).
. Before its repeal in 1981, Ala.Code § 13-ll-2(a) read, "If the jury finds the defendant guilty, it shall fix the punishment at death when the defendant is charged by indictment with any of the following offenses and with aggravation, which must also be averred in the indictment, and which offenses so charged with said aggravation shall not include any lesser offenses” (emphasis added). The last phrase in the § 13-ll-2(a) was construed by Alabama courts to preclude instruction on lesser included offenses in capital cases. See Beck, 447 U.S. at 629 n. 3, 100 S.Ct. at 2385 n. 3.
. At oral argument, the state admitted that this decision to delay was a "tactical maneuver."
. The State sought its indictment for capital murder after the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Beck. Any potential flaw in the indictment, i.e., charging only capital murder under the infirm statute and not charging a lesser included offense, would have been the handiwork of the prosecution.