An anesthesiologist’s clinical privileges at a public hospital were suspended with conditions after an investigation and conferences concerning the death of one of his patients, but before a formal hearing was held. This court must now decide en banc whether the doctor’s discipline followed the dictates of procedural due process. To a reasonable layman, there would be no dilemma: after a patient died while under the anesthesiologist’s care, suspension pending a hearing would seem an obvious answer. Constitutional law does not, however, always deal in the obvious. We reach the same conclusion as the intuitive one, but after following paths well rutted by decisions of the Supreme Court.
I. BACKGROUND
Dr. Curtis W. Caine, Jr. filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi against nearly two dozen defendants, including the administrator and all the members of the Executive Committee and the Board of Trustees of Hinds County General Hospital, alleging the denial of procedural due process occasioned by the swift suspension of his clinical privileges. To his fifty-page complaint Dr. Caine attached 250 pages of exhibits described as “true and correct copies” of the relevant documents. The hospital staff bylaws and virtually every letter or report pertinent to Dr. Caine’s suspension proceedings, whether prepared on his behalf or by hospital personnel, were appended in neat chronological order. They tell a tale that mirrors most of the facts, if not the legal characterizations, espoused in the complaint.
On April 7, 1988, defendant Dr. M.D. Hardy, the Chief of Anesthesiology of Hinds General, asked Dr. Caine to discuss a certain patient who had been under Dr. Caine’s care two months earlier. Dr. Caine then met twice, for a total of three hours, with Drs. Hardy, Strong, and Courtney, all anesthesiologists and members of the Ad Hoc Investigating Committee previously appointed to review the treatment of the patient in question. When his lawyer advised him that the first meeting was inadequate, Dr. Caine requested and obtained the second meeting. Less than a week after the second meeting with Dr. Caine, the Ad Hoc Investigating Committee reported to the hospital’s Executive Committee that Dr. Caine’s handling of the case exhibited serious deficiencies. Although each member of the Ad Hoc Committee recommended a different sanction, the most clement of these called for immediate and continued suspension of Dr. Caine's clinical privileges pending his completion of *1408a six-month course of additional anesthesiology training.
Three days later, on April 25, the Executive Committee — composed of two members of the Ad Hoc Committee and nine other non-anesthesiology staff doctors— discussed the Ad Hoc Committee’s written reports. The minutes of the Executive Committee meeting list five alleged critical errors in Dr. Caine’s management of the patient. Unanimously, the Committee suspended Dr. Caine’s clinical privileges immediately, but offered him the opportunity to reapply for them when he completed a twelve-month anesthesiology residency and agreed to submit to a three-month probationary status at Hinds General.
The Executive Committee specified in its written notice that it took this action pursuant to Article VI, Section 2(a) of the medical staff bylaws.2 It advised Dr. Caine of his right, under Article VII of the bylaws, to request a formal hearing. On May 4, Dr. Caine so requested. He did not, however, accept the hospital’s offer to convene the hearing within seven days, but instead requested and received two continuances. Eventually, after a hearing had been set for sometime in July, he categorically declined to participate in the hospital’s post-suspension procedures. The bylaws would have afforded not only a formal hearing before an ad hoc hearing committee, but also an appeal to the Board of Trustees. Dr. Caine also chose not to take advantage of his right to judicial review of the hospital’s decision in the Mississippi chancery court. See Miss.Code Ann. § 73-25-95 (incorporating id. § 73-25-27).
In form, the hospital followed every step of its medical staff bylaws both before and after Dr. Caine’s suspension.3 Specifically, *1409Dr. Caine was suspended by the Executive Committee for conduct that “requires that immediate action be taken to protect the life of any patient(s) or to reduce the substantial likelihood of immediate injury or damages to the health or safety of any patient.” Article VI, Section 2(a).
Dr. Caine does not deny that the Executive Committee invoked and relied on Article VI, Section 2(a) in his case. His complaint, however, shines a different light on the formalities observed. Dr. Caine alleges that his troubles were unleashed by his then-recent opposition to Dr. Hardy’s proposal to obtain for himself and his two partners an exclusive anesthesiology contract with the hospital, a contract that would have frozen out all other anesthesiologists. To punish Dr. Caine’s stance— and his unsuccessful candidacy against Dr. Hardy for Chief of the Anesthesiology Department — Drs. Hardy, Courtney, and Strong allegedly failed to give Dr. Caine proper notice of the charges against him prior to his April 11 and 16 meetings and refused him sufficient access to the relevant patient chart. Finally, Dr. Caine alleges that all the decisionmakers in his case were biased by their self-interest or by the gossip campaign mounted by Dr. Caine’s detractors. He contends that nothing less than a formal pre-suspension hearing, before doctors not associated with Hinds General, was constitutionally required. To supplement his procedural due process claim, Dr. Caine proposed to amend his complaint to assert that he was disciplined in violation of his first amendment right to speak out on the exclusive anesthesiology contract as a matter of “public concern.”
The district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). On the procedural due process issue, the court found that even if Dr. Caine’s allegations against the defendants were true, they failed to allege that Mississippi law afforded an inadequate post-deprivation remedy for the suspension *1410of his privileges at Hinds General. The court rejected Dr. Caine’s proposed first amendment claim because, again assuming the truth of the doctor’s allegations, the court disagreed that the doctor had engaged in constitutionally protected speech. On initial appeal, a panel of our court held that under the Supreme Court’s most recent procedural due process decision, Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 110 S.Ct. 975, 108 L.Ed.2d 100 (1990), Dr. Caine’s allegations, if true, would support a judgment that his due process rights were violated. The divided panel also held that the district court must consider the first amendment claim on remand.
Having reconsidered this case en banc, our court now holds that Dr. Caine’s complaint does not allege a procedural due process violation and that the district court did not err in refusing his proffered first amendment claim. We therefore affirm the district court’s judgment.
II. MOOTNESS
Before addressing the merits, we must dispose of an unfortunate preliminary issue. After this case was reargued en banc, Dr. Caine died of a heart attack. Dr. Caine’s counsel moved to revive the action in the name of Dr. Caine’s personal representative. To the contrary, the defendants argue that Dr. Caine’s death abates the lawsuit and moots this appeal. After researching the issue, we agree with the plaintiff and conclude that the case as a whole is not moot.
Obviously, Dr. Caine’s quest for reinstatement of his medical privileges does not survive his death. Whether his prayer for money damages survives, on the other hand, is not such an easy question. The Supreme Court has held that the survival of actions brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is to be determined by the law of the forum state. Robertson v. Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584, 98 S.Ct. 1991, 56 L.Ed.2d 554 (1978). The relevant Mississippi statute provides: “When either of the parties to any personal action shall die before final judgment, the executor or administrator of such deceased party may prosecute or defend such action, and the court shall render judgment for or against the executor or administrator.” Miss.Code Ann. § 91-7-237. Whether Dr. Caine’s lawsuit survives depends on whether it is a “personal action.”
The Mississippi courts have long defined a personal action as “an action brought for the recovery of personal property, for the enforcement of a contract or to recover damages for its breach, or for the recovery of damages for the commission of an injury to the person or property.” Powell v. Buchanan, 245 Miss. 4, 8, 147 So.2d 110, 111 (1962). One way to apply this definition to § 1983 actions is to examine the facts of each separate § 1983 claim and characterize it according to the most analogous state-law cause of action. In his procedural due process claim, Dr. Caine alleged that the defendants performed their actions “wantonly, willfully and maliciously, and with the intent to remove Plaintiff from the Medical Staff of Hinds General Hospital and to undermine and destroy his practice of anesthesiology and medicine.” These allegations seem analogous to claims for wrongful discharge and defamation. Dr. Caine’s proposed first amendment claim, alleging that he was fired for exercising his right to free speech, is also best characterized as a wrongful discharge claim.
Actions for defamation are not personal actions for purposes of the survival statute. See Catchings v. Hartman, 178 Miss. 672, 680, 174 So. 553, 554 (1937) (“[T]he action of slander is not a personal action within the strict interpretation which the statute must now receive.”); cf. Mitchell v. Random House, Inc., 703 F.Supp. 1250, 1255 n. 5 (S.D.Miss.1988) (relying on Catchings), aff'd, 865 F.2d 664 (5th Cir.1989). On the other hand, we conclude that wrongful discharge, were it recognized as a viable action in Mississippi, would be a personal action.4 Perry v. *1411Sears, Roebuck & Co., 508 So.2d 1086, 1089 (Miss.1987), noted that "[w]rongful discharge actions ... essentially sound in tort, although some theories have attributes associated with both contract and tort." Described this way, wrongful discharge would seem to be an action "to recover damages for [a contract's] breach, or for ... an injury to the person" within the scope of § 91-7-237. Under this analysis, then, that part of Dr. Caine's § 1983 action for damages resulting from the act of wrongful suspension itself survives Dr. Caine's death.
Another way to apply the definition of personal action is to make a single federal characterization of all § 1983 actions for survival purposes. See Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.s. 261, 276, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 1947, 85 L.Ed.2d 254 (1985) (for limitations purposes, all § 1983 claims should be characterized as "tort action[s] for the recovery of damages for personal injuries"). If we transplant Wilson `s holding to the survival context, it is easy to conclude that all § 1983 actions are actions "for the recovery of damages for the commission of an injury to the person" within the scope of § 91-7-237. Thus, Dr. Caine's lawsuit would also survive under this analysis. Because "[a] determination by this Court of the legal issues tendered by the parties" will certainly "affect the rights of litigants in the case before [us]," this case is not moot. DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312, 316, 317, 94 S.Ct. 1704, 1705, 1706, 40 L.Ed.2d 164 (1974) (per curiam). Accordingly, we turn to the merits.
III. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS
The Constitution guarantees that life, liberty, or property will not be taken by the government without due process of law. U.S. Coust. amend. XIV, § 1. Procedural due process considers not the justice of a deprivation, but only the means by which the deprivation was effected. Because Dr. Caine could not be dismissed without just cause, his tenure on the Hinds General medical staff was a property interest recognized by the Constitution. Darlak v. Bobear, 814 F.2d 1055, 1061 (5th Cir.1987) (citing cases). Thus, the parties' dispute centers on whether the procedure employed in Dr. Caine's suspension was constitutionally adequate. We are convinced that it was.
Integral to our analysis is the concession that Dr. Caine was sanctioned under the bylaw authorizing quick action by the hospital to protect the lives of patients.5 While Dr. Caine's brief and pleadings do not deny the resort to Article VI, Section 2(a), neither do they squarely confront its ramifications. Their vigorous argument for more pre-suspension process may mean either that informal procedures are never constitutional in this type of case or that the informal procedures used here were fatally tainted by bias, lack of notice, and departure from the hospital's regulations. In either case, we must disagree.
Procedural due process is a flexible concept whose contours are shaped by the *1412nature of the individual’s and the state interests in a particular deprivation. Ordinarily, government may effect a deprivation only after it has accorded due process, but the necessary amount and kind of pre-deprivation process depends upon an analysis of three factors:
First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 903, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). Though the state must, for instance, accord a public employee “some kind of hearing” before termination, this may consist of no more than a meeting at which the employer states the grounds for dismissal and gives the employee an opportunity for rebuttal. See Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 1495, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985). The brief pre-termi-nation hearing is satisfactory so long as it is coupled with more formal post-termination proceedings, for this allocation of the burden of a hearing protects both the employee and the employer’s interest in maintaining an efficient workplace.
Not even an informal hearing, however, must precede a deprivation undertaken to protect the public safety. Starting with a case that authorized summary confiscation of potentially contaminated food products, North Am. Cold Storage Co. v. City of Chicago, 211 U.S. 306, 29 S.Ct. 101, 53 L.Ed. 195 (1908), the Supreme Court has consistently held that “the necessity of quick action by the State” justifies a summary deprivation followed by an adequate post-deprivation remedy. Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 539, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 1915, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981), overruled in part not relevant here, Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986); see also Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 436, 102 S.Ct. 1148, 1158, 71 L.Ed.2d 265 (1982); Zinermon, 110 S.Ct. at 984.
In a case strikingly similar to this one, our court applied these principles and concluded that a doctor’s temporary suspension from a hospital staff, followed by an opportunity for a more formal hearing later, comported with due process. Darlak v. Bobear, 814 F.2d at 1062-63. As in Darlak, Dr. Caine had the opportunity to defend himself twice before the Ad Hoc Investigating Committee prior to his temporary suspension. As in Darlak, Dr. Caine could have invoked, but did not, the right provided by Article VII of the hospital bylaws to a formal post-suspension hearing within seven days of the Executive Committee’s summary action. Thus, because Dr. Caine was summarily suspended under exigent circumstances, it is plain that the Mathews balancing test forecloses any procedural due process claim. See Darlak. Due process does not require an extensive formal hearing prior to a summary suspension of medical privileges, so long as an adequate post-termination remedy exists.
In pursuit of his claim, Dr. Caine cites not Darlak, but Zinermon v. Burch, asserting that this recent Supreme Court decision demonstrates constitutional flaws in his suspension. Zinermon took aim at a split in the courts of appeals over the application of the Parratt/Hudson doctrine, which provided that a “random, unauthorized” deprivation would not violate procedural due process if the state furnished an adequate post-deprivation remedy. See Zinermon, 110 S.Ct. at 977-78 (citing Parratt, supra, and Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 104 S.Ct. 3194, 82 L.Ed.2d 393 (1984)). The genesis of Parratt/Hudson lay in the insight that “the State cannot be required constitutionally to do the impossible by providing predeprivation process” to stem aberrant, unpredictable conduct. Id. 110 S.Ct. at 985.
Dr. Caine poses the question whether Zinermon requires us to look again at the sufficiency of pre- and post-suspension procedures made available to him if, as he alleges, the decisionmakers deliberately *1413misused those procedures. Put otherwise, Dr. Caine contends that after Zinermon, the Parratt/Hudson doctrine cannot salvage the denial of due process inherent in biased decisionmaking.
The easy answer to these questions is that Zinermon simply does not apply. We have found that Dr. Caine stated no claim for denial of procedural due process. His assertion that he was the victim of partisan decisionmaking is of no moment. He is stating no more than that the risk of erroneous decision presented by the participation of his competitors in the decision to suspend his privileges was unacceptable. The Mathews v. Eldridge balance has, however, answered that assertion — concluding that this is a tolerable risk when compared with the state’s powerful interest in protecting patient safety. The State of Mississippi has provided Dr. Caine all the process that is due. The state has no constitutional duty to provide a procedural regimen that guarantees faultless decisionmaking; the state’s interests in safety and efficiency find expression in the tolerable level of risk. When that balance has been fairly struck, a person states no claim by asserting that such risk was visited upon him.
We do not read Zinermon as fundamentally altering the balancing of personal and state interests that Mathews prescribed as the test for procedural due process. Rather, the Zinermon majority opinion characterizes its analysis as an application of the Parratt/Hudson doctrine which in turn implemented Mathews balancing. 110 S.Ct. at 985ff. We emphasize that Dr. Caine received all the process he was due, taking into account the state’s powerful interests as well as his private interests. But even if it be assumed arguendo that the bias and lack of notice of charges against him were not adequately redressed by the hospital’s predeprivation procedures, we would nevertheless find Dr. Caine’s claim foreclosed by the Parratt/Hudson doctrine as refined by Zinermon.
Zinermon holds that if “random and unauthorized” conduct of state actors is alleged, the mere existence of even an “adequate” post-deprivation remedy does not satisfy procedural due process where (a) the particular pre-deprivation administrative procedure presents a high risk of erroneous deprivation, and (b) there is a substantial likelihood that further minimal procedural safeguards could prevent the erroneous deprivation. Zinermon thus requires a hard look at a Parratt/Hudson defense to determine whether the state officials’ conduct, under all the circumstances, could have been adequately foreseen and addressed by procedural safeguards. Zinermon did not explicitly or implicitly disavow the Parratt/Hudson doctrine; instead, it requires case-by-case analysis of the deprivation at issue. See 110 S.Ct. at 987-90.
Zinermon stated three preconditions for application of the Parratt/Hudson doctrine: the deprivation must truly have been unpredictable or unforeseeable; the pre-deprivation procedures must have been impotent to counter the state actors’ particular conduct; and the conduct must have been “unauthorized” in the sense that it was not within the officials’ express or implied authority. Id. at 987-88. Each of these criteria is established in the case before us.
First, while the deprivation of a doctor’s clinical privileges for alleged medical malpractice is foreseeable, the risk of deprivation as alleged here by Dr. Caine was not. His pleadings do not suggest that the hospital’s precise and detailed regulations are infirm. Rather, he alleges that the regulations were violated, purportedly at every stage, by the dozen or so state actors responsible for enforcing them. The contrast with Zinermon is clear, for there the Florida voluntary commitment procedure operated against people who already lacked their full faculties. In that case, the plaintiff was afforded no predeprivation process. He was mentally ill and had “voluntarily” admitted himself to a Florida hospital although he was visibly incompetent to do so. Zinermon characterizes the risk facing the patient as one of an erroneous deprivation made possible by Florida’s voluntary commitment procedures. Any risk to Dr. Caine, however, would have sprung *1414only from wanton and intentional violations of controlling state regulations.
Second, it is inconceivable that the state could have articulated more explicit procedural safeguards to protect Dr. Caine against the specific risk that his privileges would be suspended because of his peers’ anti-competitive motives. See id. at 987-88. The hospital regulations state when, how, and for what reasons doctors may be disciplined. They permit immediate suspension only to protect the safety of patients — and then only after an investigation. Further, it is the multimember Executive Committee, not simply the affected doctor’s “competitors” in his specialty field, who must take this action. In Zinermon, as previously observed, there was no pre-deprivation process to protect the incompetent mental patient from imprudently committing himself.
Third, it cannot be said that the decision-makers in this case were “authorized” either to misuse the regulations or to discipline Dr. Caine for improper purposes. Our court has consistently held that mere conclusory allegations of bias do not render infirm otherwise constitutionally adequate procedures. Holloway v. Walker, 784 F.2d 1287, 1292-93 (5th Cir.1986); Laje v. R.E. Thomason Gen. Hosp., 564 F.2d 1159, 1162 (5th Cir.1977); Megill v. Board of Regents of Fla., 541 F.2d 1073, 1079 (5th Cir.1976); Duke v. North Tex. State Univ., 469 F.2d 829, 834 (5th Cir.1972). Zinermon provides no basis to disavow this rule. Although the hospital’s bylaws provide that the initial investigation of a staff doctor will be undertaken by members of his clinical section, any final disciplinary decision is entrusted to the large, diverse Executive Committee. The regulations governing formal hearings, not invoked here by Dr. Caine, specifically prevent bias based on economic competition or prior investigatory responsibilities. See Bylaws Art. VII § 4(a), fn. 2 supra. The potential for biased decisionmaking was minimized significantly. In Zinermon, by contrast, the voluntary admission of the patient may have been an abuse of judgment by the mental hospital staff, but the exercise of that judgment was specifically condoned by the regulations: “Florida’s [statutory scheme] ... gives state officials broad power and little guidance in admitting mental patients.” 110 S.Ct. at 988 (emphasis added). Such is emphatically not the case here. The Ad Hoc Committee had to persuade the Executive Committee that Dr. Caine’s conduct threatened patient safety, a stiff and exacting burden.
The facts that distinguish Zinermon from Parratt/Hudson do not appear in this case. Even under Dr. Caine’s conclu-sory allegations, the deprivation he suffered was “random and unauthorized.” Moreover, there were adequate and prompt post-deprivation remedies available to Dr. Caine. Whether or not suspension is immediate, the hospital bylaws provide opportunity for a formal investigation and eviden-tiary hearing, possible appeal to the hospital board of trustees, and a final resort to the state courts for prompt judicial review.6 *1415Therefore, according to Parratt/Hudson, Dr. Caine was not deprived of property without due process of law.
One final observation supports our position. As the dissenters in Zinermon predicted, see 110 S.Ct. at 995, 996 (O’Connor, J., dissenting), and as Judge Easterbrook has observed, see Easter House v. Felder, 910 F.2d 1387, 1409 (7th Cir.1990) (Easterbrook, J., concurring), the courts of appeals have not found Zinermon easy to interpret. Nevertheless, in our research, none of the courts as yet called upon to apply Zinermon has found a procedural due process violation in claims of particular regulatory abuses carried out within the framework of controlling regulations. See, e.g., Easter House, 910 F.2d at 1396-1406 (en banc); New Burnham Prairie Homes, Inc. v. Village of Burnham, 910 F.2d 1474, 1480 (7th Cir.1990); Katz v. Klehammer, 902 F.2d 204 (2d Cir.1990); Amsden v. Moran, 904 F.2d 748, 754-57 (1st Cir.1990); Fields v. Durham, 909 F.2d 94 (4th Cir.1990); Plumer v. Maryland, 915 F.2d 927 (4th Cir.1990); Coriz v. Martinez, 915 F.2d 1469, 1470 (10th Cir.1990). Thus, as Ziner-mon counseled case-by-case application of its principles, so it seems at this stage to represent a sui generis situation.
IV. FIRST AMENDMENT
Dr. Caine also contests the district court’s refusal to permit him to amend his complaint and challenge his suspension on first amendment grounds. In the proposed amendment, he alleged that the suspension action was motivated by a desire to silence his opposition to Dr. Hardy’s proposal for an exclusive anesthesiology contract and to punish his unsuccessful candidacy for Chief of Anesthesiology. The district court opted to deny the amendment, finding Dr. Caine’s allegations failed to state a claim for relief. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). We review de novo the legal question whether these allegations state a claim that Dr. Caine’s termination violated the first amendment. If they do, then the district court would have erred by refusing to permit the amendment.
Public employees do not, by virtue of their positions, shed their first amendment rights to speak out on matters of public concern. Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 568, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 1734, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968). If a public employee’s protected speech was the reason for termination, the first and fourteenth amendments afford a claim against the employer. Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 283-84, 97 S.Ct. 568, 574, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977). The threshold legal question in such cases is whether the employee’s speech dealt with matters of truly public concern as opposed to matters of purely personal interest or intra-office disputes. Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 1690, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983).
Taking Dr. Caine’s allegations at face value, as we must in reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, it appears that Dr. Caine vocally objected to the award of any exclusive anesthesia contract to Drs. Hardy, Strong, and Wilson “as same would injure and infringe upon his own anesthesia practice in Hinds General Hospital.” Further, Dr. Caine ran against Dr. Hardy for chairmanship of the anesthesiology department and lost by one vote. According to Dr. Caine, by the end of March 1988, the three doctors had reached no exclusive contractual arrangement with the hospital, largely because of his objections and those of other anesthesiologists. Dr. Caine’s brief declares that “[cjertainly, the manner in which a public hospital is operated is of significant public concern.” The district court, he charges, “guessed” at the time, place, manner, and content of the statements made.
It cannot be denied that the context in which a public employee expresses himself may be relevant to determining whether the speech expressed a matter of “public *1416concern.” Noyola v. Texas Dep’t of Human Resources, 846 F.2d 1021, 1023 (5th Cir.1988). But context alone cannot transform an inherently self-interested opinion into one that implicates public issues. Had Dr. Caine proclaimed his opposition to Dr. Hardy’s exclusive contract proposal from the steps of the Mississippi capítol, the characterization of this speech would not differ. Dr. Caine’s alleged remarks concerned solely the internal management of the hospital anesthesiology department and reflected an intra-office dispute rather than an expression of opinion necessary for society to make informed decisions.
One may speculate that the public at large would have an interest in knowing whether Hinds General elected to enter an exclusive contract with only three anesthesiologists. Potential patients might want to know whether or not they would be able to utilize the services of their personal anesthesiologists at Hinds General, but a similarly attenuated argument was raised and rejected in Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. at 148-49, 103 S.Ct. at 1690. The Supreme Court noted that by such reasoning, any activity that occurs within a government office might be deemed a matter of public concern. Such a constitutionalization of primarily intra-office disputes would invite undesirable judicial interference into mundane governmental operations, however, with hardly even a marginal effect on the vigorous debate of public issues secured by the first amendment.
We have rejected this type of argument in our own decisions as well:
Because almost anything that occurs within a public agency could be of concern to the public, we do not focus on the inherent interest or importance of the matters discussed by the employee. Rather, our task is to decide whether the speech at issue in a particular case was made primarily in the plaintiff’s role as citizen or primarily in his role as employee.
Terrell v. University of Tex. System Police, 792 F.2d 1360, 1362 (5th Cir.1986) (emphasis added); accord Ayoub v. Texas A & M Univ., 927 F.2d 834, 837 (5th Cir.1991). Dr. Caine did not object to the award of an exclusive anesthesia contract solely, or even primarily, because of his concern as a citizen for the sound management of his local hospital. Rather, his objections stemmed from his perfectly normal, but private interest as a hospital staff member that his job be as remunerative as possible. In Terrell’s terms, Dr. Caine’s speech was made in his role as employee.
The scope of this holding is narrow. In many cases, a district court confronted with sparse allegations of a first amendment violation in the government employment context may not be able to evaluate the “content, form and context” until discovery or appropriate motions have fleshed out the allegations of a plaintiff’s complaint. This is not such a case, however, for we discern no legitimate basis on which to characterize Dr. Caine’s allegations, so clearly dependent upon his personal economic stake in the anesthesiology department, as embodying a matter of truly public concern. The district court did not err in concluding that Dr. Caine’s proposed amendment failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.
Y. CONCLUSION
We end where we began. Dr. Caine’s summary suspension for reasons of patient safety was procedurally safeguarded in such a way as to satisfy fourteenth amendment due process standards, either under the classic Mathews test or under Ziner-mon’s wrinkle on the Parratt/Hudson doctrine. His opposition to his colleagues’ request for an exclusive anesthesiology contract with Hinds County General Hospital was not speech on a matter of public concern protected by the first amendment. The district court therefore properly dismissed his complaint.
AFFIRMED.
. Hinds County General Hospital, Medical Staff Bylaws, Rules and Regulations (1987).
. The bylaws provide in relevant part:
ARTICLE VI.
CORRECTIVE ACTION
Section 1: Procedure.
a. Whenever ... any member of the Medical Staff ... has cause to question, with respect to an individual holding a current Medical Staff appointment:
(2) His care or treatment of a patient or patients or his management of a case;
a written request for an investigation shall be addressed to the Executive Committee making specific reference to the activity or conduct which gives rise to the request....
b. The Executive Committee shall forward any requests for corrective action to the Section Chief of the Clinical Section in which the questioned activity or conduct occurred, and to the Chief of Staff. The Chief of Staff shall immediately appoint a three member ad hoc committee consisting of members of the Clinical Section or department affected to investigate the matter. Within twenty (20) days after the receipt of the request for corrective action, the committee shall forward its written report of the investigation to the Executive Committee. Prior to the making of any such report that would recommend probation, reduction, suspension or revocation of clinical privileges, ... the practitioner against whom corrective action has been requested shall have an opportunity for an interview with the ad hoc investigative committee. At such interview, the affected practitioner shall be informed of the general nature of the charges against him, and shall be invited to discuss, explain or refute them....
c. Within ten (10) days following the receipt of the report of the ad hoc committee, the Executive Committee shall take action upon the request. Such action may include, without limitation:
(4) Recommending reduction, suspension or revocation of clinical privileges;
d. Any action by the Executive Committee as described [above] shall entitle the practitioner to the procedural rights as provided in Article VII.
Section 2: Summary Suspension.
a. Whenever a practitioner willfully disregards these By-laws or other Hospital policies, or whenever his conduct requires that immediate action be taken to protect the life of any patient(s) or to reduce the substantial likelihood of immediate injury or damage to the health or safety of any patient, ... the Executive Committee of the Medical Staff shall have the authority to summarily suspend ... the clinical privileges of such practitioner....
c. Unless the Executive Committee [no later than five (5) days from the date of such summary suspension] recommends immediate termination of the suspension and cessation of all further corrective action, the practitioner shall be entitled to the procedural rights provided in Article VII of the By-laws_
*1409ARTICLE VII.
HEARING AND APPELLATE REVIEW PROCEDURE
Section 1. Right to Hearing and to Appellate Review.
a. Whenever any individual receives notice of a recommendation of the Executive Committee that, if ratified by decision of the Board of Trustees, will adversely affect ... his/her exercise of clinical privileges, he/she shall be entitled to a hearing before an ad hoc committee of the Medical Staff. If the recommendation of the Executive Committee following such hearing is still adverse to the affected individual, he/she shall be entitled to an appellate review by the Board of Trustees before it makes a final decision on the matter.
Section 4. Composition of Hearing Committee.
a. When a hearing relates to an adverse recommendation of the Executive Committee, such hearing shall be conducted by an ad hoc hearing committee consisting of five (5) members of the Medical Staff appointed by the Chief of Staff in consultation with the Executive Committee. ... No staff member who has actively participated in the consideration of the adverse recommendation shall be appointed as a member to this hearing committee_ Further, no staff member who is in direct economic competition with the Medical Staff member involved shall be appointed as a member to this hearing committee.
Section 5. Conduct of Hearing.
e. The affected individual shall be entitled to be accompanied by and/or represented at the
hearing by a member of the Medical Staff in good standing, or by a member of his local professional society....
h. Each party shall have the following rights: To call and examine witnesses, to introduce written evidence, to cross-examine any witness or any matter relevant to the issue of the hearing, to challenge any witness and to rebut any evidence....
j. Within twenty (20) days after final adjournment of the hearing, the hearing committee shall make a written report and recommendation and shall forward the same together with the hearing record and all other documentation to the Executive Committee_ The report may recommend confirmation, modification or rejection of the original adverse recommendation of the Executive Committee. ...
k. Within twenty (20) days after the receipt of the report of the hearing committee, the Executive Committee ... shall consider the same and render its decision....
Section 6. Appeal to the Board of Trustees.
a. Within ten (10) days after receipt of a notice by an affected individual of an adverse recommendation or decision made or adhered to after a hearing as provided, he/she may ... request an appellate review by the Board of Trustees.
. As recently as 1987, the Mississippi Supreme Court found no occasion to overrule the common-law doctrine of employment-at-will and create a tort action for wrongful discharge. See *1411Perry v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 508 So.2d 1086, 1089-90 (Miss.1987) (declining to reconsider Kelly v. Mississippi Valley Gas Co., 397 So.2d 874 (Miss.1981)). We note, however, that a federal district court in a diversity case held that the state supreme court "would recognize a limited public policy exception to the employment-at-will rule." Laws v. Aetna Finance Co., 667 F.Supp. 342, 348 (N.D.Miss.1987).
. Although we must assume the truth of Dr. Caine's allegations for purposes of reviewing the court's Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, those allegations must be read in tandem with the vouchsafed exhibits attached to Dr. Caine's complaint. See Zinermon, 110 S.Ct. at 979.
The dissent asserts that as a result of our analysis, Rule 12(b)(6) is a dead letter because we have effectively drawn factual inferences against Dr. Caine, rather than assuming the truth of his allegations. C. Wright, Federal Courts, 3d Ed. § 68. This hyperbole is incorrect. Dr. Caine's complaint nowhere took issue with the original ground for the investigation against him, the death of one of his patients. This fact is clearly stated in the documents attached to his petition. It is our position that this fact invokes the "public safety" rationale for truncated predeprivation process followed by an adequate post-suspension remedy. Zinermon, 110 S.Ct. at 984. We continue to assume that bias infected the outcome of the investigation but, given the exigent circumstances, that defect does not change the due process analysis. To hold otherwise would eviscerate the public safety component of due process analysis.
. For purposes of Parratt/Hudson, this judicial review is an "adequate post-deprivation remedy” for random and unauthorized violations of the hospital regulations. Under the statutory review provisions, the aggrieved physician may appeal to the chancery court within 30 days of receiving notice of the final decision to suspend or revoke his medical privileges. See Miss.Code Ann. § 73-25-93 (incorporating id. § 73-25-27). The statute requires the court to consider whether "the procedures followed by [the hospital] violated its own bylaws for due process.” Wong v. Garden Park Community Hosp., 565 So.2d 550, 553 (Miss.1990). If the procedures did violate the bylaws, the chancery court’s general equity powers would be available for appropriate redress. See Miss.Code Ann. § 73-25-27 (the appeal "shall be conducted as other matters coming before the [chancery] court”); id § 9-1-19 (chancery courts may "grant injunctions all other remedial writs, in all cases where the same may properly be granted according to right and justice”).
Furthermore, the aggrieved physician may pursue an action for damages against any person, including the hospital itself, who is responsible for the violations of the bylaws. The statute grants immunity only for "any action taken without malice in carrying out the provisions of [the medical staff bylaw requirements].” Id § 73-25-93(2) (emphasis added). As the Mississippi Supreme Court noted in Wong v. Garden Park Community Hospital, "[t]he statutory scheme does not foreclose an independent legal action to determine the propriety of the termination on the facts.” 565 So.2d at 553 (quoting *1415Wong v. Stripling, 881 F.2d 200, 202 (5th Cir.1989)). For example, individual physicians who intentionally violated hospital bylaws in order to drive a competitor out of business might be liable for tortious interference with business relations. See Galloway v. Travelers Ins. Co., 515 So.2d 678, 682-83 (Miss.1987).