ON REMAND FROM THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
Before TJOFLAT, Chief Judge, FAY and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges. TJOFLAT, Chief Judge:In Burden v. Zant, 903 F.2d 1352 (11th Cir.1990) (Burden II), rev’d and remanded in part, — U.S.-, 111 S.Ct. 862, 112 L.Ed.2d 962 (1991) (per curiam), we rejected Jimmie Burden, Jr.’s claim that his counsel labored under a conflict of interest in violation of Burden’s Sixth Amendment right to effective counsel. Burden II, 903 F.2d at 1361. Specifically, Burden alleged in his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (1988), that his *772counsel, while representing both him and Henry Lee Dixon, negotiated transactional immunity for Dixon, who wound up as the principal witness against Burden at trial. Burden advanced this factual allegation in support of his claim that a conflict of interest hampered his counsel’s performance.
The Supreme Court remanded the case for us to “consider petitioner’s conflict-of-interest claim free from [our] erroneous failure to credit the state trial court’s finding 1 that Dixon testified under a grant of immunity.” Burden v. Zant, — U.S. -,-, 111 S.Ct. 862, 865, 112 L.Ed.2d 962 (1991) (per curiam).2 The state trial court’s observation that Dixon testified under a grant of immunity appeared in a standard post-conviction report required under Georgia law in all capital cases as an administrative convenience to facilitate the Georgia Supreme Court’s review. See infra note 6.
In this opinion, we make explicit that the state trial court’s observation is not entitled to a presumption of correctness under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) because material facts were not adequately developed before that court. Id. § 2254(d)(3). Therefore, we once again affirm the district court’s denial of Burden’s habeas petition.
I.3
On August 1, 1981, the police arrested Jimmie Burden, Jr. on a charge of burglarizing his sister’s home. Shortly thereafter, the state trial court appointed Kenneth Kondritzer, the public defender for the Middle Judicial Circuit of Georgia,4 to represent Burden. On September 15, 1981, while Burden was awaiting trial on the burglary charge, his nephew, Henry Lee Dixon, gave a statement to the police implicating petitioner in the unsolved 1974 murders of Louise Wynn and her three children. Based on this statement, the police obtained warrants charging both Burden and Dixon with the four murders. The court appointed Kondritzer, who continued to represent Burden, to represent Dixon as well.
On November 19, 1981, the court held a committal hearing for Dixon in Washington County, Georgia. Kondritzer appeared on Dixon’s behalf. The court determined at this hearing that there was not probable cause to hold Dixon for any of the murders; the court, however, granted the State’s motion to require Dixon, as a material witness, to post a $50,000 bond to guarantee his appearance at trial. Dixon did not post this bond and remained in custody until the close of Burden’s trial.
The grand jury indicted Burden on December 7, 1981, for the four murders. At the end of December, Kondritzer left the public defender’s office, and Michael Moses, the other member of the public defender’s office,5 took over Burden’s case. At Burden’s trial in March 1982, Dixon’s testimony provided the key evidence linking petitioner to the murders. The jury convicted petitioner on all counts.
At sentencing, the jury found one statutory aggravating circumstance and recommended death sentences for each murder.6 *773The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed all four convictions and three of the four death sentences. Burden v. State, 250 Ga. 313, 297 S.E.2d 242 (1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1103, 103 S.Ct. 1803, 76 L.Ed.2d 367 (1983).
After exhausting his state remedies, Burden unsuccessfully sought a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia. Burden v. Zant, 690 F.Supp. 1040 (M.D.Ga.1988). On appeal, we remanded the case to the district court for an evidentiary hearing on Burden’s conflict-of-interest claim because the record was not sufficient to permit a proper analysis of this claim. Burden v. Zant, 871 F.2d 956, 957 (11th Cir.1989) (.Burden I). After the district court completed an evidentiary hearing and entered findings of fact and conclusions of law, we affirmed the district court’s denial of the petition. Burden II, 903 F.2d at 1361. As previously noted, the Supreme Court subsequently reversed our decision with respect to one aspect of petitioner’s conflict-of-interest claim and remanded the case. Burden, — U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 865.
II.
Burden claims that his counsel, Kondrit-zer, secured transactional immunity for Dixon in exchange for Dixon’s testimony against petitioner at trial.7 According to Burden, this agreement effectively put Kondritzer in the position of having to sacrifice one client, Burden, in order to protect another client, Dixon. After striking a deal with the State, Kondritzer, to enforce the agreement, had to advise a key witness to implicate his own client. Thus, concludes petitioner, Kondritzer labored under a conflict of interest which adversely affected his representation of petitioner, in violation of petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel.
In our prior opinion, we affirmed as not clearly erroneous the district court’s conclusion, reached after a full evidentiary hearing, that “there is [no] evidence of transactional immunity being granted to Henry Lee Dixon....” Burden II, 903 F.2d at 1360. Neither the district court nor this court made explicit reference to the observation by the state trial court, in its mandatory post-conviction report, that Dixon testified under a grant of immunity. Specifically, our opinion did not explain why the state trial court’s observation is not entitled to a presumption of correctness under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). We now make plain what once was unclear.
As required under Georgia law, O.C.G.A. § 17-10-35(a) (1990), the state trial court in the present case completed a post-conviction report.8 In an addendum to this standard questionnaire, the court, in explaining why it thought that the death sentence was appropriate in this case, described, among other things, Dixon’s testimony. The court stated that “[t]he State’s case depended primarily upon the testimony and credibility of Henry Lee Dixon which was corroborated by [Burden’s] potential for violence.... Dixon was grant*774ed immunity from prosecution and the jury was properly informed of this fact and an appropriate charge was given by the court to the jury.”
A state court finding of historical fact is generally entitled to a presumption of correctness. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). In certain circumstances, however, this presumption does not attach. See id. § 2254(d)(1)—(8). As we explain below, we conclude that the material fact at issue here — whether Kondritzer negotiated and obtained transactional immunity for Dixon in exchange for testifying against petitioner — was not adequately developed before the state trial court. Therefore, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(3), we may not presume the correctness of the state trial court’s comment on Dixon’s immunity.9
There was never a hearing on the issue of Dixon’s immunity in the state trial court and the court’s comment on Dixon’s immunity did not appear in the context of findings of fact and conclusions of law.10 The trial court completed the post-conviction report based on its impression of what occurred during petitioner’s trial. See Burden, — U.S. at-, 111 S.Ct. at 864.11 The only evidence presented at trial suggesting that the State granted Dixon immunity in exchange for his testimony against Burden appeared in Dixon’s response to Moses’ questions on cross-examination. The examination went as follows:
Q: (By Moses): Now, Mr. Dixon, have you been promised anything for your testimony today?
A: (By Dixon): Immunity.
Q: You've been promised immunity in order to testify? Is that correct?
A: Correct.
Q: Have you been told that you could get out of jail as soon as you testified? A: Not really.
Q: Not really. What have you been told about you getting released from jail?
A: I can’t really say.
*775Q: Your Honor, I ask that you direct the witness to answer my question.
BY THE COURT: I think he said I can’t say, and I don’t know whether that means his inability to say or he doesn't know or what reason, and I would let counsel for the defendant exhaust it further. Now, if you have a reason, I don’t understand when you say I can’t say. Perhaps, you don’t know. I don’t know what your answer is in that regard. That's not descriptive to me nor to the jury, so please elaborate.
A: I just don’t know.
BY MR. MOSES: You just don’t know? A: No.
The trial court’s impression that Dixon had received immunity also may have arisen from counsels’ closing arguments to the jury. The prosecutor stated that “[Dixon’s] testimony may have, granted, we may have offered him immunity. I think you realize that we did. I’ll tell you that we did. Nothing ever came of it because the Court dismissed the charges as was stipulated.” Similarly, Moses, in closing, argued that Dixon “acknowledged ... on the stand that he received immunity, don’t know for what, but [he] received it.”
In our opinion, it is clear that whether Kondritzer actually negotiated and obtained transactional immunity for Dixon from the prosecution in exchange for Dixon’s testimony against petitioner was not adequately developed in the state trial court. At trial, this fact was only important as a means for petitioner to impeach Dixon; therefore, the parties spent little time or effort debating it.12 Furthermore, Moses’ cross-examination of Dixon raised more questions than it resolved: this colloquy does not settle what type of deal Dixon purportedly reached with the State; who, if anyone, negotiated this deal for Dixon; or the extent of Dixon’s and the State’s obligations under this deal. It is this very uncertainty surrounding key factual questions relevant to Burden’s allegation that Dixon testified under a grant of transactional immunity negotiated by Burden’s counsel that prompted us to order a federal evidentiary hearing.13 See Burden I, 871 F.2d at 957.
Thus, in our judgment, it would be improper to presume the correctness of the state trial court’s comment about Dixon’s immunity. Rather, it was essential that the district court, on habeas corpus review, conduct a full and fair hearing regarding the facts surrounding petitioner’s claim. Only in this way could the parties adequately develop the material facts of petitioner’s claim — principally, whether Dixon testified under a grant of transactional immunity that Kondritzer obtained from the prosecution — so that we could make an informed decision concerning the merits of this claim.
After a full hearing, the district court concluded that Dixon did not testify under a grant of transactional immunity or pursuant to a promise that the State would not prosecute him for his part in the crimes at issue. This finding by the district court is not clearly erroneous. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that petitioner’s conflict-of-interest claim is merit-less. See Burden II, 903 F.2d at 1359-60.
III.
In summary, we hold that the state trial court’s comment that Dixon testified under *776a grant of immunity is not entitled to a presumption of correctness because this material fact was not adequately developed before the trial court. Instead, we affirm the district court’s finding, which was reached after a full and fair evidentiary hearing, that Dixon did not testify under a grant of immunity. Accordingly, we conclude that petitioner’s conflict-of-interest claim is meritless.
The judgment of the district court is, accordingly,
AFFIRMED.
. In our judgment, the state trial court’s statements in the post-conviction report are not factual findings; they were not the product of an adversary proceeding before the court. See infra note 8. Rather, as we explain infra note 6, they constitute personal impressions of the trial judge rendered for the purpose of aiding the Georgia Supreme Court’s appellate review.
. In another part of its opinion, the Supreme
Court noted its agreement with Burden's claim that we “improperly failed to give a presumption of correctness to a state-court factual finding, in violation of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).” Burden, -U.S. at-, 111 S.Ct. at 863. Considering that the Court did not suggest that none of the exceptions to a presumption of correctness listed in § 2254(d)(1) — (8) applies, we do not read its opinion as foreclosing our consideration of these exceptions.
. For a complete exposition of the facts of this case, see Burden II, 903 F.2d at 1355-57, and Burden v. State, 250 Ga. 313, 297 S.E.2d 242 (1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1103, 103 S.Ct. 1803, 76 L.Ed.2d 367 (1983).
. The public defender’s office had two members: Kondritzer, the public defender, and Michael Moses, his junior colleague.
. See supra note 4.
. Under Georgia law, the jury’s sentencing recommendation is binding on the trial court, *773which actually sentences the defendant. O.C.G.A. § 17-10-31 (1990).
. Burden advances two other factual bases for his conflict-of-interest claim, see Burden II, 903 F.2d at 1360, neither of which is affected by the Supreme Court’s remand and therefore before us today.
. Under Georgia law, a trial court must file a report in every case in which the death penalty is imposed. O.C.G.A. § 17-10-35(a). This report is "an administrative convenience” that the Georgia Supreme Court uses to facilitate appellate review of capital cases. Thomas v. State, 240 Ga. 393, 242 S.E.2d 1, 7 (1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 914, 98 S.Ct. 2255, 56 L.Ed.2d 415 (1978). The report itself is a standard
61/2-page questionnaire, designed to elicit information about the defendant, the crime, and the circumstances of the trial. It requires the trial judge to characterize the trial in several ways designed to test for arbitrariness and disproportionality of sentence. Included in the report are responses to detailed questions concerning the quality of the defendant's representation, whether race played a role in the trial, and, whether, in the trial court’s judgment, there was any doubt about the defendant’s guilt or the appropriateness of the sentence.
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 167-68, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 2922, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976).
.At the time of petitioner’s trial, it had “been indicated, although not decided, that(, under Georgia law,] a prosecutor may make an agreement to forgo prosecution only with the approval of the court." State v. Hanson, 249 Ga. 739, 295 S.E.2d 297, 303 (1982); see abo Smith v.. State, 74 Ga.App. 777, 41 S.E.2d 541, 546-48 (dictum), cert. denied, 332 U.S. 772, 68 S.Ct. 86, 92 L.Ed. 357 (1947). Indeed, the prosecutor in charge of petitioner’s case, who allegedly offered Dixon immunity, testified in the district court that “in each instance ... where a person was given transactional immunity, it was done so in writing.” Six months after the jury convicted petitioner, the Georgia Supreme Court held that "a valid promise to forgo prosecution ... must, first, contain a description of the crimes or transactions in regard to which an individual is excused from prosecution. Secondly [sic], the prosecutor must obtain court approval of an agreement to forgo prosecution." Hanson, 295 S.E.2d at 302. (These requirements do not apply to agreements to testify in exchange for use immunity.)
We would expect, then, to find some documentary evidence establishing that Dixon received a promise to forgo prosecution in exchange for his testimony pursuant to a court-approved agreement between his attorney and the prosecutor. The record, however, contains none. See Burden II, 903 F.2d at 1360. Petitioner instead relies on informal negotiations between his attorney and the prosecutor to support his claim that Dixon testified under a grant of immunity. Thus, the record may be insufficient to support the state court’s observation. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8). We, however, do not rely on this deficiency in deciding that the state trial court’s observation is not entitled to a presumption of correctness.
. In our view, these observations alone render § 2254(d)’s presumption of correctness inapplicable. See supra note 1. Section 2254(d) unequivocally applies only to "a determination after a hearing on the merits of a factual issue, made by a State court ... in a proceeding to which the applicant for the writ and the State ... were parties_” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Perhaps equally important, half of the exceptions to § 2254(d)’s presumption of correctness, including the one we discuss in this opinion, id. § 2254(d)(3), on their face apply only to state court findings made pursuant to a hearing. See id. § 2254(d)(1), (2), (3), (6). With all due respect to the High Court, we believe that Sumner v. Mata, 449 U.S. 539, 101 S.Ct. 764, 66 L.Ed.2d 722 (1981), is not to the contrary. There, unlike in the present case, both parties were "given an opportunity to be heard and [the issue] received plenary consideration" before the appellate court made its finding. Id. at 546, 101 S.Ct. at 768. We nevertheless are bound by the Supreme Court’s opinion which suggests, without discussion of Sumner or the explicit language of § 2254(d), that § 2254(d) does apply.
. The trial court noted in its report that it also relied on unspecified information provided by petitioner’s counsel.
. Indeed, at the district court's evidentiary hearing on this matter, the prosecutor testified that he did not consider Dixon’s testimony regarding the immunity issue, at the time of the trial, to have been "significant or important.”
. The recent case of Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 1715, 118 L.Ed.2d 318 (1992), is inapposite. Keeney held that a habeas petitioner will be entitled to a federal hearing on facts he or she failed to develop in state court only if he or she either (1) establishes cause for failing to develop the facts in state court and prejudice arising from that failure or (2) demonstrates that a fundamental miscarriage of justice would result from the denial of a federal hearing. Id. at-, 112 S.Ct. at 1720-21. Keeney did not affect a federal court’s discretion to hold an evidentiary hearing on material facts not adequately developed in state court, even if the hearing is not mandatory. See id. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 1727 (O’Connor, J., dissenting). More specifically, Keeney did not require a party in a habeas proceeding to establish cause and prejudice in order to establish *776that material facts were not developed in the state court.