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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 11-14512
________________________
Agency No. A029-334-191
SAMMIR A. POVEDA,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllRespondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
________________________
(August 27, 2012)
Before WILSON, PRYOR, and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.
PRYOR, Circuit Judge:
The main question presented by this petition for review is whether a
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removable alien is eligible for a waiver of inadmissability, under section 212(h) of
the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h), if he remains within the
United States, but fails to apply for an adjustment of his status, 8 U.S.C. § 1255.
Sammir Poveda, a lawful permanent resident, petitions for review of a decision of
the Board of Immigration Appeals that vacated an immigration judge’s decision
that Poveda is eligible for a hardship waiver under section 212(h). The
immigration judge had determined that Poveda is eligible for a hardship waiver
based on a misreading of our decisions in Lanier v. United States Attorney
General, 631 F.3d 1363 (11th Cir. 2011), and Yeung v. INS, 76 F.3d 337 (11th
Cir. 1995). Poveda argues that, as an alien lawfully present in the United States,
he need not concurrently apply for an adjustment of his status, but we must defer
to the contrary interpretation of section 212(h) by the Board. See 8 U.S.C. §
1182(h); 8 C.F.R. § 1245.1(f). And we reject Poveda’s argument that the
interpretation by the Board would violate his right to equal protection as a
component of due process of law, U.S. CONST. AMEND. V. Poveda’s alternative
argument that he qualifies as an inadmissable alien, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13),
eligible for a hardship waiver under section 212(h) also fails. We deny Poveda’s
petition for review.
I. BACKGROUND
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Sammir Poveda is a native and citizen of Nicaragua. After his admittance
into the United States, Poveda adjusted his status in 2002 to that of an alien
lawfully admitted for permanent residence under the Nicaraguan Adjustment and
Central American Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-100, 111 Stat. 2160, 2193
(1997). In 2007, a Florida court convicted Poveda of the offense of battery on a
child by bodily fluids, see Fla. Stat. Ann. § 784.085(1), and soon afterward, the
Department of Homeland Security commenced removal proceedings against him,
see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i), id. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), id. § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i).
Poveda applied for a hardship waiver of removal under section 212(h). An
immigration judge determined that Poveda was removable, but granted Poveda’s
application for a waiver under section 212(h) by interpreting our decisions in
Lanier, 631 F.3d 1363, and Yeung, 76 F.3d 337, to mean that an alien is eligible
for a hardship waiver regardless of whether the alien has concurrently applied for
an adjustment of status. The government appealed that decision to the Board of
Immigration Appeals.
The Board vacated the immigration judge’s decision, based on the decisions
of two of our sister circuits, see Cabral v. Holder, 632 F.3d 886 (5th Cir. 2011);
Klementanovsky v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 788 (7th Cir. 2007), that an alien must
“submit an application for a 212(h) waiver concurrently with an application for a
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visa, admission, or adjustment of status.” The Board also concluded that the
immigration judge had misread our precedents. The Board reasoned that Lanier
stood “for the proposition that an alien who adjusted to lawful permanent resident
status is not necessarily barred from seeking a waiver under section 212(h) . . . as a
result of having been convicted of an aggravated felony,” and that the reference to
Yeung in Lanier was intended to explain only “that a 212(h) waiver may be
granted by an Immigration Judge in removal proceedings as opposed to being a
form of relief restricted to aliens seeking physical entry into the United States.”
Because it concluded that Poveda was ineligible for the hardship waiver, the
Board ordered the removal of Poveda to Nicaragua.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
“This Court reviews only the decision of the [Board], except to the extent
that it expressly adopts the [immigration judge’s] opinion.” Nreka v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 408 F.3d 1361, 1368 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“To the extent that the [Board’s] . . . decision was based on a legal determination,
review is de novo.” Id. Although we lack jurisdiction “to review a decision of the
Attorney General to grant or deny a waiver,” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h), “[w]e have
jurisdiction to review the legal question of whether [Poveda] is statutorily eligible
to apply for a § 212(h) waiver.” Lanier, 631 F.3d at 1365 n.2. And, we have
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jurisdiction to consider constitutional challenges to the interpretation by the Board
of the statute it administers. See 8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(2)(D). Although “[w]e review
the [Board’s] statutory interpretation de novo,” we “will defer to the [Board’s]
interpretation of a statute if it is reasonable and does not contradict the clear intent
of Congress.” Jaggernauth v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 432 F.3d 1346, 1350 (11th Cir.
2005). “[J]udicial deference to the Executive Branch is especially appropriate in
the immigration context[.]” INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425, 119 S. Ct.
1439, 1445 (1999). “We review constitutional challenges . . . de novo,” Lapaix v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 1138, 1143 (11th Cir. 2010), and “federal classifications
such as those at issue in § 212 of the [Act] are subject to minimal scrutiny under
the rational basis standard of review, and are valid if not arbitrary or
unreasonable.” Yeung, 76 F.3d at 339. “Under the rational basis standard, the
[alien] bears the burden of establishing that the government regulation is arbitrary
or unreasonable, and not rationally related to the government’s purpose.” Id.
III. DISCUSSION
We divide our discussion in two parts. First, we discuss whether Poveda, as
an alien within our borders, is eligible for a hardship waiver without concurrently
applying for an adjustment of his status. Second, we discuss whether Poveda is an
applicant for admission.
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A. As an Alien Within Our Borders, Poveda is Ineligible for a Hardship Waiver
Unless He Applies for an Adjustment of His Status.
“Section 212(h)(1)(B) of the [Act] gives the Attorney General the discretion
to waive the immigration consequences of certain criminal convictions if a person
demonstrates that [his or] her removal or denial of admission would result in
extreme hardship to a U.S. citizen family member.” Lanier, 631 F.3d at 1365. On
its face, the waiver is available only to aliens charged with inadmissibility in
removal proceedings and only when the Attorney General has agreed to grant an
alien’s application for a visa, for admission, or for an adjustment of status:
The Attorney General may, in his discretion, waive the application of
[certain grounds of inadmissibility] . . . if . . . the Attorney General, in
his discretion, and pursuant to such terms . . . as he may by regulations
prescribe, has consented to the alien’s applying or reapplying for a visa,
for admission to the United States, or adjustment of status.
8 U.S.C. § 1182(h).
Although section 212(h) mentions no grounds of deportability and, on its
face, applies only to aliens charged with inadmissibility, the Board earlier took the
position that a lawful permanent resident present in the United States could apply
for a waiver under section 212(h) during deportation proceedings so long as he
“depart[ed], return[ed], and then appl[ied] for a waiver.” Klementanovsky, 501
F.3d at 793. See, e.g., Matter of Sanchez, 17 I. & N. Dec. 218, 222–24 (BIA
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1980). In Yeung, we ruled that the position of the Board that an alien is ineligible
for the waiver “simply by virtue of his failure to depart and reenter” was “to
recognize a distinction that can only be characterized as arbitrary, and that is
without a fair and substantial relation to the object of the legislation.” Yeung, 76
F.3d at 340 (internal quotation marks omitted). We remanded that matter to the
Board to “afford the Attorney General, in whom Congress has vested the authority
to rule on legal questions arising from the immigration law, the opportunity to
reconsider and construe § 212(h) consistent with the competing statutory,
constitutional, and policy interests at stake.” Yeung, 76 F.3d at 341.
In the wake of Yeung, the Board has “abandoned” its previous position.
Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 794. The Board now interprets section 212(h) to
provide that the Attorney General may grant a waiver in two situations: first, the
Attorney General may provide a waiver to an alien at the border who seeks
admission, including an alien who has departed the United States after committing
a deportable offense, so long as the alien remains outside our borders while
applying for relief; and second, the Attorney General may provide a waiver to an
alien within our borders after his conviction for a deportable offense so long as he
applies for an adjustment of status. Cf. Matter of Abosi, 24 I. & N. Dec. 204, 205
(BIA 2007). And federal regulations provide that, for aliens who apply for a
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hardship waiver while within the United States, an application for an adjustment
of status “shall be the sole method of requesting the exercise of discretion under
section 212 . . . (h) . . . .” 8 C.F.R. § 1245.1(f). See Abosi, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 205
n. 2 (interpreting the regulation and distinguishing aliens seeking admission, who
need not apply for an adjustment of status in conjunction with a request for a
waiver under section 212(h), and aliens in the United States who must apply for
status adjustment).
Poveda argues that he is statutorily eligible for a waiver. He contends that
our decisions in Lanier and Yeung foreclose the current position of the Board that
an alien who remains within the United States must apply for an adjustment of
status to obtain a waiver under section 212(h). We disagree.
Poveda’s reliance on Lanier is misplaced. In that decision, we construed the
following provision of section 212(h), which is not at issue in this petition for
review: “No waiver shall be granted under this subsection in the case of an alien
who has previously been admitted to the United States as an alien lawfully
admitted for permanent residence if . . . since the date of such admission the alien
had been convicted of an aggravated felony.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h). We concluded
that “the plain language of [the statute] provides that a person must have
physically entered the United States, after inspection, as a lawful permanent
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resident in order to have ‘previously been admitted to the United States as an
alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.’” Lanier, 631 F.3d at 1366–67.
And we determined “that the statutory bar to relief does not apply to those persons
who . . . adjusted to lawful permanent resident status while already living in the
United States.” Id. at 1367. We did not decide whether the alien felon was
otherwise eligible to receive a waiver under section 212(h); we instead remanded
the matter to the Board to consider that question. Id.
Poveda’s reliance on Yeung fares no better. That decision concerned an
interpretation of section 212(h) that the Board has since “backed away from.”
Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 793. In Yeung, the Board “held out the possibility
that a § 212(h) waiver would be available for a deportee who had departed and
returned to this country subsequent to his conviction.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). The Board now construes section 212(h) to allow only those who
seek readmission from outside of our borders or those within our borders who
apply for an adjustment of status to obtain a hardship waiver. Id. That
interpretation is more consistent with the plain language of section 212(h) than the
earlier interpretation by the Board that we addressed in Yeung. Id. at 793–94.
The dissent’s contention that the Board has not abandoned its previous
position in Yeung misunderstands the current state of the governing law,
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especially the changes wrought by the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
Responsibility Act of 1996. The previous position of the Board is no longer
tenable in the light of the 1996 Act, which created an “upheaval in immigration
law,” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 828, 831 (11th Cir. 2004). Before Congress
enacted the 1996 Act, whether an alien had “entered” the United States affected
his legal status. An alien could achieve “entry” by physically crossing into United
States territory regardless of whether the alien crossed legally or evaded
inspection. See Leng May Ma v. Barber, 357 U.S. 185, 188–90, 78 S. Ct. 1072,
1074–75 (1958). Nevertheless, an alien in custody or temporarily paroled
“pending determination of his admissibility” had not entered the United States
even though he was “physically within the United States.” Id. Whether an alien
had “entered” mattered because “important immigration provisions were keyed to
an alien’s ‘entry.’” Assa’ad v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 332 F.3d 1321, 1328 (11th Cir.
2003). Aliens who had not yet entered the United States were subject to
“exclusion” hearings. Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21, 25, 103 S. Ct. 321, 325
(1982). And aliens who had entered the United States, with or without inspection,
were subject to “deportation.” Id.
No longer does “the procedure by which an alien [is] removed from the
United States turn[] on the physical location of the alien.” Assa’ad, 332 F.3d at
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1326. “The distinction now turns on status rather than location.” Id. at 1326 n.10.
“[A]n alien in the United States who has been admitted is subject to deportability
grounds, see INA § 237(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a), while an alien who has not,
regardless of his or her location, is subject to inadmissibility grounds, INA §
212(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a).” Id.
The 1996 Act affected the legal status of a lawful permanent resident who
returned from a trip abroad. Under former section 101(a)(13) of the Immigration
and Nationality Act, a returning permanent resident alien was not regarded as
making “an entry” into the United States so long as the alien’s presence abroad
was not “intended or reasonably . . . expected.” Rosenberg v. Fleuti, 374 U.S.
449, 452, 83 S. Ct. 1804, 1807 (1963) (citing former 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)). In
Fleuti, the Supreme Court held that a lawful permanent resident’s “innocent,
casual and brief” excursion was not sufficiently “interruptive” of the alien
resident’s status to be “intended” and would not be deemed an “entry.” Id. at 462,
83 S. Ct. at 1812. In other words, a lawful permanent resident who made an
“innocent, casual, and brief” excursion abroad was deportable, but not excludable.
Id. The 1996 Act altered the law for permanent residents who returned to the
United States after an “innocent, casual, and brief excursion” abroad. To be sure,
a lawful permanent resident who returns from abroad ordinarily is not considered
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an applicant for admission. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C). But a lawful permanent
resident who commits certain crimes before departure is considered an applicant
for admission upon his return regardless of the length of his trip. 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(13)(C)(v). Had Poveda left the country after committing his sexual
offense, he would have been treated as an applicant for admission upon his return
to this country. Id.
The dissent’s assertion that “aliens who travel abroad following their
conviction and who then face deportation can seek the waiver, even if they need
not overcome a ground of inadmissability during their removal proceedings”
ignores the changes wrought by the 1996 Act. A non-resident alien, who leaves
this country and then returns, may be removed and is subject to grounds of
inadmissability, whether or not he committed a crime before traveling abroad. 8
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(A). And a lawful permanent resident who travels abroad
following a conviction for certain crimes will also be treated as an applicant for
admission upon his return. Id. § 1101(a)(13)(C)(v). Contrary to the dissent’s
assertion, a lawful permanent resident who commits a crime, travels abroad, and
returns is treated like any other alien seeking admission at our border. That the
government may choose to charge a returning lawful permanent resident with
grounds of deportability instead of grounds of inadmissability does not change
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that the lawful permanent resident is subject to grounds of inadmissability upon
his return to this country under section 1101(a)(13)(C)(v). See, e.g., Matter of
Guzman Martinez, 25 I. & N. Dec. 845, 848 n.4 (BIA 2012) (“If a lawful
permanent resident is permitted to reenter the United States after inspection by an
immigration officer but is thereafter determined to have engaged in illegal activity
before reentry, the alien may be subject to a charge of deportability . . . for having
been inadmissible at the time of a prior entry.”). Thus, a waiver of inadmissability
under section 212(h) is available to him. This regime is different from the system
described in Yeung that existed before 1996, where a lawful permanent resident
who committed a crime before embarking on a trip abroad was eligible to receive a
section 212(h) waiver even though he was not considered an applicant for
admission upon his return to this country so long as his trip was “innocent, casual,
and brief.”
The dissent labors under the misapprehension that there are aliens who are
eligible for a waiver under section 212(h) even if they have not sought admission
at the border nor have applied to adjust their status. But the dissent can cite no
decision of the Board after 1996—no decision in the last 16 years—which states
that an alien may receive a waiver under section 212(h) without applying for
admission or for an adjustment of status. Indeed, we are unaware of any decision
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that even discusses that proposition.
The dissent asserts that the opinion of the Board in this matter proves that
the Board continues to adhere to its old approach, but just the opposite is true.
The opinion does not state that Poveda was eligible to receive the waiver so long
as he left and returned, regardless of whether he faced a ground of inadmissability.
Indeed, the opinion provides no citation to a Board precedent decided before 1996
and, of course, no citation to Sanchez. Instead, the opinion cites Abosi to explain
that “a returning legal permanent resident seeking to overcome a ground of
inadmissibility is not required to apply for adjustment of status in conjunction with
a waiver of inadmissability.” And the opinion cites Klementanovosky and Cabral
to explain that, because Poveda was not seeking admission, he was required to
apply for an adjustment of status “in conjunction with a waiver of
inadmissability.” If the Board truly continues to adhere to its old approach, it is
puzzling that it did not explain that Poveda could have been eligible for the
waiver, even if he did not face a ground of inadmissability, so long as he departed
and returned.
The interpretation of the immigration statutes by the Board is “due Chevron
deference where appropriate. Under Chevron, where Congress in a statute has not
spoken unambiguously on an issue, the interpretation of the statute by an agency
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entitled to administer it is entitled to deference so long as it is reasonable.” Chen
v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 565 F.3d 805, 809 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted); see Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense
Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 865, 104 S. Ct. 2778, 2793 (1984). “The degree of
deference is especially great in the field of immigration.” Chen, 565 F.3d at 809
(internal quotation marks omitted); Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. at 425, 119 S. Ct. at
1445. Because section 212(h) is silent about whether an alien within our borders
may obtain a hardship waiver without concurrently applying for an adjustment of
status, we must consider whether the new interpretation of section 212(h) by the
Board is reasonable.
The new interpretation by the Board of section 212(h)—that an alien within
the United States must apply for an adjustment of his status to receive a hardship
waiver—is reasonable. See Cabral, 632 F.3d at 891; Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at
794. Although section 212(h) permits the Attorney General to waive certain
grounds of inadmissibility, not grounds of deportability, an alien within the United
States who applies for an adjustment of status “is assimilated to the position of an
alien outside the United States seeking entry as an immigrant” because an alien
may adjust his status only if he is admissible. CHARLES GORDON ET AL.,
IMMIGRATION LAW AND PROCEDURE § 51.03[3] (rev. ed. 2001); Cabral, 632 F.3d
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at 891; Jankowski-Burczyk v. INS, 291 F.3d 172, 175 n.2 (2d Cir. 2002); see 8
U.S.C. § 1255(i)(2)(A) (an alien may obtain an adjustment in status only if he “is
admissible to the United States . . . .”). The Board reasonably concluded that the
Attorney General may grant a hardship waiver to an alien in that assimilated
position.
Two of our sister circuits likewise have held that the new interpretation by
the Board of section 212(h) is reasonable. In Cabral, the Fifth Circuit upheld the
decision of the Board that an alien was ineligible to apply for a hardship waiver
because he remained within the United States and had not applied for an
adjustment of status, 632 F.3d at 891, and in Klementanovsky, the Seventh Circuit
upheld the same kind of decision, 501 F.3d at 794.
Poveda argues, and the dissent agrees, that there is no rational basis for the
Board to differentiate between aliens, like Poveda, who have failed to travel and
aliens who have self-deported, but the government responds that Congress has
rationally distinguished between aliens who are inadmissible and aliens who are
deportable. We agree with the government.
Poveda and the dissent misconstrue the classifications made by Congress
and the Board. The distinction between an alien who is ineligible for a hardship
waiver and an alien who is eligible for the waiver is not “lack of international
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travel.” Congress and the Board instead have differentiated “between those
criminal aliens who seek to be admitted to the United States, and those criminal
aliens who are being deported from the United States.” Klementanovsky, 501
F.3d at 791–92. The former category of aliens is eligible to apply for a hardship
waiver while the latter category is ineligible to apply for a waiver. Id. at 792.
The new classifications by Congress and the Board are different from the
state of the law before 1996, when a lawful permanent resident could receive a
hardship waiver only if he departed. See, e.g., Matter of Balao, 20 I. & N. Dec.
440, 446 (BIA 1992). After 1996, a lawful permanent resident may obtain the
waiver only if he is an applicant for admission or assimilated to the position of an
applicant for admission by applying for an adjustment of status. In other words, a
waiver of inadmissability is available only to waive grounds of inadmissability.
“Congress has plenary power to pass legislation concerning the admission
and exclusion of aliens,” and “federal classifications that distinguish among
groups of aliens are subject only to rational basis review.” Resendiz-Alcaraz v.
Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1262, 1271 (11th Cir. 2004). “Rational basis review is not
demanding. Rather, a legislative classification subject to rational basis review is
accorded a strong presumption of validity, and review of enactments subject to the
rational basis standard must be a paradigm of judicial restraint.” Id. (internal
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quotation marks and citations omitted). These types of “legislative classifications
must be upheld against an equal protection challenge if there is any reasonably
conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification,
and the burden lies on the [alien] to demonstrate that no conceivable basis exists to
support the classification.” Id. at 1271–72 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). “Our job is not to determine the ultimate wisdom of Congress’ decision
to deny discretionary relief. . . . [R]ational-basis review in equal protection
analysis is not a license for courts to judge the wisdom, fairness, or logic of
legislative choices.” Moore v. Ashcroft, 251 F.3d 919, 926 (11th Cir. 2001)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
There are at least five rational bases for the classifications defined by
Congress and the Board. First, at least in cases where an alien must apply for the
waiver while outside the United States, “Congress might have wanted to ensure
that dangerous people, including those convicted of crimes . . ., remain outside the
United States while their applications for discretionary relief are being
considered.” Cabral, 632 F.3d at 893; Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 792–93.
Second, in these cases, “Congress might have wanted aliens seeking such waivers
to do so from outside the United States in order to discourage them from
attempting to ‘fly under the radar’ of the immigration authorities in the event that
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the discretionary waiver is ultimately denied.” Cabral, 632 F.3d at 893;
Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 793. Third, in these cases, “Congress might have
rationalized that granting a waiver to those who self-deport and seek readmission
at the borders provides an incentive for such aliens to voluntarily depart at their
own expense.” Cabral, 632 F.3d at 893; Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 793.
Fourth, in cases where an alien either remains outside our borders or applies for an
adjustment of status while within our borders, the alien must provide immigration
authorities with information about his whereabouts and “immigration authorities
[gain] a second bite at the apple to intercept and consider otherwise unlawful
aliens.” Cabral, 632 F.3d at 893; Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 793. Fifth,
Congress might have wanted to punish those who were given the opportunity to
become a lawful permanent resident and “repaid that act by commencing a life of
crime” by requiring them to self-deport before the Attorney General considers
their request for a hardship waiver. Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 792.
Chuang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 382 F.3d 1299, 1304 (11th Cir. 2004), is
instructive. In that decision, we reviewed the denial of an alien’s request for relief
from deportation under former section 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality
Act, and the alien argued that the “bar against INA § 212(c) relief for deportable
criminal aliens, and its allowance of § 212(c) relief for excludable aliens,
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violate[d] his right to Equal Protection under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth
Amendment.” Id. at 1303. We rejected the alien’s argument and concluded that
the distinction between a deportable and an excludable alien’s eligibility for relief
under section 212(c) was rational:
A rational and indeed sensible reason can readily be assigned to
Congress’s more lenient treatment of excludable as distinct from
deportable aliens: it creates an incentive for deportable aliens to leave
the country - which is after all the goal of deportation - without their
having to be ordered to leave at the government’s expense. To induce
their voluntary departure, a little carrot is dangled before them,
consisting of the opportunity to seek a waiver should they seek to return
to the country and by doing so trigger exclusion proceedings.
This equal protection issue must not be confused with that in Francis v.
INS, 532 F.2d 268 (2d Cir. 1976), where the government was taking the
irrational position that an alien who after coming to the United States
had taken a trip abroad and returned and was then ordered deported was
entitled to more consideration than one who had never taken a foreign
trip after coming to the United States. That is different from the situation
of an alien who seeks discretionary relief while he is still outside the
United States.
Id. at 1303–04 (quoting LaGuerre v. Reno, 164 F.3d 1035, 1041 (7th Cir. 1998)).
The Board now makes a similar distinction between removable and inadmissible
aliens, and that position is rational for the reasons we articulated in Chuang.
B. So Long as He Remains Within the United States, Poveda is Not an Applicant
for Admission.
Poveda argues, in the alternative, that he is eligible for a hardship waiver
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because he is actually an applicant for admission. Poveda contends that an alien
lawfully admitted for permanent residence “shall not be regarded as seeking an
admission into the United States for purposes of the immigration laws” unless that
alien has committed certain crimes. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C)(v). Poveda
contends that, when an alien commits one of the designated crimes, section
1101(a)(13)(C)(v) mandates that the alien be considered an applicant for
admission. Poveda maintains that, because he has committed one of the
designated crimes, he is an applicant for admission who is eligible for a hardship
waiver.
The Fifth Circuit in Cabral—for good reason—rejected this exact argument
as “utterly without merit.” Cabral, 632 F.3d at 892. The Immigration and
Nationality Act defines the terms “admission” and “admitted” to mean “the lawful
entry of the alien into the United States after inspection and authorization by an
immigration officer.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(A). The latter portion of the statute
“governs the status of [lawful permanent residents] returning to the United States
from a trip abroad.” Onwuamaegbu v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 405, 410 (1st Cir.
2006). The statute clarifies that a permanent resident alien who returns from
abroad is not regarded as seeking an admission each time he reenters the United
States unless the permanent resident has taken certain actions:
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(C) An alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United
States shall not be regarded as seeking an admission into the United
States for purposes of the immigration laws unless the alien—
(i) has abandoned or relinquished that status,
(ii) has been absent from the United States for a continuous
period in excess of 180 days,
(iii) has engaged in illegal activity after having departed the
United States,
(iv) has departed from the United States while under legal process
seeking removal of the alien from the United States, including
removal proceedings under this chapter and extradition
proceedings,
(v) has committed an offense identified in section 1182(a)(2) of
this title, unless since such offense the alien has been granted
relief . . . .,
(vi) is attempting to enter at a time or place other than as
designated by immigration officers or has not been admitted to
the United States after inspection and authorization by an
immigration officer.
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C). Poveda’s argument that he is an applicant for
admission ignores the precept that, “in construing a statute, we do not look at one
word or term in isolation, but instead we look to the entire statutory context,” Durr
v. Shinseki, 638 F.3d 1342, 1349 (11th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and
alteration omitted). The general rule of admissibility is provided in section
1101(a)(13)(A), and an exception is provided in section 1101(a)(13)(C).
Poveda is not “seeking an admission,” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C), because
he has not attempted to reenter the United States after committing a crime, id. §
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1101(a)(13)(A). Poveda is “already lawfully present in the United States.”
Cabral, 632 F.3d at 892. And section 1101(a)(13)(C) is not triggered when a
permanent resident does not leave. See Cabral, 632 F.3d at 892; cf. Vartelas v.
Holder, 132 S. Ct. 1479, 1484–85 (2012) (explaining that “lawful permanent
residents returning . . . may be required to seek an admission into the United
States” if they take any of the actions enumerated in section 101(a)(13)(C))
(internal quotation marks and alteration omitted); Richardson v. Reno, 162 F.3d
1338, 1346–47 (11th Cir. 1998), vacated by Richardson v. Reno, 526 U.S. 1142,
119 S. Ct. 2016 (1999), reinstated in part by Richardson v. Reno, 180 F.3d 1311
(11th Cir. 1999) (“IIRIRA also altered the rules for permanent resident aliens
returning from abroad . . . . [The] new INA § 101(a)(13)(c) provides that ‘an alien
lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States shall not be
regarded as seeking an admission into the United States for purposes of the
immigration laws unless the alien [takes certain actions].’”) (emphasis omitted);
Onwuamaegbu, 470 F.3d at 410.
IV. CONCLUSION
Poveda’s petition for review is denied.
PETITION DENIED.
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MARTIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. The majority states that the BIA has abandoned its
previous interpretation of section 212(h) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h), one
which was held unconstitutional in Yeung v. INS, 76 F.3d 337, 341 (11th Cir.
1995).1 I am not convinced, however, that the BIA has acquiesced to our prior
ruling. To the contrary, the BIA applied essentially the same framework that we
found problematic in Yeung to Mr. Poveda, thus precluding him from seeking a
hardship waiver under section 212(h). Because this BIA decision conflicts with
our prior precedent, I would grant Mr. Poveda’s petition for review, vacate the
BIA’s order, and remand for further proceedings consistent with Yeung.
I.
As this Court observed in Yeung, the BIA precedent that delineates the
availability of the section 212(h) waiver draws an important distinction between
aliens who travel abroad following a conviction and those who do not. See id. at
339–341. Aliens who leave the United States and who are subject to deportation
after they return are automatically eligible for the waiver, regardless of whether
1
Section 212 offers several kinds of waivers. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h). As relevant here,
“[s]ection 212(h)(1)(B) . . . gives the Attorney General the discretion to waive the immigration
consequences of certain criminal convictions if a person demonstrates that her removal or denial
of admission would result in extreme hardship to a U.S. citizen family member.” Lanier v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 631 F.3d 1363, 1365 (11th Cir. 2011).
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they face a charge of inadmissibility. See Matter of Sanchez, 17 I. & N. Dec. 218,
222–23 (BIA 1980).2 In other words, aliens who travel abroad following their
conviction and who then face deportation can seek the waiver, even if they need
not overcome a ground of inadmissibility during their removal proceeding. See id.
Aliens who have returned from travel abroad also need not apply for adjustment of
status in order to be considered for the section 212(h) waiver. See, e.g., Matter of
Balao, 20 I. & N. Dec. 440, 446 (BIA 1992).
By contrast, aliens who do not travel abroad following a conviction are not
automatically eligible for the waiver. Indeed, these aliens cannot seek the waiver
unless they also apply for, and are otherwise eligible for, adjustment of status. See
Matter of Parodi, 17 I. & N. Dec. 608, 611–12 (BIA 1980) (noting that the waiver
can be granted to these aliens “in conjunction with adjustment of status”); Matter
of Bernabella, 13 I. & N. Dec. 42, 43–44 (BIA 1968) (holding that an alien could
not seek the waiver because he was not otherwise eligible for adjustment of
2
In 1996, Congress replaced exclusion and deportation proceedings with “a unified
procedure, known as a ‘removal proceeding,’” for determining whether an alien is inadmissible
or deportable. Judulang v. Holder, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 132 S. Ct. 476, 479 (2011); see also 8
U.S.C. § 1229a(a). Just as the Supreme Court does, I use the term “deportation” as a shorthand
to refer to removals based on deportability. See Judulang, 132 S. Ct. at 483 (referring to
“deportation cases”); Carachuri-Rosendo v. Holder, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 130 S. Ct. 2577, 2580,
2583 (2010) (referring to an alien who “faced deportation” in 2006); Nijhawan v. Holder, 557
U.S. 29, 42, 129 S. Ct. 2294, 2303 (2009) (referring to “a deportation proceeding”). An alien
who is subject to deportation is an alien who is subject to removal because he is deportable under
the INA.
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status). Thus, in the case of an alien who does not travel overseas following a
conviction, and who cannot otherwise seek adjustment of status, the section 212(h)
waiver is simply not available as a form of relief. See Bernabella, 13 I. & N. Dec.
at 43–44; see also Parodi, 17 I. & N. Dec. at 612.
The upshot is that, under BIA precedent, whether an alien who is subject to
deportation is eligible for a waiver under section 212(h) largely hinges on whether
he has traveled abroad after his conviction. Specifically, an alien who cannot
otherwise seek an adjustment of status—but who has made a trip overseas—is
eligible for the waiver. In contrast, an alien who cannot otherwise seek an
adjustment of status—and who has not traveled abroad—is not eligible for relief.
In Yeung, the BIA applied this framework and held that the alien, Mr. Po,
could not seek a section 212(h) waiver. See 76 F.3d at 338. According to the
BIA, Mr. Po was not eligible for this kind of relief because he “(1) could not file
for an adjustment of status, and (2) had not demonstrated that he had departed and
returned to the United States” following his conviction. Id. Before this Court, Mr.
Po argued that the BIA’s decision violated the equal protection of the laws, and we
agreed. See id. at 339–41. We concluded that the BIA’s decision to distinguish
between aliens who had traveled abroad and those who had not was “arbitrary.”
Id. at 340. Precluding an alien, like Mr. Po, of the chance to seek the hardship
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waiver “simply by virtue of his failure to depart and reenter” was impermissible.
Id.
In Yeung, we remanded the matter to the BIA for it to reconsider its
precedent, see id. at 341, but as far as I can tell, the BIA has not done so. Here, in
concluding that Mr. Poveda was not eligible for the hardship waiver under section
212(h), the BIA emphasized that he had not “left and re-entered the United States”
following his offense. And, in summarizing its analysis, the BIA reiterated that
Mr. Poveda was not “a returning lawful permanent resident.” This is the same
framework we found to be a problem in Yeung.
I recognize that in this case, the BIA did not explicitly say that Mr. Poveda
was ineligible for adjustment of status. It merely noted that he had not applied for
adjustment of status. However, I do not understand the BIA to have thereby
adopted the rule—contrary to its precedent—that an alien can seek a section
212(h) waiver by merely filing an application for adjustment of status, even if that
alien is not otherwise eligible for adjustment of status. See, e.g., Bernabella, 13 I.
& N. Dec. at 43–44; see also Parodi, 17 I. & N. Dec. at 611–12. And here, it is
undisputed that Mr. Poveda could not have sought adjustment of status.3
3
In order to be eligible for adjustment of status, “an immigrant visa [must be]
immediately available to the alien at the time his application is filed.” 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a). Mr.
Poveda has stated that an immigrant visa was not available to him, and neither the BIA nor the
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Thus, like Mr. Po, Mr. Poveda was rendered ineligible for the section 212(h)
waiver “simply by virtue of his failure to depart and reenter” the United States.
Yeung, 76 F.3d at 340. As in Yeung, the BIA’s analysis here reflects a critical
distinction between aliens who have “departed and returned to this country at
some point after they became deportable” and those “whose fate has not led them
to sojourn.” Id. at 341. It is evident that, had Mr. Poveda traveled abroad after his
conviction and then returned to the United States, the BIA would have deemed
him eligible for the section 212(h) waiver. In view of our decision in Yeung,
which rejected this framework, I do not think the BIA’s ruling in Mr. Poveda’s
case can stand.
II.
The majority sets aside Mr. Poveda’s claim on the ground that the BIA has
abandoned the framework that it previously espoused. See Majority Op. at 7, 9.
Specifically, the majority says that the BIA “now construes section 212(h) to allow
only those who seek readmission from outside of our borders or those within our
borders who apply for an adjustment of status to obtain a hardship waiver.” Id. at
9. The majority thus suggests that the key distinction is between 1) aliens who are
seeking admission or otherwise assimilated to the position of those who are
government has suggested otherwise.
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seeking admission and 2) aliens who are not. See id. at 16–17.4 What matters
now, the majority indicates, is whether an alien is formally or functionally seeking
admission. See id.
I cannot agree because this view fails to take into account governing BIA
precedent and ignores a critical aspect of the BIA’s actual analysis in Mr.
Poveda’s case, which applied that precedent. As set out above, the section 212(h)
waiver is available to aliens who travel abroad following a conviction and who are
then subject to deportation following their return to the United States because of
their conviction, and not their inadmissibility. See Sanchez, 17 I. & N. Dec. at
222–23. Also, aliens who meet this description need not apply for adjustment of
status to receive the waiver. See Balao, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 446. However, these
aliens cannot be described as ones who are seeking admission or ones who are
essentially in that same position.
To begin, these aliens cannot be said to be seeking admission because they
are already back in the United States and they are not charged with inadmissibility
at the time of reentry. Likewise, these aliens cannot be said to be assimilated to
4
The BIA considers an application for adjustment of status to be “a procedural
mechanism by which an alien is assimilated to the position of one seeking to enter the United
States.” Matter of Rainford, 20 I. & N. Dec. 598, 601 (BIA 1992). This is because, like an alien
seeking admission, an applicant for adjustment of status must show that he is admissible to the
United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a).
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the position of those who are seeking admission because they are not applying for
adjustment of status. So, contrary to what the majority suggests, there are some
aliens who are neither seeking admission nor otherwise assimilated to the position
of aliens seeking admission whom the BIA treats as eligible for the section 212(h)
waiver. These are aliens who have traveled abroad. See Sanchez, 17 I. & N. Dec.
at 222–23.
The BIA applied the reasoning set forth in this precedent to Mr. Poveda’s
case. In rejecting Mr. Poveda’s claim of eligibility, the BIA emphasized that he
had not “left and re-entered the United States” and that, as such, he was not “a
returning lawful permanent resident.” This reflects the continuing application of
BIA precedent, which allows an alien who has traveled abroad and who is then
subject to deportation to seek the section 212(h) waiver, even when his
admissibility is not at issue and even in the absence of an application for
adjustment of status. See Balao, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 446; Sanchez, 17 I. & N. Dec.
at 222–23. For these reasons, and unlike the majority, I cannot say that the BIA
has abandoned the framework that we rejected in Yeung.
III.
The majority states that I have “misunderst[ood] the current state of the
governing law” because I have “ignore[d]” changes instituted by IIRIRA.
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Majority Op. at 9–10, 12. But the majority never explains how any of the IIRIRA
provisions it cites had the effect of changing the BIA precedent which led to
denial of relief for Mr. Poveda.
The majority accurately says that, prior to IIRIRA, Congress provided for
two types of proceedings—exclusion and deportation—and that whether an alien
was subject to one type of proceeding or another depended on whether he had
made an “entry” into the United States. Id. at 10. IIRIRA replaced the term
“entry” with the term “admission,” see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(A), grounds of
“exclusion” became grounds of “inadmissibility,” see id. § 1182, and a unified
proceeding—a removal proceeding—was instituted for determining both
inadmissibility and deportability, see id. § 1229a(a).
But with regard to these changes implemented by IIRIRA, the majority fails
to explain how they detract from the BIA precedent at issue here. Although these
changes in the law are important, they do not affect the substance of the BIA’s
decision in Sanchez, which allows an alien who has traveled abroad, returns to the
United States, and is then charged with deportability based on a conviction to seek
a section 212(h) waiver. See 17 I. & N. Dec. at 222–23. As shown by Mr.
Poveda’s case, the BIA, in keeping with Sanchez, continues to inquire into
whether a deportable alien has previously “left and re-entered the United States.”
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The majority also points out that, in the course of defining “admission,”
IIRIRA provided, in general, that lawful permanent resident aliens who travel
abroad and who then seek to reenter the United States are not considered
applicants for admission. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C). The majority is quite
correct that IIRIRA carved out an exception to this rule. In general, a lawful
permanent resident who has committed an offense that renders him inadmissible
should seek admission upon his return from a trip abroad. See id. §
1101(a)(13)(C)(v).
But the majority then goes astray when it asserts that, in light of these
IIRIRA provisions, lawful permanent residents who have a conviction, travel
abroad, and then return to the United States will only be “subject to grounds of
inadmissibility.” Majority Op. at 12–13. The majority seems to imply that such
lawful permanent residents cannot, or otherwise will not, be subject to deportation
on the basis of their conviction, and that as a result, there are no lawful permanent
residents who would seek to avail themselves of the rule under Sanchez in order to
obtain the section 212(h) waiver. See id.
The majority’s argument will no doubt confound the BIA and immigration
enforcement officials. Indeed, contrary to what the majority suggests, there are
some permanent resident aliens who travel abroad and who are then subject to
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deportation based on their conviction, rather than their inadmissibility at the time
of reentry. See, e.g., Matter of Nelson, 25 I. & N. Dec. 410, 410–11, 415 (BIA
2011) (alien became lawful permanent resident in 1994, was convicted in 1999 of
a drug offense, traveled abroad and returned to the United States in 2000, and was
subject to deportation based in part on the 1999 conviction, and not his
inadmissibility at the time of reentry).
In other words, contrary to what the majority appears to believe, lawful
permanent residents who have a prior conviction, travel abroad, and then return to
the United States can be subject to deportation based on either their inadmissibility
at the time of reentry, see Matter of Casillas-Topete, 25 I. & N. Dec. 317, 317–18
(BIA 2010), or their conviction alone, see Nelson, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 410–11, 415.
The majority provides no authority to substantiate its position that these permanent
resident aliens can be subject to deportation only because of their inadmissibility,
and not because of their conviction.
The result is that, even under IIRIRA, there are some lawful permanent
residents who commit an offense, travel abroad, and are then placed in removal
proceedings where their inadmissibility is simply not at issue. These are
permanent resident aliens who are subject to deportation based on their conviction,
and not their inadmissibility. See Nelson, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 410–11, 415. And as
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I have explained, the BIA’s decision in Sanchez allows these lawful permanent
residents to seek the section 212(h) waiver. See 17 I. & N. Dec. at 222–23.
I certainly recognize that, in practice, the general rule that lawful permanent
residents who have convictions that render them inadmissible and who travel
abroad must seek readmission may make it less likely that these aliens can reenter
the United States with permission, such that it would then be possible for them to
be subject to deportation. More simply put, the provision may reduce the number
of aliens who would seek to avail themselves of the rule under Sanchez. But it
does not entirely eliminate that group of aliens, and under Sanchez, they would be
eligible for the section 212(h) waiver by virtue of having traveled abroad. See id.
The majority complains that I do not cite a case decided by the BIA after
1996 that states that an alien may receive a waiver under section 212(h) without
applying for admission or for an adjustment of status. See Majority Op. at 13–14.
But, as the BIA’s governing regulations make clear, its precedent remains binding
until and unless it is modified or overruled. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(g). And the
majority points to no authority to demonstrate that the BIA has overruled its prior
precedent.5 More to the point, the BIA’s analysis in Mr. Poveda’s case makes it
5
Instead, the majority relies on the Seventh Circuit’s decision in Klementanovsky v.
Gonzales, 501 F.3d 788 (7th Cir. 2007), in order to conclude that the BIA has changed its views.
Majority Op. at 7, 9, 16–17. But the Seventh Circuit in that case merely said that the BIA
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clear that the BIA continues to adhere to Sanchez—that is, the BIA continues to
apply the rule that an alien who has traveled abroad and who is then subject to
deportation based on his conviction can seek the section 212(h) waiver, even
though his inadmissibility is not at issue and even in the absence of an application
for adjustment of status. See 17 I. & N. Dec. at 222–23. If the majority wants a
post-1996 BIA case that reflects this principle, then it need not look any further
than the case of Mr. Poveda himself.6
“appears to have backed away” from its prior position. Klementanovsky, 501 F.3d at 793
(emphasis added); see also id. at 794 (noting that the position “seems to be abandoned”
(emphasis added)). And the Seventh Circuit made this observation based on the reasoning that
the BIA advanced in that particular case. See id. at 793. In any event, a decision from the
Seventh Circuit does not relieve us of our obligation to review the BIA’s order in Mr. Poveda’s
case and apply our prior panel precedent rule.
The majority also points to Matter of Abosi, 24 I. & N. Dec. 204 (BIA 2007), and 8
C.F.R. § 1245.1(f) as indicating that an alien in the United States can seek a section 212(h)
waiver only by applying for adjustment of status. Majority Op. at 7–8. But I do not read these to
overrule the BIA’s decision in Sanchez, which allows some aliens in the United States who are
subject to deportation to be considered for the waiver without applying for adjustment of status.
Indeed, Abosi and 8 C.F.R. § 1245.1(f) merely clarify that aliens who are facing charges of
inadmissibility must apply for adjustment of status. See Abosi, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 205–06
(noting that aliens in the United States “who are seeking to overcome a ground of
inadmissibility” must apply for adjustment of status in order to be eligible for the section 212(h)
waiver); 8 C.F.R. § 1245.1(f) (addressing section 212(h) “as [it] relate[s] to the inadmissibility of
an alien in the United States”). The BIA’s decision in Sanchez addresses aliens like Mr. Poveda
who are not facing charges of inadmissibility. See 17 I. & N. Dec. at 222–23.
6
The majority suggests that the BIA’s order in this case did not apply the rule laid out in
Sanchez, Majority Op. at 14, but this suggestion ignores the BIA’s conclusion that Mr. Poveda
was not eligible for the waiver in part because he had not traveled abroad. That explanation
underscores the reality that, had Mr. Poveda left and returned to the United States, he would have
been eligible for the waiver. The majority emphasizes that the BIA in Mr. Poveda’s case did not
cite Sanchez, Majority Op. at 14, but that is of little significance because it is obvious that the
BIA applied the reasoning of Sanchez to Mr. Poveda. Finally, I do not think that the BIA’s
failure to cite Sanchez in the unpublished, single-member ruling that it rendered in Mr. Poveda’s
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This brings me to a related and final point. Even if I were to accept the
majority’s reading of IIRIRA, i.e., that it has rendered BIA precedent “no longer
tenable,” Majority Op. at 10, it is clear that the BIA itself has not recognized this.
Indeed, all one needs to do is to look at the BIA’s actual analysis in Mr. Poveda’s
case to see that the BIA has not concluded that its prior precedent has been called
into doubt by the changes cited by the majority. What the BIA did in Mr.
Poveda’s case is the same as what it did in Yeung. Thus, even if the argument
advanced by the majority regarding IIRIRA had any merit, it would only provide
another reason for granting Mr. Poveda’s petition and remanding the matter to the
BIA, so that the BIA could reconsider its precedent.7 This, of course, is what the
majority has declined to do.
IV.
For the reasons I have discussed here, it is apparent to me that the BIA
case can be thought of as a decision to overrule that prior precedent.
7
The BIA is the administrative agency that has been entrusted with the task of
interpreting and applying the INA in the first instance. See 8 U.S.C. § 1103(a)(1), (g)(1); 8
C.F.R. § 1003.1(a)(1), (d)(1). And it is obvious from the BIA’s order in Mr. Poveda’s case that
the BIA has not passed upon the issue of the IIRIRA changes raised by the majority. In light of
this, even if one were to assume that the relevant BIA precedent has been undermined by the
IIRIRA provisions that the majority cites, the appropriate course of action would be to let the
BIA examine this in the first instance. See Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 517, 129 S. Ct.
1159, 1164 (2009) (noting that if the BIA has not addressed an issue, it generally should be given
“the opportunity to [do so] in the first instance in light of its own expertise” (quotation marks
omitted)).
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continues to treat aliens who travel abroad different from those who do not in
determining eligibility for the hardship waiver under section 212(h). Because
Yeung holds that this is unconstitutional, I would grant Mr. Poveda’s petition,
vacate the BIA’s order, and remand for further proceedings consistent with Yeung.
37
Sammir A. Poveda v. U.S. Attorney General
Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Date filed: 2012-08-27
Citations: 692 F.3d 1168, 2012 WL 3655293, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 18159
Copy CitationsCombined Opinion