July 24 2012
DA 11-0388
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2012 MT 157
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
CHRISTOPHER ROBIN LEWIS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-First Judicial District,
In and For the County of Ravalli, Cause No. DC 10-34
Honorable Jeffrey H. Langton, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Robin A. Meguire, Attorney at Law, Great Falls, Montana
For Appellee:
Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General; Tammy A. Hinderman, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
William Fulbright, Ravalli County Attorney, Hamilton, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: June 6, 2012
Decided: July 24, 2012
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Christopher Robin Lewis (Lewis) appeals from a judgment and commitment entered
by the Twenty-First Judicial District, Ravalli County, finding him ineligible for parole
during his ten year prison term for aggravated assault. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
¶2 In March 2010, Lewis was charged with one count of aggravated assault for the abuse
of his son L.L. and one count of assault on a minor for the abuse of his other son A.L. Lewis
initially pled not guilty to the charges against him. On January 18, 2011, the parties entered
an “appropriate plea” agreement, pursuant to § 46-12-211(1)(b), MCA, wherein Lewis
agreed to plead either guilty or no contest to the aggravated assault charge in exchange for
the State’s dismissal of the charge of assault on a minor. The parties further agreed that their
separate recommendations for an appropriate sentence would fall within the following range:
The State: The State will recommend a twenty (20) year commitment to
Montana State Prison, with ten (10) years suspended.
Defendant: The Defendant may recommend a sentence no less restrictive than
a ten (10) year commitment to the Department of Corrections, with five (5)
years suspended.
Nothing in the plea agreement addressed the District Court’s authority to restrict Lewis’
eligibility for parole, and it contained no commitment from the State regarding such a
restriction. Section 3 of the plea agreement also provided that the parties were “otherwise
free to recommend and argue for any other lawful term of sentence and/or conditions thereto,
subject to a final decision by the court.”
2
¶3 The District Court held a change of plea hearing on January 19, 2011. During the
hearing, the parties confirmed the terms of and their individual obligations under the plea
agreement. The State also stated it would not be seeking a parole restriction. The court then
explained to Lewis that, due to the nature of the plea agreement, Lewis could withdraw his
plea if the court did not follow the plea agreement. Lewis stated he understood the
consequences of the agreement and pled no contest to the charge of aggravated assault.
¶4 The District Court deferred sentencing until after a presentence investigation report
(PSI) could be completed. The probation officer who completed the PSI recommended that
the court impose a twenty-year commitment to the Department of Corrections (DOC) with
fifteen years suspended. The PSI also recommended that Lewis “not be considered eligible
for release into the community until he has completed in-patient chemical dependency
treatment, anger management, all phases of Cognitive Principles and Restructuring and be
assessed for any mental health concerns.”
¶5 Lewis took issue with this recommendation, and filed a written sentencing
memorandum. In his memorandum, Lewis argued that the court, pursuant to State v. Burch,
2008 MT 118, 342 Mont. 499, 182 P.3d 66, had no authority to impose restrictions on his
early release, and that the determination of whether to grant the privilege of early release
belonged solely to the DOC. This was Lewis’ only argument against imposing a parole
restriction; he did not argue that the plea agreement prohibited a parole restriction, that the
State agreed such a restriction would not be imposed, or that the court would be required to
reject the agreement in order to impose such a restriction.
3
¶6 On March 23, 2011, the District Court held a sentencing hearing. At the hearing, the
State, in accordance with the plea agreement, recommended a sentence of twenty years at the
Montana State Prison (MSP) with ten years suspended. The prosecutor also responded to
Lewis’ sentencing memorandum and stated that § 46-18-202(2), MCA, authorizes a district
court to reasonably restrict a defendant’s parole eligibility, but made no recommendation to
the court regarding Lewis’ parole eligibility. Instead, the prosecutor explicitly stated that he
would leave the decision of whether to impose a parole restriction to the discretion of the
court. Defense counsel once again argued that the court should impose a DOC sentence, and
that the court was not authorized to impose any restrictions on the DOC’s ability to release
Lewis early under such a commitment.
¶7 The District Court accepted the plea agreement, and imposed a twenty-year
commitment to MSP with ten years suspended, but ordered that Lewis serve the MSP
commitment “without benefit of parole.” The court’s conclusion was “based on the severity
of what occurred and the utter helpless nature of the victim,” and it believed that Lewis
“should be given the most severe sanction” within the limits of the plea agreement. Beyond
this, the court did not discuss its specific reasons for imposing the parole ineligibility
restriction.1 Although a District Court is required to set forth its reasons for imposing a
parole restriction pursuant to § 46-18-202(2), MCA, Lewis never objected to his sentence for
this reason.
1
The written sentencing order, issued April 5, 2011, similarly did not contain a specific rationale for the court’s
imposition of the parole restriction.
4
¶8 Lewis did, however, make one objection to his sentence. He objected on the grounds
that the District Court had exceeded the bounds of the plea agreement by declaring Lewis
ineligible for parole. In response, the sentencing judge stated that the plea agreement “didn’t
address parole eligibility,” which permitted the court “to impose parole restrictions up to and
including the entire sentence.” Defense Counsel then admitted that the plea agreement was
silent regarding the issue of parole ineligibility, but maintained his objection.
¶9 On April 19, 2011, Lewis filed a motion for specific performance of the plea
agreement, or in the alternative, a motion for reconsideration of the sentencing order. In the
State’s response brief, it argued that the District Court was free to impose a parole
restriction. Notably, in Lewis’ reply brief he asserted that “[i]f the State is advocating that
the Court should rule in a manner that results in retention of the parole restriction, that
position could arguably constitute a breach of the plea agreement.” The District Court
denied the motion on May 10, 2011. Lewis timely appealed, and raised the following issues:
¶10 Issue One: Whether the District Court’s imposition of the parole restriction violated
the plea agreement?
¶11 Issue Two: Whether the prosecutor breached the plea agreement?
¶12 Issue Three: Whether the District Court erred when it failed to specifically state its
reasons for imposing a parole restriction?
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶13 A plea agreement is essentially a contract and is subject to contract law standards.
State v. McDowell, 2011 MT 75, ¶ 14, 360 Mont. 83, 253 P.3d 812. We review the district
5
court’s interpretation of a contract for correctness. Brothers v. Home Value Stores, Inc.,
2012 MT 121, ¶ 6, 365 Mont. 196, __ P.3d __. Whether the State has breached a plea
agreement is a question of law, which we review de novo. McDowell, ¶ 12 (citing State v.
Bullplume, 2011 MT 40, ¶ 10, 359 Mont. 289, 251 P.3d 114). When a defendant is
sentenced to more than one year of actual incarceration, we review the sentence for legality
only. McDowell, ¶ 11 (citing Bullplume, ¶ 10).
DISCUSSION
¶14 Issue One: Whether the District Court’s imposition of parole restriction violated the
plea agreement?
¶15 Lewis argues that the State, through the prosecutor’s representations that he would not
seek a parole restriction and that he would leave that decision to the court, agreed that the
plea agreement encompassed a condition that Lewis’ parole eligibility would not be
restricted. Therefore, Lewis argues, the District Court erred when it simultaneously accepted
the parties’ agreed disposition, but still imposed a no-parole eligibility restriction on Lewis’
sentence without affording Lewis the opportunity to withdraw his no contest plea. The State
argues that the prosecutor’s verbal representations did not alter the plea agreement.
¶16 A plea agreement is a contract subject to contract law standards. McDowell, ¶ 14.
Contract law principles mandate that “ ‘[w]here the contractual language is clear and
unambiguous on its face, it is this Court’s duty to enforce the contract as drafted and
executed by the parties.’ ” State v. Shepard, 2010 MT 20, ¶ 14, 355 Mont. 114, 225 P.3d
1217 (citing Felska v. Goulding, 238 Mont. 224, 230, 776 P.2d 530, 534 (1989)).
6
¶17 The written plea agreement between Lewis and the State clearly demonstrates that the
parties did not come to an agreement as to whether Lewis’ sentence would include a
restriction on his eligibility for parole. The plea agreement is silent, as defense counsel
agrees, regarding parole ineligibility. Additionally, Section 3 of the plea agreement
unambiguously permitted either party “to recommend and argue for any other lawful term of
sentence and/or conditions thereto.” Thus, the plain language of the plea agreement
demonstrates that the District Court could impose any lawful conditions on the sentence, as
long as the sentence fell within the agreed upon disposition.
¶18 Nevertheless, Lewis argues that the prosecutor’s representations either clarified the
plea agreement or amended it to include a provision that Lewis would be eligible for parole.
Lewis cites to Shepard, ¶¶ 11-12, for the proposition that a party’s statements prior to
sentencing can amend a written plea agreement. This Court in Shepard, however, did not
reach that conclusion. Instead, we concluded that the State could not assert that a parole
restriction was not part of the plea agreement on appeal because it constituted a change in
theory from the trial court, which we would not consider on appeal. Shepard, ¶ 12.
¶19 Moreover, Lewis’ reliance on the prosecutor’s statements is misplaced. The
prosecutor, pursuant to Section 3 of the plea agreement, was free to either seek a parole
restriction, or not. The prosecutor opted for the latter and promised he would not seek a
parole restriction; a restriction he never sought, and never represented was part of the plea
agreement. In addition, the prosecutor made it clear to the court that it was within the court’s
discretion to impose a parole restriction if it saw fit. The prosecutor’s comments did not
7
modify the plea agreement in any way, thus the unambiguous language of the contract is
controlling. Accordingly, the court was within its authority to accept the plea agreement and
impose a parole restriction without offering Lewis the opportunity to withdraw his plea.
¶20 Issue Two: Did the prosecutor breach the plea agreement?
¶21 Lewis maintains that the prosecutor breached the plea agreement at the sentencing
hearing and again when he opposed the State’s motion for specific performance of the plea
agreement. The State argues that we cannot review this portion of Lewis’ appeal due to the
fact that Lewis’ position is opposite of the argument he advanced at the District Court. After
the District Court sentenced Lewis, he filed a motion for specific performance of the plea
agreement, and in his reply brief, Lewis stated that he “does not contend that the State
breached the plea agreement at sentencing.” He now asserts that the prosecutor breached the
plea agreement at sentencing.
¶22 “It is well settled that ‘[a] party may not change its theory on appeal from that
advanced in the trial court; nor may a party raise an argument for the first time on appeal.’ ”
Shepard, ¶ 12 (quoting State v. Anderson, 1999 MT 60, ¶ 25, 293 Mont. 490, 977 P.2d 983).
We will not fault a district court for an action in which the appealing party acquiesced or
actively participated. State v. Holt, 2011 MT 42, ¶ 17, 359 Mont. 308, 249 P.3d 470 (citing
State v. Micklon, 2003 MT 45, ¶ 10, 314 Mont. 291, 65 P.3d 559). We may, however,
review claimed errors that implicate fundamental constitutional rights, when failing to do so
may leave unsettled the question of the fundamental fairness of the trial or proceeding. State
v. Rardon, 2002 MT 345, ¶ 16, 313 Mont. 321, 61 P.3d 132. Given that the claimed error in
8
this case does not raise a question concerning the fundamental fairness of the trial court
proceeding and that Lewis purposefully acquiesced to the prosecutor’s actions, we will not
further consider the matter of whether the prosecutor’s comments at sentencing constituted a
breach of the plea agreement.
¶23 Lewis additionally argues that the prosecutor breached the plea agreement when he
advocated, in his response brief, that the District Court deny Lewis’ motion for specific
performance. In order to retain the benefit derived from a defendant’s plea, the State must
fulfill its contractual obligations strictly and meticulously. McDowell, ¶ 14. Upon agreeing
to recommend a specific sentence, a prosecutor becomes obligated to approach sentencing in
a manner that will not undermine the agreement. McDowell, ¶ 14. Prosecutorial violation of
the agreement is unacceptable, even if done inadvertently, in a good faith pursuit of justice.
McDowell, ¶ 14. Each case turns on its own unique facts, thus there are no “hard and fast
criteria for determining when a plea agreement has been breached.” McDowell, ¶ 14.
¶24 The facts of this case demonstrate that the prosecutor did not breach or undermine the
plea agreement by defending the District Court’s decision to impose a parole restriction. In
responding to Lewis’ motion for specific performance of the plea agreement, the prosecutor
was not urging the court to impose a parole restriction, but rather, rebutting Lewis’
contention that the parole restriction violated the plea agreement. In an analogous situation,
this Court has held that “[i]f a defendant chooses to present information in support of a
sentence he argues for, the State may counter with testimony to the effect that such
information is misleading or untrue, without breaching the plea agreement.” State v.
9
Bartosh, 2007 MT 59, ¶ 22, 336 Mont. 212, 154 P.3d 58. Though Bartosh concerned
dueling testimony, the analysis is equally applicable to this matter: when a defendant
presents a legal argument in favor of his recommended sentence, the prosecutor may point
out the flaws in that legal argument without breaching the plea agreement. To find otherwise
would lead to an absurd result. A defendant would merely have to allege that the court
misinterpreted the plea agreement, and if the prosecutor responded, the prosecutor would be
in breach of the plea agreement. Accordingly, we conclude that the prosecutor did not
breach the plea agreement by responding to Lewis’ motion for specific performance.
¶25 Issue Three: Did the District Court err when it failed to specifically state its reasons
for imposing a parole restriction?
¶26 Lewis argues that the District Court failed to provide specific reasons, as required by
§ 46-18-202(2), MCA, for imposing the parole restriction, and therefore his sentence is
illegal. The District Court is imbued with exclusive authority to impose criminal sentences,
including the power to impose a restriction that the offender is ineligible for parole. Sections
46-18-103, -202(2), MCA. If, however, the District Court imposes a parole restriction, the
sentencing judge “shall state the reasons for it in writing,” or if the restriction is “necessary
for the protection of society[,] . . . the judgment must contain a statement of the reasons for
the restriction.” Section 46-18-202(2), MCA. As noted above, Lewis raises this issue for the
first time on appeal.
¶27 As a general rule, we will not review an issue on appeal if the party raising the issue
did not object at the trial court. State v. Kotwicki, 2007 MT 17, ¶ 8, 335 Mont. 344, 151
10
P.3d 892. An exception to this general rule was enunciated in State v. Lenihan, 184 Mont.
338, 343, 602 P.2d 997, 1000 (1979), where we held that an appellate court may review any
sentence, even if not objected to at the trial court, if it is alleged that such sentence is illegal
or exceeds statutory mandates. A sentence is not illegal if it falls within statutory
parameters. Kotwicki, ¶ 13. A sentencing court’s failure to abide by statutory requirements is
an objectionable sentence, not necessarily an illegal one. Kotwicki, ¶ 13; See also State v.
Swoboda, 276 Mont. 479, 482, 918 P.2d 296, 298 (1996); State v. Nelson, 274 Mont. 11, 20,
906 P.2d 663, 668 (1995).
¶28 This court declined to apply the Lenihan rule in Kotwicki, ¶ 22, because the
defendant’s sentence was merely objectionable, and not illegal. Kotwicki was convicted of
numerous drug charges, and as part of his sentence he was required to pay a $25,000 fine,
which fell within the court’s authority to impose up to a $50,000 fine. At the trial court,
Kotwicki did not object to the fine on the grounds that the district court failed to inquire
whether he had the ability to pay. Kotwicki, ¶¶ 3-4. On appeal, Kotwicki argued that his
sentence was illegal because the court failed to make specific findings, as required by § 46-
18-231(3), MCA, on Kotwicki’s resources before imposing the fine. This Court declined to
review the sentence, however, because the district court’s failure to make specific findings
rendered the sentence objectionable, but not illegal. Kotwicki, ¶ 21. In so concluding, this
Court noted that Kotwicki, “although alleging an illegal sentence, fail[ed] to present a
colorable claim that his sentence fell outside the statutory parameters as to warrant our
review under the Lenihan rule.” Kotwicki, ¶ 22.
11
¶29 Similarly, in Swoboda and Nelson, the trial court failed to explicitly consider
alternatives to prison, as required by § 46-18-225, MCA, before imposing a prison sentence
on a nonviolent offender. Swoboda, 276 Mont. at 480-81, 918 P.2d at 297; Nelson, 274
Mont. at 17, 906 P.2d at 665. The defendant in each case failed to object to this error at the
sentencing hearing, and then challenged the legality of the sentence on appeal due to the
court’s failure to consider sentences alternative to prison. Swoboda, 276 Mont. at 482, 918
P.2d at 298; Nelson, 274 Mont. at 17-18, 906 P.2d at 668. This court concluded in both
cases that the sentencing court could have legally sentenced Swoboda and Nelson to prison,
even after considering sentencing alternatives to prison, thus the Lenihan rule was
inapplicable. Swoboda, 276 Mont. at 482, 918 P.2d at 298; Nelson, 274 Mont. at 20, 906
P.2d at 668.
¶30 In spite of these cases, Lewis notes that we have considered parole eligibility
restrictions even absent an objection from a defendant. The cases Lewis relies upon are
clearly distinguishable from the present matter. State v. Garrymore, 2006 MT 245, 334
Mont. 1, 145 P.3d 946, is inapposite because the issue was not whether the proper statutory
requirements were followed – as it is here – but whether the parole eligibility restriction in
and of itself violated Garrymore’s federal and state constitutional and statutory rights.
Similarly, in State v. Olivares-Coster, 2011 MT 196, 361 Mont. 380, 259 P.3d 760, we
reviewed, with the State’s acquiescence, whether an offender under the age of eighteen is
subject to the mandatory parole eligibility restrictions in § 46-23-201(4), MCA, in
contravention of § 46-18-222(1), MCA. Unlike both Garrymore and Olivares-Coster,
12
Lewis’ failure to object in this case is not based on the statute or the sentence being illegal
or exceeding statutory mandates, but merely that the District Court did not follow the
statutory requirements of § 46-18-202(2), MCA.
¶31 Based on our reasoning in Kotwicki, Swoboda and Nelson, we decline to apply the
Lenihan rule in the present matter. The District Court, had it made the findings required by
§ 46-18-202(2), MCA, legally could have imposed a parole eligibility restriction. Section
46-18-202(2), MCA, authorizes a district court to impose a restriction limiting an offender’s
eligibility for parole during the offender’s term of imprisonment. Lewis’ parole ineligibility
falls within the parameters of that statute, thus Lewis’ sentence is not an illegal sentence for
purpose of invoking the Lenihan rule and we will not consider this issue on appeal.
CONCLUSION
¶32 For the reasons stated above, we affirm Lewis’ sentence and judgment.
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
/S/ JIM RICE
13
Justice James C. Nelson specially concurs.
¶33 I concur in the Court’s decision on Issues one and two and specially concur on Issue
three. As to Issue three, § 46-18-115, MCA, in pertinent part, requires:
Before imposing sentence or making any other disposition upon
acceptance of a plea or upon a verdict or finding of guilty, the court shall
conduct a sentencing hearing, without unreasonable delay, as follows:
. . .
(6) In felony cases, the court shall specifically state all reasons for the
sentence, including restrictions, conditions, or enhancements imposed, in open
court on the record and in the written judgment.
¶34 In State v. Osterloth, 2000 MT 129, 299 Mont. 517, 1 P.3d 946, we interpreted this
statute, and held that since the sentencing court did not set forth the reasons for the sentence
imposed in its written judgment, to that extent, the court erred. We did not, however, require
that the court re-sentence the defendant, but we did remand with instructions that the court
enter a modified written judgment setting forth the reasons for the sentence as stated in the
District Court’s oral judgment. Osterloth, ¶¶ 39-41; see also State v. Christianson, 1999 MT
156, 295 Mont. 100, 983 P.2d 909 (holding that when the Sentence Review Division, acting
as an arm of this Court, remanded the matter to the District Court, “the District Court had
authority to issue an order amending the written judgment to list its reasons for imposing the
parole eligibility restriction, in compliance with § 46-18-115(6) and § 46-18-202(2), MCA”).
14
¶35 I would require the same thing in this case. Section 46-18-202(2), MCA, like § 46-
18-115(6), MCA, is a mandatory direction to the sentencing court to provide, in the written
judgment, the reasons for any parole restriction imposed. I continue to believe that judges
must comply with the mandatory requirements of sentencing laws. Where the black-letter
law mandates that the judge do some particular thing, it is no excuse for his or her failure to
do so that the defendant, the prosecutor, or the defense attorney failed to “tell” the judge to
do what the law plainly requires.
¶36 Indeed, we presume that laypeople “know the law.”1 Should we, then, presume less
of judges—i.e., that they don’t know the law? Presuming that the trial judge here knew the
law and his obligation to sentence according to the law, the court should have specified in
the written judgment his reasons for imposing the parole restriction.
1
Indeed we went on at length about that presumption in State v. Payne, 2011 MT 35,
¶ 22, 359 Mont. 270, 248 P.3d 842:
We are persuaded by the State’s argument that Payne is presumed to
know the law of Montana. For at least a century, it has been the law in
Montana that “ignorance of the law is no defense.” State ex rel. Rowe v.
District Court, 44 Mont. 318, 324, 119 P. 1103, 1106 (1911), superseded by
statute on other grounds in State ex rel. Shea v. Judicial Standards Comm.,
198 Mont. 15, 643 P.2d 210 (1982) (“If a person accused of a crime could
shield himself behind the defense that he was ignorant of the law which he
violated, immunity from punishment would in most cases result. No system of
criminal justice could be sustained with such an element in it to obstruct the
course of its administration.”). We reiterated this rule in State v. Trujillo, 2008
MT 101, ¶ 15, 342 Mont. 319, 180 P.3d 1153, when we held that Trujillo
unlawfully trespassed onto another’s land despite his assertions that he had not
passed through any gates or barriers intended to bar access. Similarly, in State
v. G’Stohl, 2010 MT 7, ¶ 14, 355 Mont. 43, 223 P.3d 926, we noted that
“people are presumed to know the law” and will not be relieved of criminal
15
¶37 For that reason, I would, as we did in Osterloth, remand this cause to the sentencing
court for entry of a modified written judgment setting forth the reasons for imposing the
parole restriction.
¶38 I concur in Issues one and two, and, for the above reasons, specially concur in the
result of Issue three subject to our remanding to the District Court for entry of a modified
written judgment.
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
liability for their failure to comply with it.
16
State v. Christopher Lewis
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Date filed: 2012-07-24
Citations: 2012 MT 157, 365 Mont. 431
Copy CitationsCombined Opinion