(concurring). I concur fully in the analysis and the results reached by the majority opinion. I write separately only to address further certain aspects of the opinion of the Tax Tribunal. Although the tribunal determined that the contracting and subsequent reimbursement of collection costs did not constitute a “sale” under § 7 of the Single Business Tax Act (SBT), MCL 208.7; MSA 7.558(7), as observed in Stratton-Cheeseman Management Co v Dep’t of Treasury, 159 Mich App 719; 407 NW2d 398 (1987), and APCOA v Dep’t of Treasury, 212 Mich App 114; 536 NW2d 785 (1995), the issue, in my judgment, is whether the contractual relationship established between petitioner and its clients falls within the pur*484view of the requisite agency as envisioned by the sbt. Before addressing that issue, however, it appears that the tribunal’s holding that the contracting and reimbursement of these collection costs was not a sale may have been erroneous or based on a clearly erroneous finding of fact. The tribunal held, in essence, that because petitioner derives no financial gain (apparently because petitioner does not mark up or increase its actual collection costs) from the repossessions, the reimbursement of these costs did not constitute consideration for services and, consequently, could not be characterized as a “sale” under the SBT definition. This holding, however, does not take into consideration that petitioner does have a financial incentive to initiate repossession procedures. Upon the default of a creditor, petitioner will cease receiving any gross receipts from that particular account receivable. If, however, the automobile is repossessed, then petitioner receives its twenty percent commission when the automobile is thereafter sold, as with other gross receipts received on nonde-faulting accounts. Therefore, it was erroneous for the tribunal to find that petitioner receives no financial gain whatsoever when an automobile is repossessed.
The tribunal’s observation that petitioner was “not in the business of repossessing cars,” and its determination that these reimbursements were therefore exempt appears incorrect given that petitioner is in the business of servicing accounts receivable. Repossession of the automobiles, for which petitioner holds the lien, appears to be an indispensable aspect of the business of servicing such accounts. Further evidence that repossessions are an unavoidable aspect of providing this service is the fact that these procedures *485are specifically set forth in petitioner’s service contracts. Therefore, it appears that this rationale for exemption is without merit. As mentioned above, petitioner is in the business of servicing accounts receivable and chose to outsource the repossession portion of this business to a third party as opposed to providing this service in-house.
Concerning the matter of agency, an agency relationship can be established by contract. Stratton, supra at 726. In Stratton, this Court discussed the definition of “agency” in the context of the SBT “gross receipts” proviso of MCL 208.7(3); MSA 7.558(7)(3). It quoted the following definitions:
“Agent” was defined by our Supreme Court in Stephenson v Golden, 279 Mich 710, 734-735; 276 NW 849 (1937), as follows:
“ ‘An agent is a person having express or implied authority to represent or act on behalf of another person, who is called his principal.’ Bowstead on Agency (4th ed), p 1.
“ ‘An agent is one who acts for or in the place of another by authority from him; one who undertakes to transact some business or manage some affairs for another by authority and on account of the latter, and to render an account of it. He is a substitute, a deputy, appointed by the principal, with power to do the things which the principal may or can do.’ ” 2 CJS p 1025.
“The term ‘agent’ includes factors, brokers, etc. 2 CJS p 1025.
“As set forth in Saums v Parfet, 270 Mich 165, [171-172; 258 NW 235 (1935)]:
“ ‘ “ ‘Agency’ ” in its broadest sense includes every relation in which one person acts for or represents another by his authority.’ 2 CJ p 419.
“ ‘ “Whether an agency has been created is to be determined by the relations of the parties as they in fact exist under their agreements or acts.’ ” 21 RCL p 819.
*486‘ “The characteristic of the agent is that he is a business representative. His function is to bring about, modify, affect, accept performance of, or terminate contractual obligations between his principal and third persons. To the proper performance of his functions, therefore, it is absolutely essential that there shall be third persons in contemplation between whom and the principal legal obligations are to be thus created, modified, or otherwise affected by the acts of the agent.’ ” 1 Mechem on Agency (2d ed), p 21.’ ” [Stratton, supra at 726-727.]
On the basis of its consideration of these definitions, the Stratton Court held that, when the plaintiff received and deposited into bank accounts insurance company premiums and other funds, it was acting as an agent. Id. at 727. However, it held that when reimbursed for costs incurred in managing the insurance company’s business, the plaintiff did not receive this money as a representative of the insurance company because the substance of the reimbursement payments for tax purposes was to compensate the plaintiff for services provided in managing the insurance company’s business, and therefore, the payments had to be characterized as consideration for the performance of services. Id. It should be noted that the Court there found unpersuasive the fact that the insurance company reserved the right to approve costs before making payments and required the plaintiff to operate within an approved budget. Id. at 728. In APCOA, supra at 118, this Court, relying exclusively on Strat-ton, also upheld the Tax Tribunal’s holding that petitioner APCOA did not receive reimbursed expenses “in an agency capacity” where the expenses incurred were necessary to generate its management fee.
In this case, the Tax Tribunal held:
*487Section 2.01(d) [of the serving agreement] states the Ser-vicer will service and administer receivables on behalf of dealer. Section 2.01(e) states the Servicer is an independent contractor, and “shall have no. duties or responsibilities, except those expressly set forth herein . . . .” The Tribunal finds repossession costs are incurred by Petitioner in an agency capacity for the benefit of the dealers. The dealers have the ability to control whether or not an automobile is repossessed. Petitioner does not operate completely autonomous of the dealer nor does it have to repossess automobiles to receive a 20% service fee. The formula used by Petitioner, and described in section 3.03, does not produce a financial gain as a result of the repossession costs. The amount of reimbursement is the same amount as the cost incurred. Repossession costs would only occur when a person defaults on a loan. [Emphasis in original.]
It appears that the tribunal relied heavily on the contractual language of subsection 2.01(d), which states that petitioner is acting “on behalf” of the dealer. It should be noted, however, that it is the substance of the transaction rather than the terms applied by the parties that determines how to characterize a payment for tax purposes. Stratton, supra at 725. The Court may, however, choose to defer to the terms of a contract. Id. The substance of this transaction appears to be that petitioner provides a service, as a self-proclaimed independent contractor, namely, the administration of accounts receivable, and prefers to outsource a portion of that service, namely, the repossession of automobiles, to a third party. In my judgment, this outsourcing constitutes an expense of providing this service. Petitioner is merely choosing to expend its capital to hire a third party to provide this aspect of the service rather than expend funds to hire and train its own employees to furnish this aspect of the service.
*488The tribunal also reasoned that, because the dealers have the ability to control whether an automobile is repossessed and therefore petitioner does not operate autonomously, petitioner is acting “solely in an agency capacity.” Again, it appears that the tribunal may have relied on erroneous findings. Brett Roberts, petitioner’s chief financial officer, testified that the decision whether to repossess was made pursuant to petitioner’s corporate policies. Further, petitioner held the lien on the car and was in essence the only real party in interest that could repossess the car. It was evident from the record that petitioner’s alleged “lack of autonomy” was nothing more than an occasional consultation with a dealer in an attempt to reinforce customer relations. Richard Vanderport testified that, as a dealer and a former customer of petitioner, he never dealt with the accounts after they were transferred to petitioner. Most importantly, even if there was a degree of control over petitioner’s policy of repossession, this consideration was not deemed dispositive in Stratton, supra at 727, where the insurance company reserved the right to approve costs before reimbursement.
As seen from the vantage point of Stratton, it is apparently possible to be an independent contractor with regard to one aspect of a contract while acting solely in an agency capacity with regard to another. Whatever the merits of this proposition, in both Strat-ton and APCOA, the issue appeared to be decided on the basis of whether the reimbursed expenses were used in the generation of the management fees. If indeed the expenses were used to generate the management fees, then their reimbursement would not occur “solely in an agency capacity.” Thus, the issue *489in the instant case becomes whether the repossession costs aided in the generation of petitioner’s twenty percent commission. The tribunal stated that it “disagrees and finds APCOA can be distinguished from the instant case. Petitioner can receive the twenty percent service fee for servicing accounts receivable; in APCOA, the expenditures were necessary or no fee could be generated.” As stated above, petitioner does have a financial incentive to initiate repossession procedures because, upon repossession and sale, petitioner receives its commission. Petitioner may not be required to initiate repossessions to generate a portion of its commission; however, if a creditor defaults, then no further commission will be generated without the expenditure of these repossession costs. Therefore, because these repossession costs do aid in the generation of a portion of petitioner’s gross profits, they are not incurred “solely on behalf of another” and should properly be included in petitioner’s “gross receipts” under the terms of the SBT.