delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendants, Edgar Levine, Lawrence Oberman, and W.E. Warnstedt, beneficial owners of a building under a trust, appeal from a judgment of the circuit court of Cook County finding them liable for the breach of a lease agreement. They claim that the trial court abused its discretion by amending its original judgment against the trustee to join them as additional judgment debtors, without service of process and despite their special and limited appearance to contest the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction over them. On appeal, defendants argue that (1) they were necessary and indispensable parties to the proceeding; (2) the initial judgment was void due to their absence; and (3) the trial court did not possess the jurisdiction to enter the judgment against them.
We reverse and remand.
The record shows that plaintiffs, Just Pants and B-Hyve Corporation, entered into a commercial lease with the lessor, Arcade Building Corporation, in February 1971 for space in a building located at 6355 North Broadway Avenue, in Chicago. Just Pants and Arcade later entered into an agreement on October 21, 1975, allowing Just Pants to affix a sign to the building. The Bank of Ravenswood (the bank), defendant, as trustee under trust No. 2141, dated September 16, 1976, with Levine, Oberman and Warnstedt as beneficiaries, bought the premises from Arcade on September 14, 1976. On August 2, 1977, the bank allegedly removed the sign while plaintiffs were still tenants and leased the vacant space to another tenant.
Plaintiffs sued the bank, claiming that the removal of the sign was a breach of their agreement. They sought specific performance of the agreement, an order compelling the bank to remove the sign not belonging to them and to erect a new Just Pants sign, and compensatory and punitive damages against the bank for the alleged breach of the lease and for the alleged conversion of their sign. The bank contended at trial that a notice of Chicago building code violations necessitated building renovation, resulting in the removal of the sign.
Plaintiffs filed their complaint on February 25, 1980, identifying the bank as trustee, but neither naming the' beneficiaries to the trust nor discussing the beneficiaries’ involvement in the litigation. The record shows that the beneficiaries created a new land trust with Commercial National Bank as trustee and themselves as beneficiaries on October 20, 1980. The bench trial began on March 18, 1983, and the trial judge entered judgment for plaintiffs and against defendant bank on October 11, 1983, in the amount of $4,500 in compensatory damages and $25,000 in punitive damages. The trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law discussed only defendant bank as trustee; the court did not mention either the beneficiaries to the trust or their rights and responsibilities to the trust property.
In the course of a tract search after the trial court’s entry of judgment, plaintiffs discovered the 1980 transfer of the trust to Commercial National Bank. On November 4, 1983, plaintiffs notified all of the interested parties that on November 9 they would ask the trial court, inter alia, to (1) amend the complaint to add the Commercial National Bank and the beneficiaries as defendants and (2) amend its judgment to also name Commercial National Bank and the beneficiaries as judgment debtors.
On November 8, 1983, the beneficiaries filed a “Special and Limited Appearance” to contest the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over them. On November 29, plaintiffs filed a “Supplemental Motion to Amend Complaint and Judgment and' For a Finding of Contempt,” to which the beneficiaries filed a response on December 13, 1983, in addition to a “Brief on Legal Points” in plaintiffs’ supplemental motion.
On January 25, 1984, the trial court entered an order that, inter alia, (1) denied a finding of contempt against the beneficiaries and Commercial National Bank, (2) denied the special and limited appearances of the beneficiaries and Commercial National Bank and held that they had submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of the court, and (3) granted plaintiffs’ motion to amend the complaint and judgment and entered judgment against only the beneficiaries for $4,500 in compensatory damages and $25,000 in punitive damages. The order further enjoined the beneficiaries from transferring their interests in the trust at Commercial National Bank. The beneficiaries appeal from this order.
I
The beneficiaries contend that the trial court should have made them parties to the proceeding because they were necessary and indispensable. As a result, they further contend, the original judgment entered against the trustee was void and could not be amended by adding them.
Jurisdiction of the person is a court’s power to bind a particular person to its judgment and requires in part that defendant be given sufficient notice. A defendant or unnamed party who was never served and who never appeared in the proceedings but whose rights were directly adjudicated therein may attack a judgment either directly or collaterally as void for failure to obtain jurisdiction over his person. However, failure to join such an indispensable party does not deprive a court of jurisdiction over the parties properly before it. Hence, where a failure to join an indispensable party is brought to the attention of a reviewing court, the appropriate course is to vacate the judgment, not because the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the joined parties, but because fairness to the non-joined party dictates such a result. In re Vaught (1981), 103 Ill. App. 3d 802, 804, 431 N.E.2d 1231, 1233.
Relying on these principles, we must examine the necessity of the beneficiaries to the action, not because the original judgment against the trustees was void, but, rather, to determine whether fairness to the beneficiaries required their joinder.
II
Our supreme court stated long ago:
“The general rule is that in all suits respecting trust property, whether brought by or against a trustee, the beneficiaries are necessary parties, and the objection on account of their not being made parties may be taken on appeal. The trustee is a necessary party because he holds the legal title. The beneficiary is a necessary party because he has the equitable and ultimate interest to be affected by the decree.” (Peoples Bank & Trust Co. v. Gregory (1932), 347 Ill. 397, 398-99, 179 N.E. 856, 856.)
This rule is subject to two exceptions: Beneficiaries are not necessary parties to an action involving trust property (1) if others represent the beneficiaries’ interests so completely that they receive actual and efficient protection and (2) where the beneficiaries are so numerous that the delay and expense of joining them becomes oppressive and burdensome. Village of Lansing v. Sundstrom (1942), 379 Ill. 121, 125, 39 N.E.2d 987, 989.
Relying on the first exception, plaintiffs argue that defendant bank can adequately protect the beneficiaries’ interest; it would specifically perform on the lease if judgment were entered for plaintiffs and that they could enforce any monetary judgment directly against the trust property. Defendants contend that, for various reasons, the bank cannot protect adequately their interests; the trial court could not enter a judgment against defendant bank, thereby requiring their participation in the action.
Generally, a trustee holds legal title to the trust estate and deals with it as principal and is personally liable on his contracts. He can protect himself from personal liability on a contract by stipulating that he is not to be personally liable and that the other party is to look solely to the trust estate. An agent does not have title to the property of the principal but can subject his principal to liability if he is acting within the scope of his authority. The distinction between a trustee and an agent is not only title, but control of the property. Where the trustee is given full control in the management of the business of the trust, the beneficiaries have no personal liability. Where, however, the beneficiaries retain control over the trustee and the management of the business, the trustee is regarded as the agent of the beneficiaries and they will be liable upon his contracts. Kessler, Merci, & Lochner, Inc. v. Pioneer Bank & Trust Co. (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 502, 505-06, 428 N.E.2d 608, 611; 3 Scott on Trusts sec. 274 (3d ed. 1967).
In an action involving a land trust, the question of whether the beneficiary or the trustee is the proper party depends on the nature of the action in light of the rights and duties established by the trust agreement. (Department of Conservation v. Franzen (1976), 43 Ill. App. 3d 374, 379, 356 N.E.2d 1245, 1249; see also Kenoe on Land Trusts sec. 6.6 (Ill. Inst. Cont. Legal Educ. 1981).) The beneficiary in a land trust is the proper party to litigation involving his rights and liabilities of management, control, use and possession of the property. (Department of Conservation v. Franzen (1976), 43 Ill. App. 3d 374, 380, 356 N.E.2d 1245.) Beneficiaries in land trusts oftentime retain managerial rights in the property and, in exercising these rights, enter into a variety of contractual arrangements resulting in the accrual of causes of action against them that do not involve the trustee. Kenoe on Land Trusts sec. 6.8 (Ill. Inst. Cont. Legal Educ. 1981).
Actions sounding in tort involving land trust property usually arise from the operation and maintenance of the property. Such causes are based on negligence and accrue against only the beneficiary and not the trustee. The trustee is insulated from these responsibilities if he has no rights of possession, operation, control or maintenance. (Kenoe on Land Trusts sec. 6.12 (Ill. Inst. Cont. Legal Educ. 1981).) For example, trustees who hold legal title to realty through a trust agreement are not liable for damages resulting from defects in the trust premises when the agreement gives the beneficiaries and not the trustees the power to make the needed repairs. (Anderson v. Cosmopolitan National Bank (1971), 132 Ill. App. 2d 307, 310, 270 N.E.2d 254, 255, rev’d on other grounds (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 504, 301 N.E.2d 296.) Beneficiaries can also be held responsible for the torts or frauds of the trustee where they participate in or authorize the commission of the wrongs. Piff v. Berresheim (1950), 405 Ill. 617, 623, 92 N.E.2d 113, 117.
Although plaintiffs raise both the issues, of breach of contract and the tort of conversion, we cannot apply the above-stated principles to the case at bar. We do not know, and have no way of knowing, the responsibilities of defendant bank as trustee and the responsibilities of the beneficiaries regarding the trust property, because the trust agreement is not found in the record before us. There are, however, several indications in the record that the beneficiaries were at least aware of the events leading to the litigation, such as (1) an affidavit by the corporate officer of the company who managed the property on behalf of the bank stating that the beneficiaries sent him the notice of building code violations, and also that at a meeting with the beneficiaries the decision to make the repairs and renovations was made; and (2) a letter from the bank notifying the beneficiaries of the action and informing them that it would take no action in the matter and that they would be responsible for any resulting litigation.
On remand, the trial court should determine what were the responsibilities of defendant bank as trustee and those of the beneficiaries under the trust agreement. If the beneficiaries exercised control, possession, operation, and maintenance of the property, the court should make them parties to the proceeding. If the trustee exercised those responsibilities and not the beneficiaries, the trial court would still need to determine whether the trustee can adequately protect the interests of the beneficiaries in the litigation. The trial court did not include such a finding in either its original or amended judgments.
Our disposition of this appeal removes the need to discuss defendants’ second and third issues involving the validity of the trial court’s original judgment due to their absence as parties and the jurisdiction of the trial court to add them as additional judgment debtors, respectively.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
LINN, J., concurs.