Opinion
BIRD, C. J.This court must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion when it refused to grant the accused a continuance to permit him to be represented by an attorney he retained approximately one week before trial.
I.
Appellant, Philip Courts, was charged by information with murder and use of a firearm. (Pen. Code, §§ 187, 12022.5. 1) On July 19, 1982, he pled not guilty and denied the gun use allegation. The public defender was appointed to represent him, and trial was set for October 26th. Appellant was released on bail pending trial.
Sometime in early September, appellant approached Russell Swartz, a local attorney, with the intention of obtaining his services for the upcoming trial. At that time, appellant did not have sufficient funds to hire Swartz, but told him that he would try to raise the retainer. The two met several times during the month to discuss fee arrangements and other aspects of the case. At one point, Swartz suggested associating the public defender on the case. However, it was later learned that this was contrary to the public defender’s policy.
In early October, Swartz went on vacation, expecting to return on October 18th. In the meantime, appellant continued his efforts to raise the fee.
A trial setting conference was held on October 18th. At the hearing, the public defender informed the court that appellant wanted a continuance in order to hire private counsel. Appellant explained that he had spoken to Swartz a few weeks earlier, that Swartz was to return that day from vaca*788tion, and that appellant had not had an opportunity to conclude financial arrangements. The court denied the request, explaining that it was “too late for coming into court ... to be asking for another attorney”; appellant could not “wait to the last minute and say [he wanted] a continuance. ” Later that day, appellant met with Swartz to discuss fee arrangements. Swartz indicated his willingness to represent appellant if “some sort of continuance” were granted.
On October 21st, appellant concluded financial arrangements and paid a retainer to Swartz. Swartz agreed to take the case if the trial date were continued. That same afternoon or the following morning, Swartz’s partner telephoned the court and asked that the matter be placed on calendar on October 22nd for substitution of attorneys and a continuance. However, the judge’s secretary brought word back from the judge that since neither Swartz nor his partner was attorney of record, the motion could not be calendared. Next, Swartz’s partner approached the public defender, who attempted to place the matter on calendar for October 22nd or October 25th, the following Monday. That effort was unsuccessful.2
On October 26th, the day set for trial, a disqualification motion was filed against the judge who had conducted the pretrial proceedings. (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.6.) The case was then assigned to another judge for trial.
The public defender renewed the motion for a continuance before the new trial judge. In support of the motion, Swartz appeared and testified as to his willingness to represent appellant. He believed, however, that in view of the seriousness of the charges, a continuance was necessary to protect appellant’s right to a fair trial. After further questioning by the court and the prosecutor, the court denied the motion on the basis that the “retainer, in effect [was] not a retainer at all,” since it was accepted on the ground that there would be a continuance.
After considering other matters in the case, the court permitted appellant to file a declaration summarizing the steps taken to secure retained counsel. The declaration reiterated appellant’s desire for a substitution of attorneys and a continuance.
*789In the declaration, appellant explained that he did not wish to delay the proceedings, but wanted “to obtain confident and experienced trial counsel to represent [him] on very serious felony charges.” As appellant declared, “this is the first case of this magnitude that [the deputy public defender] has tried, and ... he does not have the experience to properly represent me in this matter.” Appellant also stated that “the defense investigation in this case only began relatively recently and new information was being developed as late as Monday, October 25, 1982.” He stated that he had consistently worked toward obtaining Swartz’s services, “but [was] unable to obtain sufficient financing until [the previous] week.”
After considering the declaration, the court set aside its earlier ruling, reconsidered the motion along with the other documents in the file, and once again denied the motion, this time without comment.
Appellant proceeded to trial and was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. (§ 192, subd. 2.) The jury found the gun use allegation true. Appellant was sentenced to four years in state prison. This appeal followed.
II.
This court must decide whether the trial court’s failure to grant a continuance constituted an abuse of discretion in the face of appellant’s well-documented desire to be represented by private counsel and counsel’s willingness to undertake that task. Several well-established principles guide this court’s determination.
The right to the effective assistance of counsel “encompasses the right to retain counsel of one’s own choosing. [Citations.]” (People v. Holland (1978) 23 Cal.3d 77, 86 [151 Cal.Rptr. 625, 588 P.2d 765].) Underlying this right is the premise that “chosen representation is the preferred representation. Defendant’s confidence in his lawyer is vital to his defense. His right to decide for himself who best can conduct the case must be respected wherever feasible.” (Maxwell v. Superior Court (1982) 30 Cal.3d 606, 615 [180 Cal.Rptr. 177, 639 P.2d 248, 18 A.L.R.4th 333], fn. omitted.)
Protection of this right furthers other values important to our criminal justice system. The right to employ counsel of one’s own choosing “is based on a value additional to that insuring reliability of the guilt-determining process. Here we are concerned not only with the state’s duty to insure ‘fairness’ in the trial, but also with the state’s duty to refrain from unreasonable interference with the individual’s desire to defend himself in whatever manner he deems best, using every legitimate resource at his com*790mand.” (People v. Crovedi (1966) 65 Cal.2d 199, 206 [53 Cal.Rptr. 284, 417 P.2d 868].)
Both this court and the United States Supreme Court have emphasized that trial courts have the responsibility to protect a financially able individual’s right to appear and defend with counsel of his own choosing. “A necessary corollary [of the right] is that a defendant must be given a reasonable opportunity to employ and consult with counsel; otherwise, the right to be heard by counsel would be of little worth. [Citations.]” (Chandler v. Fretag (1954) 348 U.S. 3, 10 [99 L.Ed. 4, 10, 75 S.Ct. 1]; People v. Holland, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 87, fn. 10.) In addition, counsel, “once retained, [must be] given a reasonable time in which to prepare the defense.” (People v. Haskett (1982) 30 Cal.3d 841, 852 [180 Cal.Rptr. 640, 640 P.2d 776].) Failure to respect these rights constitutes a denial of due process. (Chandler v. Fretag, supra, 348 U.S. at p. 10 [99 L.Ed. at p. 10]; People v. Byoune (1966) 65 Cal.2d 345, 348 [54 Cal.Rptr. 749, 420 P.2d 221].)
In view of the importance of these rights and the severe consequences which flow from their violation, the trial courts are required to “make all reasonable efforts to ensure that a defendant financially able to retain an attorney of his own choosing can be represented by that attorney.” (People v. Crovedi, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 207.) To this end, “the state should keep to a necessary minimum its interference with the individual’s desire to defend himself in whatever manner he deems best, using any legitimate means within his resources . . . .” (Id., at p. 208.)
Any limitations on the right to counsel of one’s choosing are carefully circumscribed. Thus, the right “can constitutionally be forced to yield only when it will result in significant prejudice to the defendant himself or in a disruption of the orderly processes of justice unreasonable under the circumstances of the particular case.” (People v. Crovedi, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 208, italics added; Maxwell v. Superior Court, supra, 30 Cal.3d at pp. 613-614.) The right to such counsel “must be carefully weighed against other values of substantial importance, such as that seeking to ensure orderly and expeditious judicial administration, with a view toward an accommodation reasonable under the facts of the particular case.” (People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 346.)
Limitations on the right to continuances in this context are similarly circumscribed. Generally, the granting of a continuance is within the discretion of the trial court. (Ungar v. Sarafite (1964) 376 U.S. 575, 589 [11 L.Ed.2d 921, 931, 84 S.Ct. 841]; People v. Crovedi, supra, 65 Cal.2d at pp. 206-207.) A continuance may be denied if the accused is “unjustifiably *791dilatory” in obtaining counsel, or “if he arbitrarily chooses to substitute counsel at the time of trial.” (People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d at pp. 346-347.)
However, “a myopic insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay can render the right to defend with counsel an empty formality. ” (Ungar v. Sarafite, supra, 376 U.S. at p. 589 [11 L.Ed.2d at p. 931].) For this reason, trial courts should accommodate such requests—when they are linked to an assertion of the right to retained counsel—“to the fullest extent consistent with effective judicial administration.” (People v. Crovedi, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 209.)
In deciding whether the denial of a continuance was so arbitrary as to violate due process, the reviewing court looks to the circumstances of each case, “ ‘particularly in the reasons presented to the trial judge at the time the request [was] denied.’ ” (Id., at p. 207, quoting Ungar v. Sarafite, supra, 376 U.S. at p. 589 [11 L.Ed.2d at p. 931].)
The record establishes that appellant engaged in a good faith, diligent effort to obtain the substitution of counsel before the scheduled trial date. Nearly two months before trial, appellant contacted Swartz and discussed representation and the fee. During the weeks that followed, appellant attempted to raise the necessary funds. He conscientiously informed the court of his efforts as early as October 18th and made a motion for continuance on that date.
Moreover, as Swartz’s testimony revealed, a lawyer-client relationship had been established—certainly by October 21st, if not before.3 Thus, by the time of the October 26th motion, the court was not confronted with the “uncertainties and contingencies” of an accused who simply wanted a continuance to obtain private counsel. (People v. Butcher (1969) 275 Cal.App.2d 63, 69 [79 Cal.Rptr. 618].) Therefore, it cannot be said that appellant was “unjustifiably dilatory” in attempting to obtain the services of counsel of his own choosing. (People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 346.)
*792Furthermore, appellant cannot be faulted for lack of diligence in failing to conclude arrangements with Swartz while Swartz was on vacation. As Crovedi teaches, the “reasonable efforts” required of the courts to ensure that a financially able individual be represented by counsel of his choice assume greater importance where the accused is not responsible for the absence of retained counsel. (People v. Crovedi, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 207; see also People v. Manchetti (1946) 29 Cal.2d 452, 458 [175 P.2d 533].)
Although Crovedi dealt with the absence of retained counsel who was already representing the accused, its reasoning applies with equal force where circumstances beyond the accused’s control render him temporarily powerless to take the steps necessary to become a full-fledged client. Even assuming appellant had raised the funds necessary to retain Swartz by early October, appellant cannot be held responsible for failing to conclude arrangements during his absence. The dissent’s suggestion that appellant should have deposited the funds with Swartz before he left on vacation or with his partner during Swartz’s absence (post, p. 798) assumes that a specific fee agreement and other aspects pertinent to Swartz’s representation had been completed. The record affords no basis for that assumption.
The continuance request made on October 18th was only the second request by appellant for a continuance. (The first was a request for discovery which was denied.) Contrast this set of facts with those found in People v. Reaves (1974) 42 Cal.App.3d 852 [117 Cal.Rptr. 163]. There, the accused “previously and successfully obtained numerous continuances without indicating that there existed any reason to change attorneys.” (Id., at p. 856; see also People v. Blake (1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 619, 624 [164 Cal.Rptr. 480].)
The October 18th motion represented a timely assertion of appellant’s intentions. (See People v. Butcher, supra, 275 Cal.App.2d at p. 69.) That motion was made more than a week before trial—at a time when it appeared that a retainer arrangement was imminent. Even if the motion were premature on the ground that no retainer had actually been paid, the court’s reasoning that it was “last minute” and “too late” to substitute counsel was not a correct reading of the law.4
*793Assuming that the October 18th motion was premature, steps taken during the following week demonstrated the genuineness of appellant’s diligence in securing Swartz’s representation. Appellant paid Swartz the retainer on Thursday afternoon, October 21st. That same afternoon or the following morning, Swartz’s partner attempted to calendar a motion for a continuance, but received word from the judge that he could not do so since his office did not represent appellant. Subsequent efforts on the part of his attorney of record, the public defender, proved unsuccessful. (See ante, fn. 2.)5
It is not clear why the court did not permit the motion to be calendared on either Friday or the following Monday. Both the Shasta County “short-call” policy for oral continuance requests {ante, fn. 2) and section 1050 provided ample authority for permitting such a request.6 In any event, it is clear that Swartz was diligent in attempting to calendar a continuance request in advance of trial.
*794In this case, “[t]here was neither lack of diligence in seeking a replacement [for appointed counsel] nor undue delay in apprising the court of the situation and seeking [a] continuance. ” (People v. Gzikowski (1982) 32 Cal.3d 580, 589 [186 Cal.Rptr. 339, 651 P.2d 1145].) Appellant took reasonable and timely steps to create a relationship with private counsel. His representatives attempted to protect that relationship by moving for a continuance. Thus, the state’s interest in ensuring an expeditious resolution of the case became far less compelling.
Further, there were no circumstances which warranted the limitation of appellant’s right to counsel based on considerations of judicial efficiency. (People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 348; People v. Crovedi, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 207.)
The record fails to show that a continuance would have significantly inconvenienced the court or the parties. (People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 348.) There was no evidence that the Shasta County Superior Courts were particularly congested during this period. If anything, the availability of two judges to try the case (see ante, p. 788) suggests the contrary.7 No mention of inconvenience to jurors, which might have been relevant to the October 26th request but certainly not to the October 18th request, was ever made. On October 26th, the only reason the court gave for denying the request was that the retainer was “not a retainer at all” because it was conditioned on the grant of a continuance. That reasoning by the court was specious.8
In addition, the prosecutor failed to express any valid concern about an inconvenience to witnesses which might have resulted if a continuance had *795been granted. On October 18th, when appellant made his first request for a continuance, the prosecutor did note that witnesses had been subpoenaed for trial on October 26th. However, their appearances were not imminent, so resetting the trial would not have disrupted their schedules. On October 26th, the prosecutor failed to indicate whether any witness would have suffered hardship if asked to return on a different date. (People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 348, fn. 2.)9 As the trial testimony subsequently bore out, all of the prosecution’s witnesses with one exception were residents of the area or employees of Shasta County—and could all have been resubpoenaed.
An accused’s timely assertion of his right to retained counsel may in some instances cause some disruption in a trial court’s calendar. However, the frequency of such occurrences should not be overstated, for the number of indigents who become financially able to retain private counsel before trial is relatively small. CrovedVs requirement that trial courts exercise “resourceful diligence” in protecting the right to chosen counsel (65 Cal.2d at p. 209) must be respected, even when a byproduct of a concrete and timely assertion of that right is some disruption in the process.10
III.
Appellant was diligent in his efforts (1) to secure counsel of his own choosing before the date of trial, and (2) to apprise the court of his wishes *796at the earliest possible time. The trial court’s failure to respect appellant’s right to chosen counsel and to grant the requested continuance constituted error.
Deprivation of appellant’s right to counsel of his choice “requires reversal regardless of whether in fact he had a fair trial.” (People v. Gzikowski, supra, 32 Cal.3d at p. 589; accord Reynolds v. Cochran (1961) 365 U.S. 525, 531 [5 L.Ed.2d 754, 758, 81 S.Ct. 723]; People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 346; People v. Crovedi, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 205.)11 As this court recently explained, “[p]roviding appellant with appointed counsel was an insufficient remedy since his constitutional right to counsel entailed more than the presence of a skilled advocate.” (People v. Holland, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 89.) Moreover, to assess “why or how an accused’s trial was disadvantaged by injecting an undesired attorney into the proceedings would require an impossibly speculative comparison” of appointed counsel’s representation with chosen counsel’s unrealized performance. (People v. Joseph (1983) 34 Cal.3d 936, 946 [196 Cal.Rptr. 339, 671 P.2d 843].) “No appellate court can or should engage in that kind of analysis when such fundamental rights hang in the balance.” (Ibid.)
The judgment is reversed.12
Mosk, J., Broussard, J., and Reynoso, J., concurred.
All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
Neither Swartz nor the public defender filed or attempted to file a written motion for a continuance. However, as Swartz explained at the hearing on October 26th, in the Shasta County courts “short-call items” such as this are normally calendared through an oral request to the judge with notice to the opposing party. Authority for such oral motions is found in section 1050, subdivision (b). (See post, fn. 6.)
In this case, the public defender made an oral request to the judge on October 22nd. The judge called him back and told him that the motion would not be placed on calendar either on Friday or Monday. No subsequent attempts to calendar the motion were made.
These facts are to be sharply contrasted with cases which have upheld the denial of a continuance on the ground that participation by a particular private attorney was still quite speculative at the time the motion for continuance was made. (See People v. Massie (1967) 66 Cal.2d 899, 910 [59 Cal.Rptr. 733, 428 P.2d 869]; People v. Murphy (1973) 35 Cal.App.3d 905, 915-916 [111 Cal.Rptr. 295]; People v. Johnson (1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 851, 858-859 [85 Cal.Rptr. 485]; People v. Glover (1969) 270 Cal.App.2d 255, 258-259 [75 Cal.Rptr. 629]; People v. Farley (1968) 267 Cal.App.2d 214, 220-221 [72 Cal.Rptr. 855].) The facts here also differ from cases in which the continuance request was premised on the accused’s representation that he would eventually be able to hire counsel of his own choosing. (See People v. Lefer (1968) 264 Cal.App.2d 48, 50 [70 Cal.Rptr. 83].)
In this regard, appellant’s October 18th continuance request should be contrasted with the eve-of-trial, day-of-trial, and second-day-of-trial requests made in People v. Rhines (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 498 [182 Cal.Rptr. 478], People v. Blake, supra, 105 Cal.App.3d 619, People v. Johnson, supra, 5 Cal.App.3d 851, People v. Doebke (1969) 1 Cal.App.3d 931 [81 Cal.Rptr. 391], People v. Brady (1969) 275 Cal.App.2d 984 [80 Cal.Rptr. 418], and People v. Glover, supra, 270 Cal.App.2d 255. In those cases, the Courts of Appeal found the lateness of the continuance request to be a significant factor which justified a denial where there were no compelling circumstances to the contrary. (Cf. People v. Byoune, supra, 65 Cal.2d 345.)
The dissent would dismiss Swartz’s testimony at the October 26th hearing as “replete with conjecture and hearsay.” {Post, p. 799.) What the dissent fails to acknowledge is that the prosecutor offered no contrary evidence on the matters Swartz testified to. Further, the cross-examination of Swartz did not produce any inaccuracies or inconsistencies in his direct testimony. More telling perhaps is the fact that the trial judge did not deny appellant’s continuance request based on the court’s disbelief of Swartz’s testimony. The conspicuous absence of any suggestion that Swartz was somehow misrepresenting the facts strongly suggests that the dissent’s dismissal of Swartz’s factual account is not well-taken.
Section 1050, subdivision (b) provides in relevant part: “To continue any hearing in a criminal proceeding, including the trial, a written notice must be filed within two court days of the hearing sought to be continued . . . unless the court for good cause entertains an oral motion for continuance.” (Italics added.)
The dissent’s suggestion that a written motion was required in these circumstances is untenable. {Post, p. 799.) If, as Swartz testified, no oral motion could be calendared on the ground that neither he nor his partner was counsel of record, why would not a written motion have met the same fate?
The record is clear that Swartz desired a hearing on the continuance in advance of trial, so that he could resolve in a timely fashion “the issue of substitution and continuance ....’’ If one assumes the dissent is correct, Swartz did not attain the status of “retained counsel” until Thursday, October 21st, the date on which he was paid. Accordingly, the earliest a hearing on a written motion could have been heard was Monday, October 25th, one day before trial. It is quite understandable, then, why Swartz sought to orally calendar such a motion before that date.
Swartz’s partner and the public defender met with uniformly inexplicable opposition to all efforts to calendar such a motion. Those circumstances furnished good cause for the court to hear the motion on October 26th without a written motion calendared for that date. There is no suggestion in the record that appellant was somehow dilatory in failing to make his continuance request sooner than on the day of trial.
Finally, if the absence of a written motion was the major source of concern that the dissent intimates, why did the prosecutor fail to object on that ground? And, more importantly, why did the trial court go ahead and consider the motion on its merits? As the record makes clear, the trial court’s sole stated reason for denying the continuance request had nothing to do with the fact that appellant had failed to make his intentions clear before trial, but rather with the assumption that Swartz’ retainer was somehow other than bona fide, having been “conditioned” on the grant of a continuance. (See ante, p. 788; post, p. 794, fn. 8.)
Contrast these circumstances with those in People v. Doebke, supra, 1 Cal.App.3d 931. In denying the accused’s continuance and substitution request the day of trial, the trial court, in “a lengthy and meticulous review of the trial calendar, ably demonstrated that [the] continuance would not only have seriously disrupted the already congested civil calendar and jeopardized several cases approaching the statutory deadline for trial, but it also would have disrupted the criminal trial calendar as well.” (Id., at p. 940.)
It is obvious that there was a retainer agreement, since appellant paid Swartz a fee to represent him. (See Webster’s New Internal. Diet. (3d ed. 1961) p. 1938; Black’s Law Diet. (4th ed. 1951) p. 1479.)
In addition, the “mammoth responsibility” of defending a client charged with murder (In re Hall (1981) 30 Cal.3d 408, 434 [179 Cal.Rptr. 223, 637 P.2d 690]) should not be undertaken without assuring that effective assistance—which contemplates more than a few days’ preparation for trial—can be rendered. Thus, it would not only have been unreasonable but unethical for Swartz to have accepted the retainer without insisting on some time to prepare the defense. (See rule 6-101(2), Rules Prof. Conduct of State Bar; ABA Code of Prof. Responsibility, DR 4-101(A)(2), EC 4-1.)
Finally, to adopt the trial court’s reasoning would give the courts unfettered discretion to deny a defendant his right to “counsel of his choice” by the simple device of denying a continuance. Crovedi and Byoune were never intended to sanction such an unconstitutional result.
The dissent’s reference to the prosecutor’s comments at the October 26th hearing is incomplete. Considered in context, it is clear that his objections focused only on the insufficiency of the showing for a substitution of attorneys under People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118 [84 Cal.Rptr. 156, 465 P.2d 44],
The totality of the prosecutor’s argument was as follows: “Your Honor, I don’t believe there have been any grounds stated as the basis of the continuance. Under the principles of People v. Marston [szc], which is a Supreme Court case which is found in Cal 3rd 2nd [sic] and I’m not sure which volume, but anyway, it deals with situations analogous to this where the Defendant, at or near the time or even during the time of trial, requests a continuance, and there must be some reason why he requests that one attorney be substituted for another. All we’ve heard so far is that the Defendant has spoken with Mr. Swartz, has made some efforts towards retaining Mr. Swartz, would like to have Mr. Swartz as his attorney and has given him some money. But there’s no indication there’s any type of a breakdown between the relationship [sic] he has between his currently appointed counsel and I think that’s an issue that the Court must address in resolving this question. Thank you. ”
As this passage makes clear, nothing was said about any inconvenience that would befall the district attorney or his office were a continuance granted. Moreover, reliance on Mars-den, a case which involved the substitution of appointed counsel for another appointed counsel, was inapposite. The standards for evaluating such requests are quite different than those used in the retained counsel context.
Appellant’s own declaration emphasized this point. “[0]n a charge as serious as murder, ... a short delay of a couple [of] months on a trial of a case that is only approximately five months old will not prejudice the People, but will give me the opportunity to complete the investigation, and I feel that it is necessary before going to trial, that I be allowed the opportunity to have experienced trial counsel to preserve my rights under the sixth and fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution.”
At oral argument, the Attorney General strenuously urged this court to find this error harmless under People v. Chavez (1980) 26 Cal.3d 334, 348-349 [161 Cal.Rptr. 762, 605 P.2d 401]. Not only would such a holding contravene well-settled precedent, including a right-to-retained-counsel case decided after Chavez (People v. Gzikowslci, supra, 32 Cal.3d at p. 589), but there are sound reasons to decline the invitation.
Chavez dealt with the denial of appointed counsel of the accused’s choice, not retained counsel. The distinction is more than a semantic one. The state has far less reason to interfere with an accused’s ability to retain a legal advocate when it plays no part in the appointment process. When the state erroneously infringes an accused’s right to appear and defend with retained counsel, considerations as to whether the accused was competently represented by an advocate of the court’s own choosing become irrelevant. Imposition of any standard short of a per-se reversal would inevitably erode the right itself.
In view of this disposition, the court need not reach appellant’s alternative claim that the trial court committed error under People v. Marsden, supra, 2 Cal.3d 118, in failing to conduct an inquiry into the grounds for appellant’s dissatisfaction with appointed counsel.