2023 IL App (1st) 220853
No. 1-22-0853
Opinion filed August 9, 2023
Third Division
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
DIANA MOLES, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 18 L 11082
)
ILLINOIS FARMERS INSURANCE COMPANY, ) Honorable
) Thomas More Donnelly,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE R. VAN TINE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 1
Presiding Justice McBride and Justice Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff, Diana Moles, appeals the trial court’s grant of a motion for a directed finding in
favor of her automobile insurance provider, Illinois Farmers Insurance Company (Farmers). The
trial court concluded that plaintiff could not, as a matter of law, seek attorney fees, costs, or
statutory damages pursuant to section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/155 (West
2016)), as she did not prevail on any underlying claim based on her insurance policy. On appeal,
1
Justice Rena Marie Van Tine is participating as a member of the panel in place of the now-
retired Justice Eileen O’Neill Burke.
No. 1-22-0853
plaintiff argues that Illinois law allows her to pursue a stand-alone section 155 claim, even though
her breach of contract claim against Farmers was dismissed and she released all other policy-based
claims against Farmers pursuant to a settlement agreement. For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 This appeal centers on section 155 of the Insurance Code, which we set out here for context.
Section 155 provides that
“[i]n any action by or against a company wherein there is in issue the liability of a company
on a policy or policies of insurance or the amount of the loss payable thereunder, or for an
unreasonable delay in settling a claim, and it appears to the court that such action or delay
is vexatious and unreasonable, the court may allow as part of the taxable costs in the action
reasonable attorney fees, other costs, plus an amount not to exceed any one of the following
amounts:
(a) 60% of the amount which the court or jury finds such party is entitled to recover
against the company, exclusive of all costs;
(b) $60,000;
(c) the excess of the amount which the court or jury finds such party is entitled to
recover, exclusive of costs, over the amount, if any, which the company offered to pay
in settlement of the claim prior to the action.” Id. § 155(1).
¶4 Plaintiff’s vehicle was rear-ended by a motorist named Joseph Mills in Chicago on July 18,
2016. As a result of the accident, plaintiff suffered physical injuries and incurred medical expenses
and lost wages. Mills was insured by Progressive Insurance Company (Progressive), with a policy
limit of $25,000. Plaintiff made a claim against Progressive and an underinsured motorist claim
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pursuant to her policy with Farmers because her losses exceeded $25,000. She agreed with
Farmers’ insurance adjuster, Corinne Hazen, to stay arbitration of her underinsured motorist claim
while she resolved her claim against Progressive. In the meantime, plaintiff provided Hazen with
documentation of her injuries and damages. After an investigation, Hazen gave plaintiff
permission to accept the $25,000 policy limits from Progressive, which plaintiff did.
¶5 On April 26, 2018, plaintiff demanded $460,000 in underinsured motorist coverage from
Farmers. On May 9, 2018, Hazen offered to settle plaintiff’s underinsured motorist claim for
$126,155 and informed plaintiff that she had referred the matter to an attorney to handle arbitration.
Plaintiff rejected this settlement offer and did not make a counteroffer. Throughout the summer of
2018, the parties disputed written discovery issues, the selection of the arbitrator, and whether
liability would be at issue in arbitration.
¶6 On October 12, 2018, plaintiff sued Farmers in the circuit court of Cook County. Her
complaint alleged one count for breach of contract and one count under section 155. 2 The breach
of contract claim alleged that Farmers “refused to timely participate [in] and follow the arbitration
provision of the aforementioned insurance policy.” The section 155 claim alleged that Farmers
had engaged in “a continuing course of conduct *** to unreasonably delay payment to plaintiff.”
¶7 Farmers moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of
Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2016)). Farmers argued that plaintiff failed to state a
2
Plaintiff’s original complaint designated the alleged underlying facts as “Count I,” the breach of
contract claim as count II, and the section 155 claim as count III. Her amended complaint designated the
alleged underlying facts as “Count I” and the section 155 claim as count II. As explained below, section
155 does not create an independent cause of action, so it is somewhat misleading to say that plaintiff pled
a section 155 “claim.” It is more accurate to say that plaintiff sought attorney fees, costs, and statutory
damages pursuant to section 155. However, because plaintiff attempted to frame her request for relief
under section 155 as a stand-alone count, and because that is the central issue of this appeal, we will refer
to it as her section 155 “claim.”
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claim for breach of contract because the exhibits attached to her complaint established that the
arbitration process was ongoing when she filed suit. Farmers also contended that plaintiff could
not recover section 155 attorney fees, costs, or statutory damages in the absence of a successful
breach of contract claim. In response, plaintiff argued that the exhibits showed that Farmers refused
to communicate with her and created meritless discovery disputes for the purpose of delay. The
trial court granted Farmers’ motion in part, dismissing plaintiff’s breach of contract claim without
prejudice and staying the section 155 claim pending arbitration.
¶8 On October 22, 2019, the parties settled plaintiff’s underinsured motorist claim for
$340,000 without arbitration. Plaintiff released Farmers “from any and all rights, claims, demands
and damages of any kind *** with respect to the personal injuries received and the causes of action
for those injuries arising from the automobile accident of July 18, 2016 at or near Chicago, IL.”
The release was “given in full satisfaction of all claims which [plaintiff] might have under Policy
0192204711 *** and in particular, is a release of claims or rights of action with respect to any
claims for underinsured motorist benefits provided by said policy.”
¶9 Following the settlement and release, Farmers moved to dismiss plaintiff’s section 155
claim, pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (id. § 2-619.1). Farmers argued
that plaintiff had released any claim to attorney fees and costs and could not maintain a stand-alone
section 155 claim in the absence of a successful breach of contract claim. Plaintiff contended that
the release was silent as to her section 155 claim and that she could proceed on that claim because
Farmers acted with unreasonable delay in settling her underinsured motorist claim. The trial court
denied Farmers’ motion, finding that the release did not encompass section 155 relief and that
plaintiff could pursue a stand-alone section 155 claim because there was no finding that her breach
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of contract claim failed on its merits. Rather than failing on the merits, “the parties simply settled
the breach of contract claim.” 3
¶ 10 The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on plaintiff’s section 155 claim.
Farmers’ motion argued that only five months passed between plaintiff’s rejection of its settlement
offer and her filing suit and that Farmers was in “near constant” communication with her regarding
arbitration during that time. Farmers also contended that there was a bona fide dispute regarding
plaintiff’s damages, as demonstrated by her acceptance of a settlement that was $120,000 less than
her initial demand. Plaintiff’s motion argued that filing this lawsuit was necessary to put an end to
Farmers’ delay tactics and caused Farmers’ settlement of her underinsured motorist claim. The
trial court denied both motions, finding that plaintiff rejected Farmers’ initial settlement offer and,
thereafter, Farmers continued trying to settle while plaintiff refused and demanded arbitration. The
court also found that plaintiff’s section 155 damages were in dispute because Farmers’ initial offer
“may have been unreasonable.”
¶ 11 Plaintiff filed an amended complaint alleging one count pursuant to section 155, and that
claim proceeded to a bench trial. 4 At the close of plaintiff’s evidence, Farmers moved for a directed
finding. Farmers argued that plaintiff could not obtain attorney fees, costs, or statutory damages
under section 155 because she did not prevail on her dismissed breach of contract claim and
because there was a bona fide dispute regarding the value of her underinsured motorist claim; thus,
Farmers’ conduct in resolving that claim was not vexatious. Plaintiff contended that section 155
3
The trial court was not entirely accurate on this point. Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, which
alleged Farmers’ failure to participate in arbitration in violation of the insurance policy, was dismissed.
Plaintiff settled her underinsured motorist claim with Farmers.
4
Because the trial court resolved Farmers’ motion for a directed finding entirely as a matter of
law, and we do the same, we need not recite the trial evidence here.
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allows a stand-alone cause of action if an insurance company delays payment to its insured. In the
alternative, Plaintiff argued that her amended complaint implicitly alleged breach of contract
because it claimed that Farmers did not “timely offer[ ] a reasonable amount” to resolve her
underinsured motorist claim.
¶ 12 The trial court granted Farmers’ motion for a directed finding. Citing Cramer v. Insurance
Exchange Agency, 174 Ill. 2d 513 (1996), and Kroutil v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Co., 2021 IL App (4th) 210238, the court concluded that plaintiff could not recover section 155
attorney fees, costs, and statutory damages without a successful “action on the policy.” The court
explained that section 155 does not create liability; it merely provides an extracontractual “remedy
for policyholders who have suffered unreasonable and vexatious conduct by insurers with respect
to a claim under the policy.”
¶ 13 Plaintiff timely appealed.
¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 15 On appeal, plaintiff contends that the trial court should have denied Farmers’ motion for a
directed finding and should have allowed her to pursue section 155 relief. She argues that Illinois
law allows a stand-alone section 155 claim, even though her breach of contract claim against
Farmers was dismissed.
¶ 16 In a bench trial, section 2-1110 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1110 (West
2016)) allows the defendant to make a motion for a directed finding at the close of the plaintiff’s
case. People ex rel. Sherman v. Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d 264, 275 (2003). When the defendant makes
such a motion, the trial court must first determine whether the plaintiff has presented a prima facie
case as a matter of law. Id. To establish a prima facie case, the plaintiff must introduce some
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evidence of every element of her claim. Id. If the plaintiff has failed to do so, then the trial court
must grant the motion and enter judgment in favor of the defendant. Id.
¶ 17 If the plaintiff has presented a prima facie case, then the trial court must consider the
totality of the evidence by weighing the evidence, determining the credibility of witnesses, drawing
reasonable inferences, and deciding whether the plaintiff’s prima facie case survives. Id. at 275-
76. If sufficient evidence supports the plaintiff’s prima facie case, then the court must deny the
defendant’s motion for directed finding and continue the trial. Id. at 276. If sufficient evidence
does not exist, then the court must grant the motion for directed finding and enter judgment in the
defendant’s favor. Id. If the trial court granted the motion for directed finding at the first step, then
our review is de novo, but if the court granted the motion at the second step, then our review is
pursuant to the manifest weight of the evidence standard. Id. at 275-76.
¶ 18 It appears that the trial court resolved Farmers’ motion for a directed finding at the first
step. The court ruled that, as a matter of law, plaintiff could not maintain her section 155 claim in
the absence of a successful breach of contract claim. 5 The court did not weigh or draw inferences
from the evidence, nor did it analyze the credibility of witnesses, which are tasks that it would
undertake at the second step. Accordingly, our review is de novo (see id. at 275), meaning that we
perform the same analysis as the trial court (see Haage v. Zavala, 2021 IL 125918, ¶ 41).
5
Although the parties do not directly raise this issue, we briefly address the procedural propriety
of the trial court’s ruling. The trial court did not discuss whether plaintiff presented a prima facie case,
i.e., whether she presented evidence on every “element” of her section 155 “claim.” However, we find no
error in this approach. The trial court correctly concluded that plaintiff could not, as a matter of law, bring
a stand-alone section 155 “claim,” so there were no “elements” for her to prove. It is proper for a trial
court to resolve questions of law at the first step of the analysis on a motion for a directed finding. See
Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d at 275.
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¶ 19 Section 155 allows a plaintiff to recover attorney fees, costs, and statutory damages from
an insurer that unreasonably delayed or denied payment of an insurance claim. Hoover v. Country
Mutual Insurance Co., 2012 IL App (1st) 110939, ¶ 39 (citing Cramer, 174 Ill. 2d at 521). In
Cramer, our supreme court held that section 155 “provides an extracontractual remedy to an action
on a policy” and “presupposes an action on the policy.” Cramer, 174 Ill. 2d at 523-24. That is,
section 155 does not create an independent tort for which an insurance company can be held liable.
Id. at 523-27. Rather, “for a plaintiff to recover under section 155, [s]he must also succeed in the
action on the policy.” Hoover, 2012 IL App (1st) 110939, ¶ 40; see also Hennessy Industries, Inc.
v. National Union Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh, 770 F.3d 676, 679 (7th Cir. 2014) (because
“section 155 is procedural rather than substantive, we note that it provides a remedy in a specified
type of ‘action’ (case); it does not create a cause of action; it presupposes rather than authorizes a
suit”).
¶ 20 Plaintiff’s original complaint alleged two counts: a breach of contract claim for Farmers’
alleged refusal to participate in arbitration and a section 155 claim. Plaintiff’s breach of contract
claim was an “action on the policy” because she alleged that Farmers refused to participate in
arbitration that the policy required. However, that breach of contract claim was not successful. It
was dismissed and never reinstated, so it cannot support plaintiff’s claim for section 155 relief.
After the dismissal of her breach of contract claim, plaintiff did not pursue any “action on the
policy” in court. The only claim she pursued in court was her section 155 claim. Plaintiff did have
“success” in that she settled her underinsured motorist claim with Farmers for $340,000, but that
claim was not an “action on the policy.” It was simply a dispute about plaintiff’s damages that was
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No. 1-22-0853
settled out of court. Because plaintiff’s section 155 claim was not connected to any extant action
on the policy, she could not recover under section 155.
¶ 21 Kroutil supports this conclusion. In Kroutil, the plaintiff sued her automobile insurance
provider, alleging breach of contract for the company’s refusal to pay damages for her
underinsured motorist claim and a section 155 claim. Kroutil, 2021 IL App (4th) 210238, ¶ 5. The
parties resolved the plaintiff’s underinsured motorist claim in arbitration, with the plaintiff
receiving a $150,000 award. Id. ¶ 6. Thereafter, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint seeking
only section 155 fees, costs, and statutory damages. Id. ¶ 1. The trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s
section 155 claim pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Id. ¶ 11. The Fourth
District affirmed, explaining that the
“plaintiff did not pursue her breach of contract claim in her second-amended complaint.
Thus, her section 155 claim is not connected to an action on the policy. Without citation of
the record, plaintiff contends she won her breach of contract claim and defendant paid
damages for its breach of contract. However, according to the documents related to the
arbitration stay, the arbitration was on plaintiff’s initial underinsured motorist claim, and
defendant paid plaintiff what she was owed for her underinsured motorist claim. The
arbitration was not on whether defendant breached the insurance policy. Thus, plaintiff did
not win a breach of contract action.” Id. ¶ 19.
¶ 22 In Kroutil, the plaintiff obtaining an arbitration award on her underinsured motorist claim
did not constitute success on an action on the policy that could support a stand-alone section 155
claim. It follows that, in this case, plaintiff obtaining a settlement of her underinsured motorist
claim does not constitute success in an action on the policy that can support a stand-alone section
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155 claim. Plaintiff pled breach of contract based on failure to arbitrate. That claim was dismissed.
The parties settled the underinsured motorist claim out of court, and all potential in-court actions
on the policy ceased to exist by operation of the release. At that point, section 155 relief was no
longer available.
¶ 23 Plaintiff argues that the “plain language of 215 ILCS 5/155 provides that an action pursuant
to this statute can be maintained where there is a breach of contract or a vexatious or unreasonable
delay.” (Emphasis in original). Plaintiff misreads the language of this section. This language lists
the types of claims against insurance companies that may be eligible for section 155 relief: (1)
lawsuits that place at issue whether the company is liable to pay for loss pursuant to an insurance
policy, (2) assuming liability, lawsuits involving how much the company must pay pursuant to the
insurance policy, or (3) lawsuits about whether the company is liable to pay for an unreasonable
delay in settling a claim. 215 ILCS 5/155(1) (West 2016). Section 155 does not create an action
for unreasonable delay in settling a claim. Rather, an action alleging unreasonable delay in settling
an insurance claim is one of three types of lawsuits that trigger the application of section 155. This
interpretation is consistent with our supreme court’s holding that section 155 presupposes, rather
than authorizes, a suit. Cramer, 174 Ill. 2d at 523-24.
¶ 24 Section 155 is essentially a fee-shifting provision that rewards a prevailing party for
successful litigation against a vexatious insurance defendant. Section 155 is titled “Attorney fees”
(215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2016)), and its earlier versions allowed only limited awards of attorney
fees (Cramer, 174 Ill. 2d at 519-20). Section 155 provides that “the court may allow as part of the
taxable costs in the action reasonable attorney fees[ and] other costs.” (Emphasis added.) 215 ILCS
5/155(1) (West 2016). That is, it adds taxable costs at the end of a successful lawsuit; it does not
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serve as the basis for initiating a new cause of action. Moreover, the subsections that govern
statutory damages contemplate that there first be an award of contractual damages following a
trial. Subsection (1)(a) caps statutory damages at “60% of the amount which the court or jury finds
such party is entitled to recover against the company.” Id. § 155(1)(a). Subsection (1)(c) addresses
statutory damages when the insurer offered to settle the case prior to the action, i.e., when the
underlying insurance claim was not settled, and the insured filed a lawsuit and won. Id. § 155(1)(c).
Plaintiff did not prevail on her breach of contract claim against Farmers; it was dismissed. Thus.
the fee-shifting mechanism of section 155 does not come into play.
¶ 25 Plaintiff cites several cases for the proposition that “as long as there is insurance coverage
[a] plaintiff can proceed with a Section 155 action even after payment as a ‘stand alone’ action.”
She relies heavily on Smith v. State Farm Insurance Cos., 369 Ill. App. 3d 478, 485 (2006), in
which this court held that the plaintiff’s release of the defendant insurance company following
arbitration did not bar the plaintiff from filing a subsequent section 155 claim. However, Smith is
premised on the misconception that section 155 creates “a private cause of action by insureds.”
See id. That is incorrect. Section 155 does not create an independent cause of action. Smith runs
contrary to our supreme court’s holding that “[m]ere allegations of bad faith or unreasonable and
vexatious conduct [by an insurer] *** are not sufficient to constitute a separate and independent
tort” for which an insurer can be held liable under section 155. Cramer, 174 Ill. 2d at 531.
¶ 26 Plaintiff also cites McGee v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 315 Ill. App. 3d 673, 682-
83 (2000), in which the Second District concluded that an insurance company cannot defeat section
155 merely by paying the insured and following the procedural steps of an insurance policy.
However, the McGee court did not analyze whether a stand-alone section 155 claim exists under
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Illinois law, nor did it discuss Cramer’s requirement that a section 155 claim must be connected
to “an action on a policy” (Cramer, 174 Ill. 2d at 524). Rather, the Second District simply assumed
that a plaintiff could bring an independent section 155 claim and relied on pre-Cramer cases to
conclude that an insurance company’s payment of policy benefits does not defeat such a claim.
¶ 27 The remainder of plaintiff’s cases also suggest that a plaintiff can bring a stand-alone
section 155 claim against her insurer. See, e.g., Buais v. Safeway Insurance Co., 275 Ill. App. 3d
587 (1995); Green v. International Insurance Co., 238 Ill. App. 3d 929 (1992); and Calcagno v.
Personalcare Health Management, Inc., 207 Ill. App. 3d 493 (1991). However, these cases predate
our supreme court’s holding in Cramer that a section 155 claim must be connected to an action on
the policy and that section 155 itself does not create liability. Cramer, 174 Ill. 2d at 523-24.
¶ 28 We need not address plaintiff’s remaining arguments about whether the facts of this case
establish that Farmers acted unreasonably and vexatiously or whether her release of claims
encompassed section 155 relief. The dismissal of plaintiff’s breach of contract claim and her failure
to pursue any other action on her insurance policy thereafter rendered relief under section 155
unavailable as a matter of law. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s directed finding that
plaintiff was not entitled to section 155 attorney fees, costs, or damages.
¶ 29 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 30 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 31 Affirmed.
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Moles v. Illinois Farmers Insurance Co., 2023 IL App (1st) 220853
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 18-L-11082;
the Hon. Thomas More Donnelly, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Stephen J. Healy and John J. Pappas Sr., of Pappas Law Group,
for LLC, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Thomas B. Orlando, Michael L. Foran, James J. Knibbs, and
for Matthew R. Carlyon, of Foran Glennon Palandech Ponzi &
Appellee: Rudloff PC, of Chicago, for appellee.
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